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Engine Emission and Environmental Legislations

Dr. Avinash Kumar Agarwal Associate Professor D Department t t of f Mechanical M h i l Engineering, E i i Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur

Thought of The Day

We No longer need proof of the fact that vehicular pollution is making people ill and killing people in a slow death

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Regulated and Unregulated Pollutants

Regulated Compounds
NOx, CO, HC, Particulate Matter (PM)

Unregulated Compounds
Formaldehyde Benzene, Toluene, Xylene (BTX) Aldehydes SO2 CO2 Methane

Emission Legislations
Euro Norms
Steady State and Transient Cycles Euro 4/5: PM Limits intended to force use of PM Traps

USA EPA Norms

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European Union Legislations

CO Euro I Euro II Euro III Euro III EEV Euro IV Euro V (P) 4.5 4.0 2.1 1.5 1.5 1.5 HC NOx g/ kWh 1.1 9.0 1.1 7.0 0.66 5.0 0.25 3.5 0.46 3.5 0.46 2.0 PM Smoke M-1 0.40 -0.15 -0.1 0.8 0.02 0.15 0.02 0.5 0.02 0.5 Year 1993 1996 2001 2003 2005 2009

European Test Cycles

ELR: European p load Response p Cycle y

STC: European Transient cycle

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European Test Cycles

ESC: European Stationary Cycle

Exhaust Emission legislations: USA

NOx+ NMHC g/ bhp-hr 15.5 2.4 2.5
WITH MAX 0.5 NMHC

CO

PM HCHO

US EPA 2002/2004

0.1

---

NOx US EPA 2007 0.20

NMHC g/ bhp-hr 0.14

PM HCHO 0.01 0.016

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Exhaust Emission legislations: USA

Final Rule issued in July 2001 in two steps With the second step, air pollution will be reduced by 90% compared to 2004 levels

Indian and European Norms

INDIA g/kWh 1992 CO HC Nox PM > 85 KW PM <85 KW 14.0 3.5 18.0 1996 11.2 2.4 14.4 2000 4.5 1.1 8.0 0.36 0.61 1992 4.5 1.1 9.0 0.36 0.61 1996 2000 4.0 1.1 7.0 0.15 0.15 2.1 0.66 5.0 0.1 0.1 Europe

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Emission Reduction strategies

Baseline Technology Strategy 1: EGR + Trap Strategy 2: Exhaust After-treatment Strategy 3: EGR + Trap + After-treatment

Baseline Technology
Direct Injection Turbo-charging, Air to air inter-cooling Combustion Optimization, with and without swirl support Multi-Valve Cylinder Head Advanced High High-Pressure Pressure Injection System
Split Injection Rate Shaping

Electronic Management System Lube Oil Consumption Control

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Strategy 1
NOx reduction with exhaust gas recirculation PM reduction with particulate trap

Strategy 2
Nox reduction with exhaust gas after aftertreatment PM reduction with engine internal measures

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Strategy 3
Combination of all technologies

Emission Reduction Strategies

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EGR and Particulate Filter

Advantages
Very Low Particulate Emission achievable

Technical Challenges
EGR Compatible combustion system Robust re-circulation systems
Exact EGR Dosage Minimum Transporting losses Durable, insensitive control

Durable particulate filter with reliable regeneration

Effect of EGR Rate on Air Excess Ratio/ Smoke trade-off

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Indian Strategy for Emission Control

Two and Three Wheelers
Presently Being Pursued

Leaner fuel ratio and electronic ignition Air/ Fuel improvement in compression ratio Improved combustion chamber design Better scavenging Reduced oil fuel ratio Changeover to four stroke engines U of Use fO Oxidative id ti Catalytic C t l ti converter t

Potential Technologies
Electronic Engine Management Fuel injection system Four Stroke Engine with catalytic converter

Indian Strategy for Emission Control

Petrol Passenger Cars
Presently P tl being b i Pursued P d

Optimized air-fuel ratio and ignition timing Oxidative catalytic Converter Positive Crankcase ventilation system Evaporative Emission control system

Potential Technologies
Three way y catalytic y Converter with fuel injection j and

Lambda sensor
Converters with improved cold start performance On-Board diagnostic system & electronic fuel management

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Indian Strategy for Emission Control

Diesel Vehicles
Presently being Pursued
Turbo-charging and after-cooling Combustion optimization Reduced oil consumption through engine design

improvements
Higher injection pressure & Better fuel spry pattern Retarded engine timings

Potential P t ti l Technologies T h l i

Electronic engine management Exhaust Gas re-circulation Oxidative catalysts Particulate traps NOx catalyst control

Action Plan for UT of Delhi

Air quality targets/ Objectives WHO/ USEPA air quality guidelines Steps to be taken to achieve the target

Fuel quality requirement (Petrol, Diesel, 2T oil) Use of cleaner fuels (CNG, Propane, LPG..) Supply premixed 2T oil for 2 stroke engines Conversion of 2 stroke to 4 stroke engine Tightening of emission norms for new and in-use vehicles I Installation ll i of f facilities f ili i for f proper inspection i i and d maintenance of on-road vehicles Phasing out of old vehicles Improvements in public transport system Improvement in circular railway network Proper traffic management and planning

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Bharat Emission Bh E i i Regulations

Bharat Stage I Emission Norms

Diesel Vehicles with GVW> 3.5 Tons
Engine Dyno 13 Mode Tests : All in g/kW h CO HC Nox PM 4.50 1.10 8.00 0.36 ** 1st April 2000 (All Parts of India) ** for engines with Power > 85 kW and < 85 kW

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Bharat Stage I Emission Norms- Diesel

Diesel Vehicles with GVW < 3.5 Tons
a) Chassis Dynamometer Tests ( Cycle : EEC + EUDC -90 kmph) All in g/km CO HC+NOx PM Category Implementation RW<1250 2.72 0.97 0.14 Class I 1st April 2000 1250 <RW < 1700 5.17 1.40 0.19 Class II (All Parts of India) RW >1700 6.90 1.70 0.25 Class III (OR) b) Engine Dyno 13 Mode Tests : All in g/kW h CO HC Nox PM 4.50 1.10 8.00 0.61 ** 1st April 2000 ** 0.36 for engines with Power > 85 kW (All Parts of India)

Bharat Stage II Emission Norms- Diesel

4 wheeler Passenger Diesel Vehicles with GVW < 3.5 Tons
(For Passenger Vehicles with seating Capacity > 6 persons ( Including Driver) or GVW > 2500 kg)

Chassis Dynamometer Tests ( Cycle : EEC + EUDC -90 kmph)

All in g/km HC+Nox PM Category Implementation RW<1250 0.70 0.08 Class I 1st April 2000 1250 <RW < 1700 1.00 0.12 Class II (NCR) & RW >1700 1.20 0.17 Class III 8 cities being extended Tests are on Chassis Dynamometer EUDC Cycle Speed is limited to 90 kmph instead of 120 km/h (in EEC) No Relaxation is provided for COP. Option of 13 mode Cycle is deleted for Stage II for passenger vehicles CO 1.00 1.25 1.50

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Bharat Stage II Emission Norms- Diesel

4 wheeler Passenger Diesel Vehicles with GVW < 3.5 Tons
(For Passenger Vehicles with seating Capacity upto 6 persons ( Including Driver) and GVW < 2500 kg)

Chassis Dynamometer Tests ( Cycle : EEC + EUDC -90 kmph)

All in g/km HC+Nox PM Category Implementation All Ref Mass 0.70 0.08 1st April 2000 (NCR) & being extended to 8 cities Tests are on Chassis Dynamometer EUDC Cycle Speed is limited to 90 kmph instead of 120 km/h (in EEC) No Relaxation is provided for COP. Option of 13 mode Cycle is deleted for Stage II for passenger vehicles CO 1.00

Bharat Stage II Emission Norms

4 wheeler( LCVs & Buses) Diesel Vehicles with GVW >3.5 Tons
All in g/kW hr CO 4.0 HC 1.10 NOX 7.0 PM Implementation 0.15 Not later than 1st Dec 2000

Tests are on Engine Dynamometer (13 Mode Cycle) For goods carrying vehicles with GVW < 3.5 tons option of Chassis Dyno route and Engine Dyno Route is proposed( not allowed in EEC) Proposal made by SIAM

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Bharat Stage I Emission Norms- Gasoline

Gasoline Vehicles with GVW < 3.5 Tons a) Chassis Dynamometer Tests ( Cycle : EEC + EUDC 90 kmph)
All in g/km CO All Ref Mass 2.72 HC+Nox 0.97 PM --Category Implementation Year All 1st April 2000 (All Parts of India) ( )

Bharat Stage II Emission Norms- Gasoline

4 wheeler Passenger Gasoline Vehicles with GVW < 3.5 Tons
(For Passenger Vehicles with seating Capacity upto 6 persons ( Including Driver) and GVW < 2500 kg)

Chassis Dynamometer Tests ( Cycle : EEC + EUDC -90 kmph)

CO 2.2 All in g/km HC+Nox PM 0.50 -Category Implementation All 1st April 2000 (NCR) & extended to 8 cities

All Ref Mass

Tests are on Chassis Dynamometer EUDC Cycle Speed is limited to 90 kmph instead of 120 km/h (in EEC) No Relaxation is provided for COP. Option of 13 mode Cycle is deleted for Stage II for passenger vehicles

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Bharat Stage II Emission Norms- Gasoline

4 wheeler Passenger Gasoline Vehicles with GVW < 3.5 Tons
(For Passenger Vehicles with seating Capacity > 6 persons ( Including Driver) or GVW > 2500 kg)

Chassis Dynamometer Tests ( Cycle : EEC + EUDC -90 kmph)

All in g/km HC+Nox PM Category Implementation RW<1250 0.50 --- Class I 1st April 2000 1250 <RW < 1700 0.60 --- Class II (NCR) & RW >1700 0.70 --- Class III 8 cities being extended Tests are on Chassis Dynamometer EUDC Cycle Speed is limited to 90 kmph instead of 120 km/h (in EEC) No Relaxation is provided for COP. Option of 13 mode Cycle is deleted for Stage II for passenger vehicles CO 2.20 4.00 5.00

Bharat Stage II Emission Norms- Applicability

Bharat Stage II norms are applicable from 1.4.2000 in NCR Region For Diesel/Petrol Passenger Vehicles (< 3.5 tons) from 1.4.2000 For Commercial Vehicles (> 3.5 tons) from 1.12.2000 . It is being extended to 8 cities by MOST : Mumbai, Ahmedabad, Bangalore, Calcutta,Chennai, Hyderabad, Lucknow, Pune Concerns : Low Sulphur Diesel Availability commercially. (Essential for PM reduction and Catalyst Life). Honorable Supreme Court directed Oil Industry to supply 0.05 % sulphur fuel by : In NCT by 31 December 2000 In NCR by 30 June 2001

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European Emission Norms- Diesel

Diesel Vehicles with GVW < 3.5 Tons ( Transient Cycle - EEC+EUDC)
CO HC All in g/km NOx HC + NOx PM Category Implementation Year

Euro I 2.72 0.97 0.14 Class I 1991for M1 &1993 for N1 (91/441/EEC) 5.17 1.40 0.19 Class II Category Vehicles (93/59/EEC) 6.90 1.70 0.25 Class III ____________________________________________________________________________________ Euro II 1.00 0.70 0.08 1994 for M1 &1996 for N1 (94/12/EEC) 1.25 1.00 0.12 Category Vehicles (96/69/EEC) 1.50 1.20 0.17 _____________________________________________________________________________________ Euro III 0.64 -0.50 0.56 0.05 2000 for M1 and 2001 forN1 (98/69/EEC) ( ) 0.80 -0.65 0.72 0.07 Category.EOBD g y Systems y 0.95 -0.78 0.86 0.10 Mandatory from 2003 ____________________________________________________________________________________ Euro IV 0.50 -0.25 0.30 0.025 2005 for M1 and 2006 for N1 0.63 -0.33 0.39 0.040 Category 0.74 -0.39 0.46 0.060

European Emission Norms- Gasoline

Gasoline Vehicles with GVW < 3.5 Tons ( Transient Cycle - EEC+EUDC)
CO HC All in g/km Nox HC+Nox PM Category Implementation Year

Euro I 2.72 2 72 0.97 0 97 --- Class I 1991for M1 &1993 for N1 (91/441/EEC) 5.17 1.40 --- Class II Category Vehicles (93/59/EEC) 6.90 1.70 --- Class III __________________________________________________________________________________ __ Euro II 2.20 0.50 --1994 for M1 &1996 for N1 (94/12/EEC) 4.00 0.60 -- Category Vehicles (96/69/EEC) 5.00 0.70 --__________________________________________________________________________________ ___ Euro III 2.30 0.20 0.15 ----2000 for M1 and 2001 forN1 (98/69/EEC) 4.17 0.25 0.18 ---- Category.EOBD Systems 5.22 0.29 0.21 ----Mandatory from 2000 __________________________________________________________________________________ __ Euro IV 1.00 0.10 0.08 ---- 2005 for M1 and 2006 for N1 1.81 0.13 0.10 ----Category 2.27 0.16 0.11 -----

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EURO-I NORMS -91/542/EEC -A DIESEL VEHICLES ECE R49-13 Mode cycle on Engine Dyno
FOR VEHICLES GVW > 3.5 TONS- M2, N2 category (Heavy Duty Passenger & Goods Application) POLLUTANTS TA LIMITS CO g/kW h 4.50 HC g/kW h 1.10 Nox g/kW h 8.00 Particulate g/kWh 0.36 for engines with power > 85 kW p Particulate g/kWh 0.61 for engines with power < 85 kW COP LIMITS 4.90 1.23 9.00 0.40

0.68

Implementation Year - 1.07.1992- NTA, 1.10.1993 -ANR

EURO-II NORMS -91/542/EEC -B DIESEL VEHICLES ECE R49-13 Mode cycle on Engine Dyno
F O R V E H IC L E S c a te g o r y (H eav y A p p lic a tio n ) PO LLU TA N TS C O g /k W h H C g /k W h N o x g /k W h P a r tic u la te g /k W h P a r tic u la te g /k W h GVW D u ty > 3 .5 T O N S - M 2 , N 2 P assen g er & G oods

T A L I M I T S /C O P L I M I T S 4 .0 0 1 .1 0 7 .0 0 0 .1 5 0 .2 5 * *

* * E n g in e s w ith c y lin d e r s w e p t v o lu m e < 0 .7 litr e s a n d r a te d p o w e r s p e e d > 3 0 0 0 r p m v a lid till S e p 1 9 9 7 T A a n d C O P L im its a r e s a m e .

Implementation Year - 1.10.1995- NTA, 1.10.1996 -ANR

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EURO-III NORMS -98/C/173/01 DIESEL VEHICLES ECE R49-13 Mode cycle on Engine Dyno
FOR VEHICLES GVW > 3.5 TONS- M2, N2 category (Heavy Duty Passenger & Goods Application) POLLUTANTS CO g/kW h HC g/kW h Nox g/kW h Particulate g/kWh Particulate g/kWh TA LIMITS/COP LIMITS 2.10 0.66 5.00 0.10 0.13 **

** Engines with cylinder swept volume <0.7 0.7 litres and rated power speed speed> 3000 rpm. TA and COP Limits are same. Transient Test Cycle is introduced (ETC) along with 13 mode cycle. Implementation 1.10.2000 NTA, 1.10.2001 - ANR

For Euro IV,limits are under finalisation by EEC. 40 % reduction from Euro III is expected

Euro III (98/69/EEC) Emission NormsDiesel

Diesel Vehicles with GVW < 3.5 Tons ( Transient Cycle - EEC+EUDC 120 kmph)
CO HC Nox Passenger Car (M1) Category 0.64 -All in g/km HC+Nox PM g y Implementation p Year Ref Mass Category

1.1.2000 for NTA 1.1.2001 for ANR _____________________________________________________________________________________ LDV (N1) category ** Class I 0.64 -0.50 0.56 0.05 Upto 1305 1.1.2000 for NTA 1.1.2001 for ANR 1.1.2001 for NTA 1.1.2002 for ANR

0.50

0.56

0.05

All

Class II

0.80

--

0.65

0.72

0.07

1305 to 1760

Class III 0.95 -0.78 0.86 0.10 > 1760 EOBD systems Mandatory from 1.1.2003 NTA - New Type Approvals ANR - All New Registration ** Including PCs with more than 6 seats (including Driver) or GVW > 2.5 tons

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Euro III (98/69/EEC) Emission NormsGasoline

Gasoline Vehicles with GVW < 3.5 Tons ( Transient Cycle - EEC+EUDC 120 kmph)
CO HC Passenger Car (M1) Category 2.30 0.20 Nox All in g/km g HC+Nox Ref Mass Category Implementation Year

1.1.2000 for NTA 1.1.2001 for ANR _____________________________________________________________________________________ LDV (N1) category ** Class I 2.30 0.20 0.15 ---Upto 1305 1.1.2000 for NTA 1.1.2001 for ANR 1.1.2001 for NTA 1.1.2002 for ANR

0.15

----

All

Class II

4.17

0.25

0.18

----

1305 to 1760

Class III 5.22 0.29 0.21 ---> 1760 EOBD systems Mandatory from 1.1.2000 NTA - New Type Approvals ANR - All New Registration ** Including PCs with more than 6 seats (including Driver) or GVW > 2.5 tons

Euro IV (98/69/EEC) Emission NormsGasoline

Gasoline Vehicles with GVW < 3.5 Tons ( Transient Cycle - EEC+EUDC 120 kmph)
CO HC Passenger Car (M1) Category 1.00 0.10 Nox All in g/km g HC+Nox Ref Mass Category Implementation Year

1.1.2005 for NTA 1.1.2006 for ANR _____________________________________________________________________________________ LDV (N1) category ** Class I 1.00 0.10 0.08 ---Upto 1305 1.1.2005 for NTA 1.1.2006 for ANR 1.1.2006 for NTA 1.1.2007 for ANR

0.08

----

All

Class II

1.81

0.13

0.10

----

1305 to 1760

Class III 2.27 0..16 0.11 ---> 1760 NTA - New Type Approvals ANR - All New Registration ** Including PCs with more than 6 seats (including Driver) or GVW > 2.5 tons

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Euro IV (98/69/EEC) Emission Norms- Diesel

Diesel Vehicles with GVW < 3.5 Tons ( Transient Cycle - EEC+EUDC)
CO HC Nox Passenger Car (M1) Category 0.50 -0.25 All ll in i g/km /k HC+Nox PM Ref Mass Category Implementation Year

1.1.2005 for NTA 1.1.2006 for ANR _____________________________________________________________________________________ LDV (N1) category ** Class I 0.50 -0.25 0.30 0.025 Upto 1305 1.1.2005 for NTA 1.1.2006 for ANR 1.1.2006 for NTA 1.1.2007 for ANR

0.30

0.025

All

Class II

0.63

--

0.33

0.39

0.04

1305 to 1760

Class III 0.74 -0.39 0.45 0.06 > 1760 NTA - New Type Approvals ANR - All New Registration ** Including PCs with more than 6 seats (including Driver) or GVW > 2.5 tons

Tightening world-wide diesel regulations is stimulating significant investment in emission control technology
Where will HDD engines be in 5 to 7 years? 0.18
0.16 0 14 0.14
PM M, g/kW-hr; ESC test
Japan 2004

0.12 0.1 0.06

US2007 Univ. WI, virtual eng. US2004

Engine developments alone will not be clean enough. Nominally, 90-95% NOx and 70% PM emission control efficiencies will be needed to hit US2007.

0.08 SwRI, 0.04 0.02 0

Euro III

potential

AVL, actual Ricardo, est. potential Euro IV Ricardo, 1 cyl. Deutz, 2013 prototype

Euro V

NOx, g/kW-hr; ESC test Prototype Engines with cooled EGR, combustion optimization, fully flexible fuel injection, staged turbocharging, multi-hole injectors, high pressure injection.

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Diesel Emission Standards-EU

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US EPA TIER-2 emission standards

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