3/15/2011

I saw the angel in the marble and carved until I set him free. Michelangelo

CE-415-Lecture 4 Lecturer Ms Rabiya Semester 6 7 Feb 11 10 Jun 11

3/15/2011

Road R d construction t ti Plant Pl t Construction equipment Construction of road

3/15/2011

HISTORY OF ROADS
Roman & Greek roads
Longitudinal drain

Stone slab
Lime concrete

The e o oldest dest road oad was co constructed st ucted from o Knossues ossues to Leben ebe throungh Crete in 2000 BC. The Romans built Britain's first proper roads. After the Romans left they were allowed to decay because people forgot how to rebuild and repair them. Laid well above the ground level Straight, cambered and composed of multiple layers, well compacted Lime as a stabilization agent Width was 5.5 m
Edge stone Broken stone ,25 mm

Trsaguet's saguet s wo work

Longitudinal drain

Chamber formation

building his roads in trenches, so that they could be accessed from the sides, which undermined drainage principle. Random use of large stones result in differential settlements introduced a system of continuous maintenance, where a roadman was allocated a section of road to be kept up to a standard

3/15/2011

HISTORY OF ROADS
Modern tarred roads were the result of the work of two Scottish engineers, Thomas Telford and John Loudon McAdam. Telford designed the system of raising the foundation of the road in the center to act as a drain for water. Thomas Telford ( (born 1757) ) improved p the method of building g roads with broken stones by analyzing stone size/thickness, road traffic, road alignment and gradient slopes. Eventually his design became the norm for all roads everywhere. John Loudon McAdam (born 1756) designed roads using broken stones laid in symmetrical, tight patterns and covered with small stones to create a hard surface. McAdam's design, called "macadam roads," provided the greatest advancement in road construction.

3/15/2011

HISTORY OF ROADS
John Loudon McAdam

broken stone,60 mm Gravel/broken stone ,20mm

Use of angular aggregates strong interlocking Well graded material used Compaction Idea of impermeable ,durable binder
broken stone,20 mm

broken stone, 75mm

3/15/2011

Crawler Bulldozer Hoe Rotary Tiller Disc harrows Crow bars

3/15/2011

Truck mounted Truck propelled Self propelled

3/15/2011

Smooth wheeled Pneumatic tyred Sheep foot Grid Vibratory

3/15/2011

Core cutter Sand cone Nuclear guage

3/15/2011

Hydraulic Sweeping Machine

10

3/15/2011

Constant rate/volume/pressure

Suitable distribution mechanism Compaction and vibration Smooth surface finish, blemish free

11

3/15/2011

Pulverization l stabilization bl purposes degree d of f pulv. l Mixing in place method or stationary plant - manual Binder spraying spray rate & pattern

Check for double overlap

(d) Check for triple overlap

12

3/15/2011

Rolling ll & compaction

Normal camber, R start from outer edge towards central line Super elevated stretch, R start from inner to outer edge Grade/cross slope In situ densities

Curing time for concrete /bitumen , no loading allow Limitations extreme weather is not suitable
Foggy, rainy, windy, low temperature Construction technique / practices matters

13

3/15/2011

C /fill Cut/fill
o

o o o

Cleaning & grubbing -150mm , vegetation & existing structures Excavation for road & drain Embankment construction borrow pits Replacement of weak soils replaced by quality soil/higher CBR underlying weak layers not disturbed / replaced soil compacted

14

3/15/2011

Involve I l earthwork h k volume, l b balancing l i cuts/fills, /fill planning l i economical i l material hauls End area determination : subdivision of areas into geometric figures rectangular, triangular, trapezoidal etc, precision =+/- 0.5% Average end area :precision =+/- 1.0%

15

3/15/2011

16

3/15/2011

17

3/15/2011

Conversion factor from compacted to bank cubic yards =0.9

18

3/15/2011

Information Quantities of materials Ave haul distance Type of equipment considered

19

3/15/2011

Controls unwanted properties of sub grade, grade excessive compressibility, permeability, frost susceptibility, settlement, volume change and so on.

Mechanical soil stabil.: soils of diff. plasticity indices

or aggregates of desired gradation ,mixed with existing material. i l

Stabil. With cement additives & chemicals:

Bitumen emulsion is a liquid product in which bitumen is suspended in a finely divided condition in an aqueous medium and stabilised by suitable material Chemicals like: phosphoric acid, calcium chloride , sodium chloride etc

using lime, concrete or ash to convert poorer soils into a strong impermeable medium.

20

3/15/2011

Thermal stabilization Geotextiles : to provide drainage, reinforcement in

surface dressing, erosion control & prevent crack propagation

21

3/15/2011

In a batch plant (Figure) , the aggregates are heated and sorted (by screening) into different sizes. They are then recombined (batched) in a pugmill in precise proportions (by weight) according to a mix design. A measured quantity of asphalt cement is added and mixed with the aggregate.

22

3/15/2011

In a drum plant (Figure ), a cold feed system of individual bins and precise feeders proportion the aggregates. The combined aggregates, along with asphalt cement are continuously fed into a drum dryer where the aggregates are dried and mixed with the asphalt. The resultant mixture is conveyed to a holding silo where it is then loaded into hauling vehicles.

23

3/15/2011

24

3/15/2011

Heavy duty four bin feeder unit

Inclined Sliner belt conveyer

25

3/15/2011

Pug mill

Storage Silos & load out belt conveyer

Operating Cabin

This live zone (fig.) is the net volume in cubic feet below a line extending across the top are of the inside body shell radius with shafts, liners, paddles, and tips deducted

26

3/15/2011

Truck Mounted Concrete Batching Mixing Plant

Concrete Batching Mixing Plant with Radial Scrapper

27