Experiment 3: Enthalpy of Various Reactions

Introduction: In this weeks laboratory experiment, we were required to perform three different experiments to calculate the enthalpies. The goal of this laboratory session was to determine the specific and approximate molar mass of a metal, determine the enthalpy of a neutralization of a strong acid and a strong base, and determine the enthalpy of an unknown salt solution. The collected data was then used in a system of thermochemistry equations and stoichiometric methods to find the unknown values above. The heat of formation of a substance, fH , is the change in enthalpy when one mole of that substance is formed from its elements in their standard states. At a pressure of one atmosphere and a temperature of 25C, the standard state is usually defined. Heat of formation was used in this experiment to determine the energy released and gained to find unknown values such as enthalpy of dissolution of a salt. For example, the heat of formation of liquid water is -85.8 KJ/mol. The negative sign in front of the value tells us that the reaction is exothermic and heat is released. If the value was positive, the reaction would be endothermic and heat would be gained. A calorimeter is used to measure how much energy was gained or lost in a chemical reaction. A simple calorimeter, one that was used in this reaction, can be made using two nested Styrofoam coffee cups with lids and a thermometer. A more complex type would be the bomb calorimeter which measures the change in thermal energy when the volume is constant. The simple calorimeter was used in this experiment since we were working under atmospheric pressure. Although it is not true, we assumed that in that calorimeter, no heat is lost to the surroundings or to the calorimeter itself. The specific heat of a substance is the amount of thermal energy required to heat one gram of that particular substance by one degree. The specific heat capacity does not depend on the amount of

substance present so the specific heat capacity of one gram of zinc and a hundred grams of zinc are the same. We can calculate the heat capacity of an object by multiplying the mass of the object and specific heat capacity. Heat capacity of a substance is dependant on the quantity of substance present, which means that the more mass, the higher the heat capacity. For this experiment, we can determine the specific heat capacity of a metal that does not react with water by heating it then transferring it to cold water. The change in temperature of the water gives us a measure of the heat capacity of the metal. Since the change in temperature is so small in this experiment, we may assume the specific heat capacity to be a constant, when in reality the specific heat capacity varies with temperature. Specific Heat Capacity of a Metal: The energy required to change the temperature of a substance can be determined using the following equation: q=mcT where m represents the mass of the substance, c represents the specific heat capacity and T represents the change in temperature of the substance. When there is no heat lost to the atmosphere or to the calorimeter, then the heat lost by the metal must equal the heat gained by the water. -q(metal)=q(water) If we substitute the first equation into the second, we will get the equation: -cmetalmmetalTmetal=cwatermwaterTwater It is also possible to calculate the molar mass of the metal once we know its specific heat capacity by using this equation: cmetalMMmetal 25 J/molC

where MMmet is the molar mass of the metal. Entahlpy of a Neutralization: qN= -mtotalcsolnT Where qN is the total energy of neutralization, mtotal is the mass of the solution, csoln is the specific heat capacity of the solution but we assume that to be the same as that of water), and T is the change in temperature of the solution. Once we know the amount of heat released, the enthalpy of the reaction per mole of substance is: NH = qN/n Enthalpy of a solution: The enthalpy of a solution can expressed as: sH = (-heat loss of H2O) + (-heat loss of salt) In this lab, we calculated the enthalpy of solution using this equation: sH = qs/nsalt= (-msolncsolnT)/nsalt

Concept: This experiment is divided into three main parts. The first part consisted of determining the specific heat capacity of a metal and at the same time, its molar mass is approximated from that value. In the second part of the experiment, the enthalpy of a neutralization of two strong acids with a strong base was determined and compared. The concentration of the acid was slightly higher than the

concentration of the base, in order to have a complete neutralization reaction. The third part consisted of calculating the enthalpy of an unknown salt. The salt was given to us as Unknown Salt C.

Procedure: Most of the steps in this experiment was repetitive for all three parts. For the first part, 5.47 grams of zinc was heated in a test tube that was immersed in a beaker of water that was heated until the temperature reached boiling point. We let the water boil for approximately five minutes to ensure that the zinc was the same temperature as the water. While that was happening, we made our coffee cup calorimeter with two nested Styrofoam cups and recorded its mass. The temperature was then monitored every thirty seconds, for three minutes, and then the metal was added. Temperature was recorded every twenty seconds until the system temperature stabilized. The mass of the calorimeter was recorded both before and after mixing. This process was done twice and the data recorded for both trials. In the second part, a strong acid (HNO3) was mixed with a strong base (NaOH). The procedure was the same as part one where the temperature was recorded at certain time intervals. The mass and volume of each solution was recorded both individually and together after mixing. Two trials were performed, same as last. HCl was also reacted with NaOH, following the same procedure as the HNO3 acid neutralization. This experiment was also done in two trials. The last part was mixing an unknown salt solution with water. 1.56 grams of salt C was added to distilled water in the coffee cup calorimeter. As the other parts, mass of the calorimeter was recorded before and after the time of mixing. The temperature was also recorded on certain intervals of time as the other parts, before and after mixing. Two trials were done for this part of the experiment.

Observations: During the transfer of the heated metal to cool water, the metal changed temperature very quickly. There was no colour change in the zinc; we started out with a silver metal and ended with a silver metal. Condensation was viewed through the lids, heat may have been lost from that. For the acid-base neutralization, no change was observed except for the calorimeter becoming hot. The temperature increased very quickly and the probe thermometer could not catch it as fast. The salt did not change colour, stayed the same white colour from beginning to end.

Data Tables: 1. Part 1: Enthalpy of a Metal Trial 1 Mass of Metal (g) Mass of Empty Calorimeter (g) Volume of Distilled Water(mL) Mass of calorimeter and water(g) Mass of water (g) Temperature of water (C) 5.47g 7.51g 20.0mL 26.43g 18.92g 100.2 Trial 2 5.06g 7.57g 20.0mL 26.34g 18.77g 98.3

Table 1: Data for Zinc and distilled water solution.

Time in Seconds

Temperature in degrees Celsius Trial 1 25.0 25.1 25.1 25.1 25.1 25.1 25.1 Trial 2 25.3 25.3 25.4 25.4 25.4 25.5 25.5

04:00 04:20 04:40 05:00 05:20

27.4 27.0 27.1 27.2 27.3 27.2 27.3 27.3 27.3 27.3 27.3 27.4 27.4 27.4 27.4

27.5 27.5 27.7 27.6 27.5 27.6 27.6 27.7 27.8 27.8 27.9 27.9 27.9 27.9 27.9

00:00 00:30 01:00 01:30 02:00 02:30 03:00

05:40 06:00 06:20 06:40 07:00 07:20 07:40 08:00 08:20 08:40

Table 2: Temperature of water before mixing

Table 3: Temperature of solution after mixing 2. Part 2: Enthalpy of a Neutralization Reaction Volume of HNO3 (mL) Volume of NaOH Solution (mL) Concentration of HNO3 (M) Concentration of NaOH (M) Mass of Solution (g) Mass of Calorimeter and lids(g) Mass of Calorimeter, lids, and solution (g) Table 5: Data for HNO3 and NaOH solution Trial 1 50.0 50.0 1.1 1.0 88.84 7.89 96.73 Trial 2 50.0 50.0 1.1 1.0 91.71 7.92 99.63

Volume of HCl (mL) Volume of NaOH Solution (mL) Concentration of HCl (M) Concentration of NaOH (M) Mass of Solution (g) Mass of Calorimeter and lids(g) Mass of Calorimeter, lids, and 107.501 106.4903 solution (g) Table 6: Data for HCl and NaOH solution (obtained from Sawila Bayat -7295651 and Fathi Hassan 7405756)

Trial 1 50.0 50.0 1.1 1.0 101.5686 5.9324

Trial 2 50.0 50.0 1.1 1.0 100.496 5.9943

Time in seconds 00:00 00:30 01:00 01:30 02:00 02:30

Temperature in degree Celsius Trial 1 Trial 2 24.7 24.7 24.6 24.7 24.7 24.7 24.6 24.5 24.6 24.5 24.6 24.6

Time in seconds 00:00 00:30 01:00 01:30 02:00 02:30 03:00

Temperature in degree Celsius Trial 1 26.2 25.8 25.7 25.6 25.6 25.6 25.6 Trial 2 25.4 25.2 25.2 25.1 25.1 25.1 25.1

03:00 24.7 24.6 Table 6: Temperature of NaOH before HNO3 Time of mixing at 03:15 0.00 30.0 30.5 0.20 31.0 31.0 0.40 31.0 31.0 01:00 31.0 30.9 01:20 1.0 31.0 01:40 30.9 30.9 02:00 31.0 30.9 02:20 31.0 30.9 02:40 31.0 30.9 03:00 30.9 30.8 03:20 31.0 30.8 03:40 31.0 30.8 04:00 31.0 30.8 Table 8: Temperature of HNO3 solution every 20s after 3 minutes and 15 seconds

Table 7:Temperature of NaOH before HCl Time of mixing at 03:30 33.4 33.3 33.3 33.1 32.9 32.9 32.6 32.4 32.1 32.1 31.8 31.7 31.7

0.00 0.20 0.40 01:00 01:20 01:40 02:00 02:20 02:40 03:00 03:20 03:40 04:00

33.3 33.3 33.2 32.2 32.3 32.2 32.2 32.1 32.1 32.1 31.8 31.8 31.8

Table 9: Temperature of HCl and NaOH solution every 20 seconds after 3 minutes 30 seconds

3. Part 3: Enthalpy of Dissolution of a Salt Trial 1 C 1.56 8.50 20 26.96 18.46 Trial 2 C 1.56 8.36 20 27.46 19.1

Unknown Salt Mass of Salt (g) Mass of Empty Calorimeter (g) Volume of Distilled Water (mL) Mass of Calorimeter and Water (g) Mass of Water (g) Table 10: Data for Unknown Salt C solution Time in seconds

Temperature in degree Celsius Trial 1 Trial 2 00:00 24.7 25.4 00:30 25.1 25.4 01:00 25.2 25.4 01:30 25.2 25.4 02:00 25.2 25.5 02:30 25.2 25.5 03:00 25.2 25.5 Table 11: Temperature of water before mixing
0:00 0:20 0:40 01:00 01:20 01:40 02:00 02:20 02:40 03:00 03:20 03:40 04:00 04:20 04:40 05:00 05:20 05:40 06:00 06:20 Time of mixing at 03:30 24.4 24.3 23.7 22.9 22.5 21.7 21.5 21.0 21.1 21.1 21.1 21.2 21.2 21.3 21.4 21.4 21.5 21.6 21.6 21.6 25.0 21.3 21.3 21.4 21.5 21.6 21.8 22.0 22.0 22.2 22.3 22.4 22.4 22.5 22.7 22.8 23.0 23.0 23.2 23.2

Table 3: Temperature of the unknown salt solution at intervals of time after 3 minutes 30 seconds.

Calculations
Part 1 Enthalpy of a Metal (Zinc) [Trial 1] Trial 2 is only given as a final answer** 1. Temperature change in water: Initial Temperature = 25.10 C Final Temperature = 27.40 C T = 27.40 C 25.10C = 2.30C For trail 2: T = 2.40 C Energy gained by water: q = m x specific heat x T q = (18.92g x 4.184 j/g C x 2.30C) = 182 J For trial 2: q = 188 J Change in Temperature of Zinc: Initial temperature of zinc = 100.2C Final temperature = 27.4C . Therefore, TCu = 27.4C 100.2C = -72.8C (value is negative due to loss of heat to water) For trial 2: TCu = -70.4 4. Specific heat of Zinc metal: -qmetal=qwater q = mcT -182 J = (5.47 g)c(-72.8C) cZn = 0.46 J/(g . C) 3. 2.

For trial 2: cZn = 0.53 J/(g . C) 1. Molar mass Approximation: To Approximate the Molar Mass of an unknown substance, the following equation is used Molar Mass (appx) = 25 J/mol C / CMetal Molar Mass (appx) = 25 J/mol C / 0.46 J/(g C) = 54.3 g/mol For trial 2: 47.2 g/mol 2. %Error = Percent error with respect to heat capacity: l 0.46 - 0.39 l 0.39 x100% = 17%

lExperimental Value - True Valuel x100% = True Value For trial 2: %Error with respect to heat capacity = 36% 3. %Error = Percent error with respect to Molar Mass of Zn: Experimental Value - True Value x100% = True Value

l 54.3 g/mol-64.5g/moll x100% = 17% 65.4g/mol

For trial 2: %Error with respect to Molar Mass = 28%

Part 2. Enthalpy of Neutralization [Trail 1] Trial 2 is only shown as a final answer 2.1. HNO3 and NaOH 1. Change in Temperature of the solution: Temperature of base before mixing = 24.7C Temperature of solution after mixing = 31.0C Tsoln = 31.0C 24.7C = 6.3C For trial 2: Tsoln = 6.2C

Volume of the final Solution: Vsoln = Volume of base + volume of acid = 50mL + 50mL = 100mL For trial 2: Vsoln = 100mL Mass of the final Solution: 3 msoln = V x d [d = 1.0g/cm ] 3 msoln = (100mL) x (1.0g/cm ) = 100g For trail 2: msoln = 100g Energy released by the solution q = mCT = (88.84g) x (4.184J/gC) x (6.3C) = 2341.8J = 2.3kJ For trial 2: 2379.0 J = 2.4kJ 5. The number of moles of the limiting reagent (OH (aq)): The limiting reactant is the Base because it releases the hydroxide (OH) in the product side. Moles of NaOH = (concentration of NaOH) x (volume of NaOH) = (1.0M) x (0.05L) = 0.05mol For trial 2: # of moles = 0.05mol Number of moles of water: According to the Stoichiometry of the equation NaOH + HNO3 NaNO3 + H2O, one mole of NaOH equals to one mole of H2O. Therefore, number of moles of water = 0.05mol For trial 2: # of moles of water = 0.05mol Heat of Neutralizing per mole of water: Hn = q/n = -(2341.8J) / 0.05mol = -46836J = -46.8kJ For trial 2: -47580J = -47.6kJ 2.2. HCl + NaOH 1. Change in Temperature of the solution: Temperature of base before mixing = 25.6C Temperature of solution after mixing = 31.7C Tsoln = 31.7C 25.6C = 6.10C For trial 2: Tsoln = 6.70C 7. 6.
-

2.

3.

4.

Volume of the final Solution: Vsoln = Volume of base + volume of acid = 50mL + 50mL = 100mL For trial 2: Vsoln = 100mL Mass of the final Solution: 3 msoln = V x d [d = 1.0g/cm ] 3 msoln = (100mL) x (1.0g/cm ) = 100g For trail 2: msoln = 100g Energy released by the solution q = mCT = (101.6g) x (4.184J/gC) x (6.10C) = 2593J = 2.59kJ For trial 2: 2817J = 2.8kJ 5. The number of moles of the limiting reagent (OH (aq)): The limiting reactant is the Base because it releases the hydroxide (OH) in the product side.
-

2.

3.

4.

Moles of NaOH = (concentration of NaOH) x (volume of NaOH) = (1.0M) x (0.05L) = 0.05mol For trial 2: # of moles = 0.05mol Number of moles of water: According to the Stoichiometry of the equation NaOH + HCl NaCl + H2O, one mole of NaOH equals to one mole of H2O. Therefore, number of moles of water = 0.05mol For trial 2: # of moles of water = 0.05mol 7. Heat of Neutralizing per mole of water: Hn = -q/n = -(2593J) / 0.05mol = -51861J = -51.9kJ/mol For trial 2: -56340J = -56.34kJ/mol Comparing both enthalpies of Neutralizations per mole of water for the two strong acids: For trial 1: Hn(HCL) = -51861J/mol Hn(HNO3) = -46836J J/mol For trial 2: Hn(HCL) = -56340J/mol Hn(HNO3) = -47580/mol The experiments shows that HCL releases more heat per mole of reaction than does HNO3 since its Neutralization per mole value is larger than HNO3. 8. Percent Error of experimental values of the heat of Neutralization with respect to literature values: Literature value for HCL = -51kJ Literature value for HNO3 = -52.7kJ For HCL (trial 1) %Error = Experimental Value - True Valuex100% = l(-51.9) (-51)l x 100% = 1.8% 6.

True Value For trial 2: %Error = 0.5% For HNO3 (trial 1) %Error = Experimental Value - True Valuex100% = True Value For trial 2: %Error= 8.3%

-51

l(-46.8)(-52.7)l x 100% = 11.2% -52.7

Part 3. Enthalpy of Dissolution (Unknown Salt C) [Trial 1] Trial 2 is only shown as a final answer The Change in Temperature of the Solution: Temperature before mixing = 25.2C Temperature after mixing = 21.6C Tsoln = 21.6C - 25.2C = -3.6C For trial 2: Tsoln = -2.3C Energy released/absorbed by the solution, using its specific heat and mass: c = 3.815J/gC, according to pg 41 of the lab manual. q = mcT = (1.56g) x (3.815J/gC) x (-3.6C) = -21.43J For trial 2: q = -13.9J Since the value of q calculated is negative, energy is released by the solution. 3. The Enthalpy of dissolution per mole of salt: Molar Mass of Unknown Salt C = 74.55g/mol according to Lab Manual table (pg 41) HS = q/n n = mass / Molar mass = 1.56g / 74.55g/mol = 0.021mol Therefore, HS = -21.43 / 0.021mol = 1020.5J/mol = 1.02KJ/mol For trial 2: n = 0.021mol, HS = 661.9J/mol = 0.661 kJ/mol 4. Literature value for the enthalpy of dissolution of the salt is -436.68 KJ/mol 2. 1.

Discussion:

In the first part of the experiment we calculated the specific heat capacity of a metal, which in our case was zinc. The values we calculated for both trials were reasonable because they were pretty close to the actual values. Although the second trial was a bit farther off, it wasnt that far off enough that our percent error was below forty percent. The molar mass was also pretty close to the original with the first trial having only seventeen percent error. The second trial had a higher percent error when calculating the molar mass. Sources of error for this part of the experiment could have been that heat escaped through the hole in the lids when probe was inserted. Also the calorimeter might have been sealed incorrectly, thus allowing heat to escape. Another source of error could have been that the metal was not transferred to the calorimeter quickly enough and the metal could have lost heat. The enthalpies of the two acids were different for us because we got the HCl data from another group. It is possible to determine the literature values by using total volume added to the calorimeter in your calculations, although what we are really looking for is how to calculate the enthalpy of a neutralization reaction using heats of formation. Our calculated values however, were not perfect though close. This could have been due to the fact that the device used to measure the volume was not hundred percent accurate and was approximated. Also when we swirled the calorimeter, some solution may have escaped due to its not being sealed properly. For the unknown salt, we were able to determine its identity, which was potassium chloride. The literature value of the enthalpy of the salt was very far off from the value we calculated.

Conclusion: For the two trial the molar mass of zinc was calculate with a percent error of 17% and 28% respectively and the enthalpies with percent errors of 17% and 38% respectively. The heat of neutralization of the two acids, however had lower percent errors of 1.8% and 11.3%. The enthalpy of dissolution of the unknown salt was significantly lower than the literary values which we found by identifying the unknown salt to be potassium chloride.