FLUID POWER TECHNOLOGY

RADZI ABDUL RASIH FACULTY OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING, UITMCPP

radzi_rasih@ppinang.uitm.edu.my

radzi_rasih@ppinang.uitm.edu.my

Chapter 4
Hydraulic Actuators

radzi_rasih@ppinang.uitm.edu.my

Objectives
Describe the construction and operation of basic hydraulic cylinders, limited-rotation actuators, and motors. Compare the design and operation of various types of hydraulic cylinders.

Objectives
Contrast the operation of fixed- and variable-speed hydraulic motors. Describe the construction and operation of a basic hydrostatic transmission. Hydraulic motor performance

Types of Actuator

Hydraulic Cylinders
Actuators are the components used in a hydraulic system to provide power to a required work location Cylinders are the hydraulic system components that convert fluid pressure and flow into linear mechanical force and movement
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Hydraulic Cylinders
A basic cylinder consists of:
Piston Piston rod Barrel

Hydraulic Cylinders
Parts of a typical cylinder

Hydraulic Cylinders
The piston forms sealed, variable-volume chambers in the cylinder System fluid forced into the chambers drives the piston and rod assembly Linear movement is produced

Hydraulic Cylinders
Seals prevent leakage between:
Piston and cylinder barrel Piston rod and head Barrel and its endpieces

Wiper seal, or scraper, prevents dirt and water from entering the cylinder during rod retraction
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Hydraulic Cylinders
Various seals are used in a cylinder

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Hydraulic Cylinders
Rod wipers prevent contamination from entering on rod retraction

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IMI Norgren, Inc.

Hydraulic Cylinders
Cylinders are typically classified by operating principle or by construction type
Single-acting or double-acting Tie rod, mill, threaded end, or one piece

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Hydraulic Cylinders
Single- and double-acting cylinders

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Single-acting

Double-acting

Hydraulic Cylinders
Single-acting cylinders exert force either on extension or retraction They require an outside force to complete the second motion

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Hydraulic Cylinders (Single Acting)

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Hydraulic Cylinders
Double-acting cylinders generate force during both extension and retraction
Directional control valve alternately directs fluid to opposite sides of the piston Force output varies between extension and retraction

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Hydraulic Cylinders (Double Acting)

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Hydraulic Cylinders
Effective piston area is reduced on retraction due to the rod cross section

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Hydraulic Cylinders
Volume is reduced on retraction

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Hydraulic Cylinders
External tie rod bolts are used to secure the ends on the tie-rod cylinder design
Commonly found on heavy industrial machines External tie rods increase chance of damage and promote accumulation of dirt

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Hydraulic Cylinders
Tie-rod cylinder

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Hydraulic Cylinders
Mill cylinders

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Hydraulic Cylinders
Threaded-end cylinder

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Hydraulic Cylinders
One-piece cylinder has the cylinder barrel welded to the ends Produces a compact actuator
Cost effective to manufacture Cannot be serviced (throwaway)

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Hydraulic Cylinders
Telescoping cylinders are available for applications requiring long extension distances
Rod is made up of several tubes of varying size nested inside of the barrel Each tube extends, producing a rod longer than the cylinder barrel Typical example is the actuator that raises the 26 box on a dump truck

Hydraulic Cylinders
Telescoping cylinders

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Hydraulic Cylinders
Cylinders often use hydraulic cushions
Provide a controlled approach to the end of the stroke Reduces the shock of the impact as the piston contacts the cylinder head

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Hydraulic Cylinders
Cylinder cushioning device

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Hydraulic Cylinders
The force generated by a cylinder is calculated by multiplying the effective area of the piston by the system pressure

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Hydraulic Cylinders
Effective cylinder piston area

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Hydraulic Cylinders
Force generated during the extension of a double-acting cylinder with a singleended rod is calculated as:
FE = P AP where: Ef = extension force P = system pressure AP = piston area
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Hydraulic Cylinders
Force generated during the retraction of a double-acting cylinder with a single-ended rod is calculated as: FR = P (AP AR)
where: FR = retraction force P = system pressure AP = piston area AR = rod area
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Hydraulic Cylinders
Speed at which the cylinder extends or retracts is determined by:
Physical volume per inch of cylinder piston travel Amount of fluid entering the cylinder

Effective area of the piston is used to calculate the volume of the cylinder per inch of piston travel

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Hydraulic Cylinders

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Hydraulic Cylinders

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Hydraulic Motors (Construction)

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Hydraulic Motors (Construction)

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Hydraulic Motors (Construction)

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Limited-Rotation Hydraulic Actuators

Vane limited-rotation actuator

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Limited-Rotation Hydraulic Actuators

Helical piston and rod limited-rotation actuator

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Limited-Rotation Hydraulic Actuators

Limited-rotation actuators are used to perform a number of functions in a variety of industrial situations
Indexing devices on machine tools Clamping of workpieces Operation of large valves

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Limited-Rotation Hydraulic Actuators

Limited-rotation actuators are used in this robotic arm

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Hydraulic Motors
Hydraulic motors are called rotary actuators They convert fluid pressure and flow into torque and rotational movement

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Hydraulic Motors
Typical hydraulic motor application

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Hydraulic Motors
Parts of a typical hydraulic motor

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Hydraulic Motors
System fluid enters the housing and applies pressure to the rotating internal parts This, in turn, moves the power output shaft and applies torque to rotate a load

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Hydraulic Motors
Primary parts that produce the rotating motion in most hydraulic motors are either:
Gears Vanes Pistons

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Hydraulic Motors
The most common internal gear motor has a gerotor design

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Courtesy of Eaton Fluid Power Training

Hydraulic Motors
The specially shaped gear teeth of the gerotor form variable-volume chambers that allow system fluid flow and pressure to turn the motor output shaft Gerotor motors are fixed-displacement units operating with an unbalanced bearing load
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Hydraulic Motors
An orbiting gerotor motor is a variation of the basic gerotor design
Uses a fixed outer gerotor gear with internal teeth and an inner gear with external teeth Motor operates at a slower speed, but has a higher torque output

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Hydraulic Motors
Orbiting gerotor motor

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Courtesy of Eaton Fluid Power Training

Hydraulic Motors
Basic vane motor

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Hydraulic Motors
Balanced vane motors evenly distribute the load on the bearings
Achieved by operating the rotor and vanes in a slightly oblong chamber Allows two inlet ports and two outlets ports to be used in the motor Placing ports opposite each other balances bearing loading
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Hydraulic Motors
A basic, balanced vane motor

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Hydraulic Motors
Vane motors are available as either fixed or variable displacement The variable-displacement feature allows an operator to change the speed of a motor without changing the system flow rate
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Hydraulic Motors
Piston motors are available having either fixed or variable displacements In variable-displacement designs, the length of the piston stroke is changed to vary the volume of fluid needed to rotate the motor one revolution
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Hydraulic Motors
Two basic classifications of piston motors are axial piston and radial piston
An axial piston motor has pistons with centerlines parallel to the axis of the output shaft A radial piston motor has pistons with centerlines perpendicular to the axis of the output shaft
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Hydraulic Motors
Axial piston motor

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Hydraulic Motors
Axial piston motors are available in two configurations:
Inline Bent axis

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Hydraulic Motors
In an inline piston motor:
Centerline of the barrel is concentric with the centerline of the power output shaft A swash plate transmits force from the pistons to the shaft

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Hydraulic Motors
Inline piston motor

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The Oilgear Company

Hydraulic Motors
In a bent-axis piston motor:
Centerline of the barrel is at an angle to the centerline of the output shaft A universal joint and other fittings are used to transmit force between the barrel and the output shaft

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Hydraulic Motors
Bent-axis piston motor

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Courtesy of Eaton Fluid Power Training

Hydraulic Motors

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Hydraulic Motors Performance

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Hydrostatic Drives
Hydrostatic drive systems consist of the basic components typically found in other hydraulic motor circuits (hydraulic pump, hydralic motor, valves and pipes)

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Hydrostatic Drives
Hydrostatic drives provide effective transmission of power and allow easy adjustment and control of:
Output shaft speed Torque Horsepower Direction of rotation
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Hydrostatic Drives
When compared to conventional transmissions, hydrostatic drives:
Have a high power outputtosize ratio May be stalled under full load with no internal damage Accurately maintain speed under varying load conditions Provide an almost infinite number of input/output speed ratios 69

Hydrostatic Drives
Hydrostatic drives are typically considered hydrostatic transmissions when both the pump and motor have variable displacement This combination allows manual or automatic control of torque, speed, and power output
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Hydrostatic Transmission

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END