BIOMETHANATION

BIOGAS PRODUCTION & USES [RURAL & INDUSTRIAL WASTE WATER TREATMENT DIGESTERS]
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Biogas Basics
What is biogas? Biogas originates from bacteria by bio-degradation of organic material under anaerobic (without oxygen) conditions.

The generation of biogas is an important part of the biogeochemical carbon cycle.

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Biogas Basics
Methanogens (methane producing bacteria) are the last link in a chain of micro-organisms that degrade organic material and return the decomposition products to the environment, producing biogas. Methane in atmosphere, from biogenic sources: 90 % Methane in atmosphere, from petro sources: 10%
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Biogas and the Global Carbon Cycle

Through microbial activity, 590880 million tons of methane are released into atmosphere worldwide per annum. In the northern hemisphere, the present tropospheric methane concentration amounts to about 1.65 ppm.
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Lab experiment to show biogas evolution

WHY RURAL BIOGAS PLANTS?

ENERGY RECOVERY: FOR COOKING, LIGHTING, PUMPING, OR POWER- - WITH BURNER, MANTLE LAMP, ENGINE-PUMP AND GENERATOR HYGIENIC DISPOSAL OF ANIMAL WASTE AS MANURE SUBSTITUTES FOR FUELWOOD & KEROSENE
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Rural Applications of biogas plant

Compositon of Biogas

Composition: 60 to 70 per cent

Methane, 30 to 40 per cent Carbon

Dioxide, traces of Hydrogen Sulfide, Ammonia and Water Vapor

Properties of Biogas
It is about 20% lighter than air (density is about 1.2 gm/liter). Ignition temperature is between 650 and 750 C. Calorific value is 18.7 to 26 MJ/ m3 (500 to 700 Btu/ ft3.) Calorific value without CO2: is between 33.5 to35.3 MJ/ m3 Explosion limit: 5 to 14 % in air.
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Biogas Purification
Removal of CO2: Scrubbing with limewater or ethanol amine solution. Removal of H2S: Adsorption on a bed of iron sponge and wood shavings. Pressure & Temperature needed to liquefy: Biogas needs 500 psi, at minus 83 C & LPG Needs 160 psi, at ambient temperature.
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Properties of Biogas

continued

Air to Methane ratio for complete combustion is 10 to 1 by volume. One cubic meter of biogas is equivalent to 1.613 liter kerosene or 2.309 kg of LPG or 0.213 kw electricity.
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Substrate and Material Balance of Biogas Production

Homogenous and liquid substrates can be considered for simple biogas plants. The maximum of gas-production from a given amount of raw material depends on the type of substrate.
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FEED FOR BIOGAS : WET BIODEGRADABLE WASTE DOMESTIC ANIMAL WASTES: Excreta of cow, pig, chicken etc
MANURE, SLUDGE: Canteen and food processing waste, sewage MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE: After separation of non-degradable
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WET BIODEGRADABLE WASTES:

WASTE STARCH & SUGAR SOLUTIONS: Fruit processing, brewery, press_mudfrom sugar factory etc
OTHER HIGH B O D EFFLUENTS: Leather industry waste. Pulp factory waste liquor
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WET FERMENTATION: FEED SUBSTRATE TOTAL SOLID CONCENTRATION, ( TSC) = 8 TO 9 % FOR COW DUNG,
RATIO OF DUNG TO WATER = 1:1 BIOGAS PRODUCED IS: IN SUMMER AT 47 C, 0.06 M3 / KG DUNG ADDED/ DAY IN WINTER AT 8 C, 0.03 M3 / KG DUNG ADDED /DAY
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DRY FERMENTATION OR SOLID STATE FERMENTATION :

FEED SUBSTRATE TOTAL SOLID CONCENTRATION, ( TSC) OF 20 TO 30 %, A MIX OF COW DUNG AND A WIDE VARIETY OF AGRORESIDUES.

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DRY FERMENTATION OR SOLID STATE FERMENTATION :

FOR CATTLE DUNG AND MANY AGRO-RESIDUES AT INITIAL CONCENTRATIONS OF Total Solid Content BETWEEN 16 TO 25 % BIOGAS PRODUCTION HAS BEEN DEMONSTRATED SATISFACTORILY IN SMALL BATCH TYPE AND PLUG FLOW TYPE DIGESTERS.
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Biology of Methanogenesis
This knowledge is necessary for planning, building and operating biogas plants. Microbial Decomposition Occurs in Three Stages: 1. Hydrolysis of Biopolymers like carbohydrates and proteins To Monomers
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Microbial Decomposition.
2. Convert sugars, amino acids, fatty

acids to H2, CO2, NH3, Acetic, Propionic And Butyric Acids

3. Convert [H2, CO2, Acetic Acid] To

CH4 And Co2 Mixture
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Biochemistry of Anaerobic Digestion

Methanogenic bacteria take up acetic acid, methanol,H2, CO2 to produce methane O2,nitrites,nitrates etc. inhibit activity Acid formation and bicarbonate formation by two set of bacteria is balanced, the pH and biomethanation are stabilized.
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Operating parameters affecting gas production:

Temperature: Optimum =35 C pH range: 6.8 to 7.8 Favorable C/N ratio is 30:1 Proportion of solids to water: 10 % for optimum operation Retention time: ratio of [volume of slurry in digester] to [volume fed into/ removed from it per day]=30 days for Temp. of 25-35 C
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KINETICS OF DIGESTION
Refer: [1] Chen and Hashimoto, Biotechnology Bio-engineering Symposium 8, (1978) p 269-282 and [2] Biotechnology Bioengineering (1982) 24: 9-23
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KINETICS OF DIGESTION

continued

For a given loading rate, [So/HRT], daily

volume of methane per volume of

digester depends on biodegradability of

influent(Bo) and kinetic parameters k &

m
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KINETICS OF DIGESTION

continued

Volumetric methane rate in cubic meter gas per cubic meter of digester volume/day V = (Bo So / HRT)[1- K / (HRT*m-1+K)] Bo = Ultimate methane yield in cubic meters methane/kg VS (Varies from 0.2 to 0.5) So = Influent volatile solids concentration in kg VS/m3

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KINETICS OF DIGESTION, CONTINUED

(Loading rate range = 0.7 to 25 kg VS/m3 d) HRT = Hydraulic retention time in days K = Dimensionless kinetic parameter, for cattle dung, K= 0.8+ 0.0016e0.06 So m = Maximum specific growth rate of the microorganism in day-1
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RURAL BIOGAS PLANTS

MODELS SUBSIDIZED BY Min.New. & Ren.Energy.Sources
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TYPES OF RURAL BIOGAS PLANTS

FIXED DOME: JANATHA,DINABANDHU, UTKAL/KONARK FLOATING DRUM: K.V.I.C COMBINED FEATURES: PRAGATI

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FIXED DOME: JANATHA

DIGESTER WELL BELOW GROUND LEVEL FIXED DOME GAS HOLDER BUILT WITH BRICK & CEMENT BIOGAS FORMED RISES PUSHES SLURRY DOWN DISPLACED SLURRY LEVEL PROVIDES PRESSURE-UPTO THE POINT OF ITS DISCHARGE/ USE
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K.V.I.C floating drum plant

ON ONE SIDE INLET FOR SLURRY OTHER SIDE OUTLET FOR SPENT SLURRY GAS COLLECTS IN INVERTED DRUM GAS HOLDER OVER SLURRY GAS HOLDER MOVES UP & DOWN DEPENDING ON ACCUMULATION OF GAS /DISCHARGE OF GAS, GUIDED BY CENTRAL GUIDE PIPE
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K.V.I.C floating drum plant continued

K V I C Mumbai MEDIUM FAMILY SIZE BIOGAS PLANT HAVING GAS DELIVERY OF 3 M /DAY
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REQUIRES 12 HEAD OF CATTLE AND

CAN SERVE A FAMILY OF 12 PERSONS

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Floating drum (rural)

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K.V.I.C floating drum plant

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Dinabandhu model

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Dinabandhu model

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Pragati rural biogas plant

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Pragati rural biogas plant

COMBINES FEATURES OF KVIC & DEENABANDU,DEVELOPED IN MAHARASHSTRA LOWER PART: SEMI-SPHERICAL IN SHAPE WITH A CONICAL BOTTOM UPPER PART: FLOATING GAS HOLDER POPULARIZED IN MAHARASHTRA, UNDARP, PUNE
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UTKAL / KONARK DIGESTER

SPHERICAL IN SHAPE WITH GAS STORAGE CAPACITY OF 50% CONSTRUCTION COST IS REDUCED AS IT MINIMIZES SURFACE AREA BRICK MASONRY OR FERROCEMENT TECHNOLOGY A PERFORATED BAFFLE WALL AT THE INLET PREVENTS SHORT CIRCUITING PATH OF SLURRY (OPTIONAL)
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UTKAL / KONARK DIGESTER

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FERROCEMENT, FRP DIGESTER:

CAST SECTIONS, MADE FROM A REINFORCED (MORTAR+WIRE MESH)COATED WITH WATER PROOFING TAR S E R I, ROORKEE FIBER REINFORCED PLASTIC MADE BY CONTACT MOULDING PROCESS

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FLEXIBLE PORTABLE NEOPRENE RUBBER MODEL

FOR HILLY AREAS, MINIMIZES TRANSPORT COST OF MATERIALS BALLOON TYPE, INSTALLED ABOVE GL, MADE OF NEOPRENE RUBBER FOR FLOOD PRONE AREAS, UNDERGROUND MODELS NOT SUITABLE SWASTHIK COMPANY OF PUNE DESIGN

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HIGH RATE BIOGAS PLANTS

TYPES, OPERATION, LIMITATIONS AND APPLICATIONS

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USE OF HIGH RATE BIOGAS PLANTS FOR INDUSTRIAL WASTE WATER TREATMENT
Brings down high BOD content to make it suitable for aerobic biological treatment Faster disposal of waste water with partial recovery of energy as fuel [biogas] Suitable for food processing waste water of high BOD content
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TYPES OF HIGH RATE BIOGAS PLANTS

ANAEROBIC CONTACT
ANAEROBIC FILTER:UPFLOW, DOWNFLOW UPFLOW ANAEROBIC SLUDGE BLANKET

ANAEROBIC FLUIDISED/ EXPANDED BED

ANAEROBIC ROTATING CONTACTOR

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Anaerobic contact digester

Includes a settling tank that allows bacteria rich sludge recycle to the stirred tank digester while allowing supernatant clear water as effluent

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Anaerobic filter, Upflow reactor

Bacteria also exist in suspended form Waste water passed through a packed bed of inert medium on which attached microbial film develops. Can give clogging problem
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Anaerobic filter, Downflow reactor

Waste water passed through a packed bed of inert medium on which attached microbial film develops. Under downflow, film attachment alone is retention mechanism.

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Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket Digester

Without use of packed bed, granulated sludge containing bacteria that is formed due to settling of suspended solids attains good solids retention. Upflow velocity is controlled in UASB reactor.
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Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket Digestor

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Fluidized/ expanded bed reactor

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Potential Applications of Biogas and Appliances needed:

1. Cooking fuel
2. Lighting Fuel Stove / Burner. Mantle lamp.

3. To run a pump for

drawing water 4. To run a generator for electricity.

Dual fuel stationary

I. C. Engine Dual fuel stationary I. C. Engine
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Biogas burner & lamp

Both biogas burner and mantle lamp have some structural similarity: each have inlet gas nozzle, air inlet, & a mixing chamber. Burner has fire - stove plate Lamp has mantle that glows to emit light
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Features of Biogas Stove

Operate at pressure:75-90 mm [3-3.5 inch] water column; Air/Gas ratio is 10:1; Nozzle adjustment necessary. Temperature: About 800 C 3 For cooking, 0.28 to 0.42 m of biogas per person per day is consumed. Design different from those of LPG/Natural Gas stoves.
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Features of biogas lamp:

Brightness depends on gas pressure, air to gas ratio, extent of mixing etc. Proper nozzle adjustment is necessary to achieve required light intensity. Lamps designed for 100 candle-power, consume 0.11 to 0.15 m biogas per hour.
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Biogas for electricity Generation

One kwh can be generated from 0.7m3 of biogas to light 15 bulbs[60watts] for one hour. For lighting, power route is better than direct burning Economical for large sized plants, requires high initial capital investment.
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Biogas as I.C. engine Fuel

Traces of H2S, NH3, water vapor to be removed by absorption/adsorption. With modified fuel injection system, in stationary diesel or petrol engine biogas can be used. In Diesel engine, dual fuel mode is needed. After initial start up with petrol, engine can run on biogas
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Anaerobic digestion process contributes to:

Energy generation and reduction of
greenhouse gas emissions. Replaces the use of fossil fuels, utilizes methane generated from the waste. Because of the potential of energy generation from industrial wastewater, in India, this technology is now [2008] fully established and exploited.
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Biogas Technology: Topics

Introduction: Properties of biogas. Justification for rural & other applications. Feedstock for biogas: Aqueous wastes containing bio-degradable organic matter, animal residues.

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Biogas Technology: Topics

Microbial and biochemical aspects. Operating parameters for biogas production by anaerobic digestion. Kinetics and mechanism of biomethanation. Dry and wet fermentation.

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Biogas Technology: Topics

Digesters for rural application. MNES Recognized Rural biogas-plant models. High rate digesters for industrial waste water treatment. Applications of biogas.

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