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14. For the Annonaceae, what is distinctive about the leaf arrangement and endosperm structure?
a) Distichous.
b) Ruminate.
15. What is distinctive about the receptacle and gynoecial fusion of the Magnoliaceae?
Receptacle elongate. Gynoecial fusion apocarpous.
16. What is the fruit type of the Magnoliaceae?
Aggregate fruit of follicles, berries, or samaras.
17. Name at least three families of the Piperales.
Aristolochiaceae, Piperaceae, Saururaceae.
18. What is the etymology of Aristolochia?
Gr. aristos, best + lochia, childbirth, from resemblance of a species of Aristolochia to the correct fetal position.
19. What are the diagnostic features of the Aristolochiaceae?
The Aristolochiaceae are distinguished in being usually climbing plants, having an enlarged, petaloid calyx, an absent
to reduced corolla, often adnate stamens (forming a gynostemium), and an inferior to superior, 36-carpeled and
loculed ovary.
20. How does the Piperaceae differ from the Aristolochiaceae?
The Piperaceae are distinctive in having an atactostelic stem, a spike or spadix with numerous, very small, unisexual
or bisexual flowers lacking a perianth, the ovary solitary, 1-ovulate, the fruit a 1-seeded berry or drupe.
P 0 A 3+3 [110] G 1 or (3,4), superior.
21. What is an economically important member of the Piperaceae?
Piper nigrum, black pepper; Piper methysticum, kava.
22. How does the Saururaceae differ from the Piperaceae?
The Saururaceae differ in having a bracteate spike or raceme, the ovary many-ovulate, the fruit a capsule.
P 0 A 3, 3+3, or 4+4 G (35), superior.
MONOCOTS: BASAL LINEAGES
23. Name and describe the major apomorphies of the monocots.
Atactostelic stem-numerous, apparantly scattered vascular bundles.
Leaf venation parallel (primitively).
Embryo with one cotyledon.
Cuneate, proteinaceous, sieve tube plastids.
24. Name the order, family, and genus of the most basal lineage of monocots.
Acorales, Acoraceae, Arocus.
25. How does Acorus differ from the Araceae in: leaf structure; seed nutritive tissue; crystal type?
Leaf structure: leaves distichous, unifacial, ensiform. Araceae leaves spiral or distichous, bifacial, gen. not ensiform.
Seed nutritive tissue: perispermous and endospermous. Araceae endospermous.
Crystal type: Lacks raphide crystals. Araceae have raphide crystals.
26. What is the leaf venation of members of the Araceae?
Parallel, penni-parallel, or netted.
27. What is the inflorescence type of the Araceae?
A spadix, subtended by an often showy spathe. (Reduced to 1-4 flowers in a pouch in the Lemnoideae.)
28. Name an economically important member of the Araceae.
Colocasia esculenta, taro.
29. What are two putative apomorphies of the Asparagales? Of the Asparagales minus the Orchidaceae?
a) Simultaneous microsporogeneis; inferior ovary.
b) Phyotmelan-encrusted seed coats.
30. What is a cytological apomorphy of the Agavaceae?
Dimorphic chromosomes: 5 long and 25 short.
31. What is the ovary position of the Agavaceae?
Inferior or superior.
32. What is a chemical apomorphy of the Alliaceae?
Alliin, which is enzymatically converted by wounding to allyl sulfide compounds.
33. Name two economically important members of the Alliaceae.
Allium sativum, garlic; Allium cepa, onion.
34. How are members of the Asphodelaceae distinguished? What is their distribution?
Herbs or pachycaulous trees with leaves usually succulent, flowers trimerous with a superior ovary, and the seeds
arillate.
35. Name and define the leaf structure of the Iridaceae.
Unifacial-having a plane parallel to the stem, or terete.
61. What pollen and leaf apomorphies may unite the Cyperaceae, Thurniaceae (including Prionaceae) and Juncaceae?
Pollen in tetrads; leaves tristichous.
62. How do the Cyperaceae and Juncaceae families differ in inflorescence, perianth, and fruit type?
Cyperaceae-inflorescence a sedge spikelet; perianth reduced to bristles or absent; fruit an achene.
Juncaceae-inflorescence of solitary flowers or 1many cymes, glomerules, or heads; perianth 3+3, scarious; fruit a
loculicidal capsule.
63. How do the Eriocaulaceae and Xyridaceae differ in flower sex? Pollen aperture type?
Eriocaulaceae-flowers unisexual; pollen spiraperturate-spinulose.
Xyridaceae-flowers bisexual; pollen sulcate or inaperturate.
64. What are the two scientific names for the grass family?
Poaceae, Gramineae.
65. How does the leaf arrangement and attachment of grasses differ from that of sedges?
Grasses-distichous, with open-sheathing base and ligules.
Sedges-tristichous, with closed-sheathing base and eligulate.
66. What is the structural difference between a sedge spikelet and a grass spikelet?
Sedge spikelet-consists of an axis bearing bracts (scales), all or most of which subtend a flower. Flower perianth is
absent or reduced to scales.
Grass spikelet-consists of an axis bearing gen. two basal bracts (glumes) and 1-many florets, each floret a short,
lateral branch bearing a lower, odd-veined lemma, overlapping an upper 2-veined palea, these enclosing a flower,
consisting of 2-3 stamens and/or a 2-3-carpellate pistil with feathery styles/stigmas, the perianth reduced to 2-3
lodicules.
67. What is a: grass spikelet? floret? glume? lemma? palea? lodicule?
Spikelet-inflorescence unit. Glume-one of the gen. 2 bracts at the base of the spikelet. Lemma-larger, lower bract of
floret. Palea-smaller, upper bract of floret. Lodicule-one of modified perianth parts of grass flower.
68. What is the fruit type of the grasses?
Grain/caryopsis.
69. Name the generic and common names of five economically important grain crops.
Avena-oats.
Hordeum-barley.
Oryza-rice.
Secale-rye.
Triticum-wheat.
Zea-corn.
70. Name the characteristics and distribution of the Restionaceae.
The Restionaceae are distinctive in being perennial, rhizomatous, mostly dioecious herbs with photosynthetic erect
stems, leaves reduced to sheaths, an inflorescence of solitary flowers or variously branched spikelets, and small,
unisexual, wind-pollinated flowers with usually monothecal, bisporangiate anthers.
P 3+3 [02+02] A 3 [14] G (3) [1(2)], superior.
Distributed in the Southern Hemisphere, especially South Africa and Australia.
71. What is the flower sex of the Sparganiaceae and Typhaceae?
Unisexual.
72. How do these two families differ?
Sparganiaceae-inflorescence of unisexual, globose heads (male heads above, female below), fruit drupelike.
Typhaceae- inflorescence a spike (male above and female below), fruit achenelike, dehiscent.