Unit II Dams, Bridges

UNIT II DAMS AND BRIDGES
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DAMS
Dam : It is a defined as an impervious barrier or an obstruction constructed across a natural stream or river.
Purpose: To hold up the water on one side of it (Upstream side) The other side is known as downstream side.
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CLASSIFICATION
1. Rigid Dams (a) Solid Gravity dams (b) Arch dams (c) Buttress dams (d) Timber and steel dams 2. Non Rigid dams (a) Earth dams (b) Rock fill dams
SOLID GRAVITY DAMS
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SOLID GRAVITY DAM

Its own weight resists the external forces More durable and has maximum rigidity Requires less maintenance compared to other types. This type of dam is constructed of concrete or masonry.
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ARCH DAM
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ARCH DAMS
Arch dams are usually built in narrow, deep gorges in mountainous regions where access and availability of construction materials pose especially acute problems.
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ARCH DAMS
Arch Dam El Atazar Dam Madrid, Spain
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TYPES OF ARCH DAMS

Constant radius arch dams - commonly have a vertical upstream face with a constant radius of curvature Variable radius dams - have upstream and downstream curves of systematically decreasing radii with depth below the crest.
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BUTTRESS DAMS
Buttress Dam Is a gravity dam reinforced by structural supports Buttress - a support that transmits a force from a roof or wall to another supporting structure
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BUTTRESS DAMS
It has relatively thin sections when compared to a gravity dam. Consists of sloping section, buttresses and base slab. Sloping membrane first takes the water load and transfers it to the buttresses which are at specific intervals. The buttresses inturn transfer the load to the base slab which forms the foundation part of the dam.
EARTH DAMS
Earth dams are also called earthen, rolled-earth or simply earth-fill dam It may contain a watertight concrete or clay core or sometimes with a hydraulic fill to produce a watertight core and a drain layer to collect seep water.
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EARTH DAMS
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FAILURES OF EARTH DAM
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ROCK FILL DAMS
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ROCK FILL DAMS

Made of loose rocks and boulders piled in the river bed. A slab of reinforced concrete is often laid on the upstream face to make it water tight. These are more than earth dams and less stable than gravity dams. These dams consists of dry rubble stone masonry on upstream side and loose rock fill on downstream side.
CULVERTS
A Culvert is a drain or water course totally enclosed and usually carried under a road or a railway track. Types (a) Box culvert (b) Pipe culvert (c) Arch culvert
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BOX CULVERT
Consists of one or more square or rectangular openings made of RCC or masonry. Cheapest alternative for pipe culvert.
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PIPE CULVERT
Most economical for small drainage crossings. These are preferred for diameters less than 1.8m. The pipes may be of CI or RCC.
PIPE CULVERT
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ARCH CULVERT
It is constructed on brick or stone or concrete walls having short spans of 2 to 3 m.
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BRIDGES
It is a structure providing passage over an obstacle such as a valley, road, railway canal, river without closing the way beneath. The required passage may be for road, railway, canal, pipe line, cycle track or pedestrians.
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Types of bridges
Deck Bridge Arch bridge Slab Bridge Suspension bridge Steel Bridge Steel Truss bridge steel Girder bridges
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DECK BRIDGE
Plat form In deck bridge, the plat form of the bridge carries the communication route, which is supported at the superstructure.
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ARCH BRIDGE
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ARCH BRIDGE
These bridges have pleasing appearance. Can be economically adopted for 250 m span length. No bending at any part of the bridge. Vibrations due to impact forces is minimum.
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CLASSIFICATION OF ARCH BRIDGE
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SLAB BRIDGE
It is the simplest type of RCC bridge Economical for a span upto 9 m. The construction is much simpler and placement is easy.
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SLAB BRIDGE
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SUSPENSION BRIDGE
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SUSPENSION BRIDGE
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SUSPENSION BRIDGE
Superstructure of suspension consists of two sets of cables over the towers carrying the bridge floor by means of suspenders. It is best suited for light traffic and large spans exceeding 600 m. Flexible and hence vertical oscillations will be more than other bridges.
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STEEL TRUSS BRIDGE
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STEEL TRUSS BRIDGE

It is provided for long railway passages. They are less affected by wind forces. It is easy to erect, since components of bridges are light in weight.
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STEEL GIRDER BRIDGE
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References Basic Civil and Mechanical Engineering K.V. Natarajan Basic Civil and Mechanical Engineering Shanmugam and Palanichamy.
Prepared by
A.R. Pradeep Kumar,

Associate Professor Mechanical, DCE

Unit II Dams, Bridges

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Unit II Dams, Bridges

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UNIT II DAMS AND BRIDGES

Times New Roman

SOLID GRAVITY DAMS

SOLID GRAVITY DAM

TYPES OF ARCH DAMS

FAILURES OF EARTH DAM

ROCK FILL DAMS

ROCK FILL DAMS

CLASSIFICATION OF ARCH BRIDGE

STEEL TRUSS BRIDGE

STEEL TRUSS BRIDGE

STEEL GIRDER BRIDGE

A.R. Pradeep Kumar,

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