ISSN: 2278 909X

International Journal of Advanced Research in Electronics and Communication Engineering (IJARECE) Volume 1, Issue 3, September 2012

LTE Network Dimensioning Tool Using Java

Nelly M. Hussein, Muhammad Nabil, Abd El-Rahman Ashraf, and Amr Saeed
Abstract Throughout the past few years, there has been a major development in the communication field in general and the mobile field in particular as it is the easiest way to communicate with someone anywhere in the world. The development took place through a number of phases beginning with the analog communication then moving to the digital one, this transfusion implied making numerous modifications including; increasing the data rate and reliability, in addition to adding more services like video broadcasting, multi-media services... etc. Nowadays one of the most important phases is the Long term evolution (LTE). In this paper we have focused on one of basic steps in LTE network planning denoted by LTE dimensioning process. This process includes two basic items; coverage and capacity dimensioning for both uplink and downlink. By the aid of computer software, LTE dimensioning was executed and program results, in form of tables and curves, will be analyzed at the last subsection of the paper. Index Terms OFDM LTE Coverage Capacity.

I. INTRODUCTION LTE is the standard for wireless communication specified by the 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP). LTE concerns a wireless communication system optimized for packet services and realizes high throughput, low latency and highly efficient frequency utilization. The main benefits of LTE technology when compared with previous mobile generation could be summarized as follows: [1] (1) System optimized for LTE packet services is a wireless communication system that handless voice calls, which requires real- time processing, as IP packet data (Voice over IP), in addition to Internet and e-mail. (2) Simplification of network architecture. With LTE, eNodeB is required with a wireless access feature and directly connected to a core network. With a reduced number of layers of equipment that constitutes a wireless access network, this system is simplified as compared with the existing third- generation mobile communication systems. As a result, this system enables low latency for data transfer and hand- over.
Manuscript received Aug 15, 2012. Nelly Muhammad Hussein, Communication and electronics department, Modern Academy for Engineering and Technology, Cairo, Egypt. Muhammad Nabil Saber, Communication and electronics department, Modern Academy for Engineering and Technology, Cairo, Egypt. Abd El-Rahman Ashraf, Communication and electronics department, Modern Academy for Engineering and Technology, Cairo, Egypt. Amr Saeed Amen, Communication and electronics department, Modern Academy for Engineering and Technology, Cairo, Egypt.

(3) Wireless access technology robust in multi-path environment. LTE uses orthogonal frequency division multiple access (OFDMA) for downlink and single carrier- frequency division multiple access (SC- FDMA) for uplinks. OFDMA incorporates a mechanism to suppress delayed signal inference by using a cyclic prefix (CP) in a transmission signal format. This makes it robust in a multi- path environment. (4) Adaptive modulation according to communication quality. In LTE system, three modulation schemes could be used; quadrature phase shift keying (QPSK), 16 quadrature amplitude modulation (16QAM) and 64 quadrature amplitude modulation (64QAM). Adaptive modulation and coding is achieved by combining them with multiple error correction coding rates. (5) Antenna technology to realize high throughput. LTE adopts multiple input multiple output (MIMO) as the antenna technology. MIMO is a spatial multiplexing transmission technology, in which multiple antennas are used to transmit and receive data. For example 2 x 2 MIMO allows transmission with approximately twice as much throughput. To serve the massive growth in demand for mobile broadband services, a high speed data access is required. A lot of researches are made to improve high system capacities. Among these researches, the multiple- input multiple- output (MIMO) represents the most effective research results. The researches based on MIMO technologies resulted in system capacity improvement without additional bandwidth. Multipath propagation causing selective frequency fading may cause serious problems for mobile communication system. Therefore, multicarrier modulation (MC), especially Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) is recommended for solving such problems. This kind of multicarrier modulation has been receiving growing interest in recent years as a solution to combat the effect of frequency selectivity of wireless channels due to simplified equalization in the frequency domain. MIMO is associated with OFDM technique which has the ability of converting frequency selective fading channel into flat fading channel form. [2]. LTE system is expected to be competitive for many years, therefore, the requirements and targets set forth for this system are quite stringent. In order to achieve such goals, essential step should take place known by dimensioning of LTE network. Dimensioning is the initial phase of network planning. It provides the first estimate of the network element

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International Journal of Advanced Research in Electronics and Communication Engineering (IJARECE) Volume 1, Issue 3, September 2012
count as well as the capacity of those elements. Dimensioning process also includes detailed panning and optimization of the wireless cellular network. In dimensioning process, relatively simpler models and methods are used for modeling of the actual conditions for network under consideration. On the other hand, dimensioning tool should be accurate enough to provide results with an acceptable level of accuracy, when loaded with expected traffic and subscriber base. Wireless cellular network dimensioning is directly related to the quality and effectiveness of the network, and can deeply affect its development. Wireless cellular network dimensioning contains basics steps; Data / Traffic Analysis, Coverage Estimation, Capacity Evaluation, and Transport Dimensioning to be explained in details in the coming subsection. [3] The coverage and the quality constraints at the cell edge are used to calculate the capacity. Calculating capacity includes two further stages: Uplink coverage Downlink coverage A. Uplink Coverage Most mobile telephony systems are frequently limited by the uplink, so it is useful to start link budget calculations with the uplink coverage requirements. The calculations are performed according to the following stages: [5] , [6] , [7] Bit rate requirement. SINR requirement. eNodeB receiver sensitivity. Uplink noise rise (interference margin). User equipment power per resource block. Uplink link budget. Dimensioning starts by defining the quality requirement. Quality is expressed as a certain bit rate Rreq that can be provided to one individual user at the cell edge with a certain probability. The bit rate requirement follows the service for which the system is dimensioned. All calculations are performed per resource block. Equation 1 shows how to obtain the bit rate requirement per resource block, Rreq,/RB defined as required bit rate Rreq divided by the number of resource blocks (NRB). .... (1)

II.

COVERAGE DIMENSIONING

The process for calculating LTE coverage and capacity can be made in an arbitrary way, but adapted to the dimensioning project input demands and the expected output. The process begins with defining quality requirements expressed as bit rates on the cell edge, or as coverage degrees separately for uplink and downlink, with the desired output of cell capacity (uplink and downlink) and site-to-site distance. Figure (1) illustrates main steps of dimensioning process.
MIMO Tx Diversity UE Power UE Rx Power

Quality at cell edge If input requirements are not met

Coverage

Path loss at cell edge Cell range Site- to- site distance

In a real system, NRB for each user equipment (UE) is selected by the scheduler on a 1 ms Transmission Time Interval (TTI) level, based on the throughput and power requirements at each signaling interval. In a dimensioning exercise, the number can be selected freely, guided by experience and understanding of the system within the restrictions of total deployed bandwidth, as shown in Table 1. [ 8 ] Table 1 Bandwidth and Resource Blocks Specified In 3GPP Bandwidth NRB 1.4 MHz 6 3.0 MHz 15 5.0 MHz 25 10.0 MHz 50 15.0 MHz 75 20.0 MHz 100 The bit rate requirement should be based on the service for which the system is dimensioned, and as a compromise between conflicting needs and trends, with the following considerations: 1. With a small NRB, the required bit rate can be satisfied with a minimum of resources. This leaves a maximum amount of space in the time-frequency resource plane for other users to maximize capacity. 2

Capacity

Uplink cell capacity Downlink cell capacity

Done

Fig. (1) LTE Dimensioning Process The quality requirement is based on a throughput requirement at a given coverage probability in the uplink and downlink. The prerequisites must be determined as well. Depending on the quality criteria, the coverage can be calculated in terms of path loss, site-to-site distance, or cell range. If the coverage does not meet the requirements, the definition of cell edge quality or some prerequisites for the calculation may need to be reiterated.

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International Journal of Advanced Research in Electronics and Communication Engineering (IJARECE) Volume 1, Issue 3, September 2012
2. At a large NRB, the transmitted blocks are spread over a frequency interval, with less power used per resource block. A lower modulation scheme or a higher coding rate can be selected. The receiver is capable of decoding the transmissions at lower SINR, to give a higher path loss leading to an increased cell range. Additionally, the user equipment can reduce maximum output power when using large NRB, according to the 3GPP document User Equipment (UE) radio transmission and reception, 3GPPTS 36.101., the allowed power reduction is not assumed to be used at the cell edge. The impact from noise rise on the resulting coverage range when varying NRB in the dimensioning plays a comparatively minor role, unless the noise rise is very high. All resource blocks must be consecutive in the uplink. Large NRB may be less probable if the scheduler operates efficiently. is the SINR for target of the uplink loop power control is the average uplink system load. QUL : is the average uplink system load. F : is the average ratio of path gains for interfering cells to those of the serving cell. All allocated resource blocks share the total user equipment output power. Assuming that all resource blocks are allocated an equal amount of power, the power per resource block PU E,RB is calculated in the following way: PUE,RB =PUE / NRB . . . . (4) Where: PUE: total user equipment power. Finally, the uplink link budget can be calculated as follows: Lpmax = PUE,RB -SeNodeB BIUL BLNF - LBL Lcpl LBPL +Ga -Lj . . . (5) Where: Lpmax : is the maximum path loss due to propagation in the air [dB] BIUL: is the interference margin expressed logarithmically [dB] BLNF : is the log- normal fading margin [dB]. LBL : is the body loss [dB]. LcpL : is the car penetration loss [dB]. LBPL : is the building penetration loss [dB]. Ga : is the sum of the maximum gain in the forward direction of eNodeB antenna, and user equipment antenna gain [dBi]. Li : is the tower mounted amplifier (TMA) insertion loss [dB]. The log-normal (or slow) fading margin models the required area coverage probability. By adding this margin, a probability is secured for setting up and maintaining a connection at a given quality. Table 2 shows fading margins in dB for varying standard deviation of the log-normal fading process and different coverage probabilities: Table 2: Fading Margins for Varying Standard Deviation of Log-Normal Fading Coverage Probability Environment [dB] 98% 95% 90% 85% Rural, 6 5.5 2.9 0.5 -1.2 Suburban Dense urban 10 10.6 6.7 3.1 0.6 and Suburban indoor Urban indoor Dense urban 12 14 13.1 15.3 8.4 9.9 4.2 5.1 1.3 1.8

3.

4.

LTE includes a variety of different transport formats with different modulation and coding schemes. Each format has a specified bit rate R. The SINR requirement for decoding a particular transport format has been determined by a large set of simulations. The simulation results in a set of tables for different channel models and for different antenna arrangements. As an approximation, the simulation results have been fitted to a semi-empirical parameterized expression. Receiver sensitivity in eNodeB, SeNodeB, is the required signal power at the system reference point when there is no interference contribution from other user equipments. The following relation describes receiver sensitivity per resource block: SeNodeB = Nt + Nf +10log(WRB) + =NRB,UL + [dBm] . . . (2) Where: Nt : is thermal noise power density Nf : is the noise figure of eNodeB receiver. WRB : is the bandwidth per resource block. : is SINR requirement for the uplink traffic channel. NRB,UL: is thermal noise per resource block in uplink. In LTE a user does not interfere with other users in the cell because they are separated in the frequency and time domain. The noise rise in the uplink depends only on interference from adjacent cells. In the link budget, an interference margin BIU L compensates for noise rise. In the case of closed loop power control with a fixed SINR target, the interference margin is (as a linear ratio): BIUL = 1 / (1 target QUL F) . . . . (3) Where:

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International Journal of Advanced Research in Electronics and Communication Engineering (IJARECE) Volume 1, Issue 3, September 2012
B. Downlink Coverage: The downlink link budget is calculated for the following purposes: To determine maximum allowed path loss. To determine the bit rate that can be supported in the downlink at the uplink cell range limit. The calculations are performed based on some givens as follows: Maximum air path loss from uplink. Bit rate requirement. Power per resource block Downlink noise rise (interference margin) Downlink link budget Mobile unit sensitivity. Bit rate at the cell edge Concluding the link budget Lpmax from the uplink link budget calculations is the starting point of the downlink calculations and is used to obtain a downlink noise rise estimate. At the end of the link budget calculation process, if the downlink Lpmax is less than the uplink Lpmax, both the uplink and downlink link budgets can be recalculated (including the noise rise) using the new Lpmax. As with the uplink, the bit rate requirement is expressed per resource block in the calculations. However, unlike the uplink, the downlink scheduler can allocate resource blocks across the entire deployed bandwidth without requiring them to be consecutive. It can be shown that it is always favorable to spread the transmission across as many resource blocks as possible. Assuming this, the number of allocated resource blocks NRB in the downlink for dimensioning is set to the total number of resource blocks for the deployed bandwidth. In this process, the obtained bit rate requirement per resource block is not used directly to calculate power per resource block, but to compare with the rate that can be obtained at the cell edge given by the uplink link budget. Alternatively, it can be used as a starting point for link budget calculations. The power in LTE is shared by all resource blocks. It is assumed that all resource blocks are allocated an equal amount of power. An individual resource block has no power control. Instead, users are scheduled with high rates every millisecond. The power per resource block is: Ptx,,RB = Pnom,ref / NRB . . . (5) Where: Pnom,ref: is the sum of nominal power from all radio units in the cell at the reference point [Watt]. The downlink noise rise BI DL on the cell edge is needed for the link budget and is calculated using the following expression (all quantities linear): BIDL =1 +( Ptx,RB QDL Fc /(NRB,DL Lsa,max)) (6) Where: QDL : is the downlink system load. Fc: is the average ratio between the received power from other cells to that at the cell edge location. NRB,DL: is the thermal noise per resource block in the downlink, defined by Nt + Nf + 1Olog (WRB ) similar to Equation (2). Lsa,max: is the signal attenuation in downlink corresponding to Lpmax calculated by the following expression: Lsa,max =Lpmax + BLNF + LBL +LCPL + LBPL Ga +Lj [dB] . . . (7) The downlink link budget, Lpmax , is calculated by the following equation: Lpmax = Ptx,RB SUE BIDL BLNF LBL LCPL LBPL +Ga -Lj . . . (8) Where: Ptx,RB : is the transmitter power per resource block at the system reference point [dBm] SUE: is the user equipment sensitivity in dBm. The only unknown variable in Equation 7 is the user equipment sensitivity SU E. Analogous to Equation 2, it is written as follows: SUE = Nt + Nf +10log(WRB) + =NRB,UL + [dBm]

...

(9)

The calculation of SINR on cell edge is given by the following equation: = Ptx,RB Lpmax NRB,UL SUE BIDL BLNF LBL LCPL LBPL +Ga -Lj [dBm] . . . . (10) The cell edge SINR estimate is transformed into a bit rate per resource block, RRB, by the same type of semi-empirical relationship as for the uplink SINR requirement. The resulting bit rate RRB is multiplied by the number of resource blocks NRB to obtain the maximum bit rate R expected on the cell edge. If the uplink is really the limiting link, as in an initial assumption, R should be larger than the required bit rate Rreq .

III.

CAPACITY DIMENSIONING

A. Uplink Capacity: Capacity dimensioning obtains input information to the phases after radio interface dimensioning: transmission link dimensioning and eNodeB dimensioning. The method is specified for a certain background load, known as system load. The dimensioning method finds the maximum capacity that the target cell can sustain momentarily, given the system 4

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International Journal of Advanced Research in Electronics and Communication Engineering (IJARECE) Volume 1, Issue 3, September 2012
load in the surrounding cells. It is improbable that all cells in a system are fully loaded at the same time, as observed in real networks of different technologies. The following downlink capacity calculations are performed: the cell and the (linear) signal attenuation at the cell range distance from the antenna. H depends on the site geometry, antenna pattern, wave propagation exponent, and base station antenna height. The cell throughput is shown in the following equation: Tcell,DL = QDL nRB RRB,DL . . . . (15)

SINR. Cell throughput. The operating mode with power control assumes perfect power control and infinite power dynamics. User equipment is received at the SINR identical to target as obtained from previous subsection. The bit rate per resource block RRB,U L is identical to the bit rate corresponding to the SINR and the number of allocated resource blocks NRB. The average user bit rate RRB,UL is scaled proportionately with the number of resource blocks NRB corresponding to the deployed bandwidth, see Table (1).
In the uplink, one or more resource blocks are always allocated at each band edge to signal users in idle mode on the channel Physical Uplink Control Channel (PUCCH). For this reason, the number of resource blocks in uplink available for calculating capacity are always reduced by a number NP U C C H . ( Note: recommended value for NPUCCH = 4). In a similar way, resource blocks allocated for Physical Random Access Channel (PRACH), NPRACH, reduce the available number of resource blocks in uplink. The resulting average user bit rate per cell is: Ravr,UL =RRB,UL (NRB NPUCCH NPRACH) . (11) The cell throughput is shown in the following equation: Tcell,UL = QUL Ravg,UL . . . (12) B. Downlink Capacity The following downlink capacity calculations are performed: SINR. Cell throughput. The downlink capacity is based on the SINR at the average location within a cell, denoted RDL,ave as a linear ratio. The average SINR is expressed in the average noise rise. This is similar to the interference margin, but the SINR is evaluated at an average location instead of at the cell edge: BDL-noiserise = 1 + (Ptx,RB QDL F) / (NRB,DL Lsa,max) . . . (13) The resulting average SINR, RDL,ave is shown in the following equation: RDL,ave = Ptx,RB /( BDL-noise rise NRB,Dl H Lsa,max) . . . . (14) In the above equation, H is the average attenuation factor. It is the ratio between the (linear) average signal attenuation in

IV.

WAVE PROPAGATION

In this paper, proposed propagation model is Ericson Variant Okumura- Hata Model given as follows: [4] Lp = A 13.82 log hb a(hm) + (44.9 6.55 log hb ) log R . . . (16) Where: LP : is the air path loss. A: is the frequency- dependent fixed attenuation factor. See table (3). hb : is the base station height [m]. hm : is the height of the user equipment antenna [m]. R: is the distance between base station and mobile unit. [km] Table 3 Fixed Attenuation A in Okumura-Hata Propagation Model Frequency [MHz] Environ.
850 900 153.2 127.5 133.6 118.3 1700 153.8 133.6 134.1 123.8 1800 154.3 134.1 134.6 124.3 1900 155.1 134.6 135.3 124.8

Urban Suburba n Rural Open

146.2 127.0 127.0 117.8

V.

SOFTWARE RESULTS AND ANALYSIS

System Description: Downlink cases simulated include the following: Antenna techniques: Single Input Multiple Output (SIMO) 1x2, TX diversity 2x2, Open Loop Spatial Multiplexing (OLSM) 2 x 2. Modulation schemes: QPSK, 16-QAM, 64-QAM. Channel models: EPA 5 Hz, EVA 70 Hz, ETU 300 Hz. Downlink cases simulated include the following: Antenna techniques: 2-branch RX diversity. Modulation schemes: QPSK, 16-QAM. Channel models: EPA 5 Hz, EVA 70 Hz, ETU 300 Hz. Figure (2) displays steps of capacity and coverage dimensioning for both up link and downlink in flowchart form. Some assumptions should be considered as follows: 1. The tool is designed to carry out both coverage and capacity estimations. It performs the required calculations, providing the optimum site count on the

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International Journal of Advanced Research in Electronics and Communication Engineering (IJARECE) Volume 1, Issue 3, September 2012
basis of user inputs, and also the provided capacity by optimizing specific inputs. 2. The tool is basically supposed to be user-friendly in a way that it doesnt require heavy training to manage it; also inputs and outputs are placed on separate main sequenced panels so user can easily distinguish between them. 3. The tool optimizes the output coverage and capacity number of sites to the minimum number that satisfies and enhances all the QOS (Quality of Service) attributes, using a unique optimization algorithm in order to allow the user to achieve the best possible QOS with the minimum number of sites so that decrease the cost needed.
Start

LTE Dimensioning process was executed by the aid of java script. In order to facilitate system parameters entering and output display, GUI was used. Figure (3) shows forms obtained after program run. Figure (3-a) is used for input and output arguments whereas, figure (3-b) illustrates final distribution of eNodeB over selected.

Coverage

User input data Capacity

Uplink calculation

(a)
Display LpmaxUL Uplink calculation Downlink calculation

Downlink calculation

Display average user bit rate

Display cell throughput

Display average user bit rate Display cell

throughput

Display Lpmax DL No LpmaxuL <Lpmax DL

VII.
Yes Propagation calculation

(b) VIII. Fig. (3) Results obtained from LTE dimensioning Java Program: (a) GUI input form. (b) Final distribution of base stations over map.

LpmaxUL Is limiting link Back VI. tracking process No Display inter site distance

Display cell radius

LpmaxuL <Lpmax DL Yes LpmaxUL Is limiting link

Display sites on map

Lets display an example for the sequence of arguments (input and output) fed to dimensioning program during one of its runs: (Note: Dimensioning process was applied over selected areas in Egypt).

Region Selection: o Region Name Maadi (user selected) o Scatter type Urban (program determined) o Total area 9 km2 (program determined)

Fig. (2) Overall dimensioning system flowchart 6 All Rights Reserved 2012 IJARECE

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International Journal of Advanced Research in Electronics and Communication Engineering (IJARECE) Volume 1, Issue 3, September 2012
Main Dimensioning Input Parameters: o Frequency Band 2600 MHz (user determined) o Carrier Band Width 20 MHz (user determined) o Antenna Gain 18.5 dBi (user determined) o Uplink required bit rate 500 kbps (user determined) o Downlink required bit rate 1000 kbps (user determined) o Antenna Arrangement SIMO 2x1 (user determined) o Uplink cell loading percentage 30% (user determined) o Downlink cell loading percentage 50% (user determined) Uplink Coverage Parameters: o Power of user Equip. 23 dBm (user determined) o Number of resource block 5 (user determined) o In or out car Out (user determined) o Car penetration loss 0 dB (program determined) o Building penetration loss 18 dB (user determined) o Transmitted data VOIP (user determined) o Body loss 3 dB (program determined) o SINR of most interfering service cell edge 4.9136 dB (program determined) o Coverage prob. 95% (user determined) o Log- normal fading 4.9 dB (program determined) o Cable type Fiber (user determined) o Base station height 30 m (user determined) o Uplink max. path loss 123.2 dB (program determined) Downlink Coverage Parameters: o No. of antenna in Se-Node B Single Antenna (program determined) o Noise Figure 7 dB (program determined) o User equipment sensitivity -115 dBm (user determined) o Downlink max. path loss 122.43 dB (program determined) The Capacity Parameters: o Bit rate per resource block (uplink) 100 kbps (program determined) o No. of resource blocks for control channel 3 (user determined) o Average user bit rate per cell (uplink) 9.7 Mbps (program determined) o Cell throughput (uplink) 2.91 Mbps (program determined) o Average downlink SINR 6.98 dB (program determined) o Average user bit rate per cell (downlink) 28.756 Mbps (program determined) o Cell throughput (downlink) 14.378 Mbps (program determined) Propagation Model: o The cell radius 382.2 m (program determined) o Number of cells 31 (program determined) o Min. distance between two base stations 573.32 m (program determined)

Form all system parameters displayed in the previous example, there are specific parameters have remarkable effect on system performance. In the coming set of curves, we have selected the most effective parameters and displayed system performance with those parameters variation. The first set of curves illustrates effect of mobile unit sensitivity on maximum allowed downlink path loss. Figure (4) displays maximum allowed path loss versus variation in mobile unit sensitivity in three situations; using single, double, and triple transmitting antenna in eNodeB.
125 120 115
dB

Double Tx antenna Single Tx antenna Trible Tx antenna

110 105 100 95 90 85 80 -115 -110 -105 -100 -95 -90 -85 User Equipement Senstivity (SUE) dBm -80 -75

Lpmax (DL)

Fig. (4) Performance of maximum allowed downlink path loss versus variation in user equipment sensitivity

System parameters used to obtain the above set of curves are as follows: Scatter type is urban, frequency band = 2600 MHz, carrier bandwidth = 20 MHz, antenna gain = 18.5 dBi, uplink required bit rate = 500 kbps, downlink required bit rate = 1000 kbps, uplink cell loading percentage = 30%, downlink cell loading percentage = 50%, power of user Equip. = 23 dBm, Number of resource block = 5, out car, building penetration loss = 18 dB, transmitted data is VOIP, coverage prob. = 95%, cable type is fiber, base station height = 30 m and number of resource blocks for control channel = 3.

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As shown in figure (4), maximum allowed path loss is inversely proportional to user equipment sensitivity and this relationship is logic. Receiver sensitivity represents minimum detectable power. So smaller receiver sensitivity means more allowance for channel conditions to be worse and it is well known that propagation path loss is the most effective factor on transmitted signal attenuation. Therefore receiving sensitivity is still the most important parameters at any mobile hand set. The new observation obtained from figure (4) is the effect of transmitting antennas number on the maximum allowed path loss. As seen from the above set of curves that by using two transmitting antennas at eNodeB, larger level of allowed maximum path loss could be obtained when compared to single transmitting antenna case. The explanation for that is the increment occurs in the SNR when the number of transmitting antennas increases. But actually there is main constrain for this benefit is the cost of transmission power. Therefore, transmitted power is returned to normal in case of triple transmitting antennas. The next set of curves shown in figure (5) displays effect of base station height variation on the cell site radius in three different regions; urban, suburban and rural. System parameters used to obtain set of curves shown in figure (5) are as follows: Frequency band = 2600 MHz, carrier bandwidth = 20 MHz, antenna gain = 18.5 dBi, uplink required bit rate = 500 kbps, downlink required bit rate = 1000 kbps, uplink cell loading percentage = 30%, downlink cell loading percentage = 50%, power of user Equip. = 23 dBm, number of resource block = 5, out car, building penetration loss = 18 dB, transmitted data is VOIP, coverage prob. = 95%, number of transmitting antennas in eNode B =1, cable type is fiber, base station height = 30 m and number of resource blocks for control channel = 3.
1100 1000 900
Cell Radius [m]

The relationship between base station height and cell site radius is direct proportionality. This arises from the radiation ability of higher antenna system for larger distance destination points. Another explanation for this relationship is that higher base station means more resistivity against path obstacles resulting in better channel fading conditions (i.e. signal keeps its strength for longer distance). Actually there is another factor affecting on cell site radius is the capacity of subscribers defined over region of interest. Figure (5) tells us base station located in rural region (low traffic or capacity region) can cover larger cell size when compared with suburban and urban regions which have higher traffic capacity. Another observation obtained from figure (5) is that linear proportionality between base station height and cell radius has various slopes based on regions nature. In case of rural regions, any small change in base station height will cause larger change in cell radius w.r.t. urban and suburban regions. Lets display an example for cell radiuses obtained at base station heights = 30 and 40 m displayed in table (4). Table (4): Cell radiuses corresponding to 40 m base station height Base Cell Cell Radius Cell Radius Station Radius (m) (m) Height (m) Urban Suburban (m) Rural 30 40 370 405.7 810.886 905.69 513.14 567

Urban Rural Suburban

800 700 600 500 400 300 30

Remember numerical example mentioned at the beginning of this subsection which included arguments resulted and obtained from dimensioning program, in that example we have seen that there is difference between required bit rate and actual obtained bit rate when capacity dimensioning is applied. The last set of curves shown in figure (6), illustrates comparison between actual bit rate obtained at four situations; single, double, triple and four transmitting antennas. System parameters used to obtain set of curves shown in figure (6) are as follows: Scatter type is urban, frequency band = 2600 MHz, carrier bandwidth = 20 MHz, antenna gain = 18.5 dBi, uplink required bit rate = 500 kbps, downlink required bit rate = 1000 kbps, uplink cell loading percentage = 30%, downlink cell loading percentage = 30%, power of user Equip. = 23 dBm, number of resource block = 5, out car, building penetration loss = 18 dB, transmitted data is VOIP, coverage prob. = 95%,, cable type is fiber, base station height = 30 m and number of resource blocks for control channel = 3.

35

40

45

50

55

60

Base Station Height [m]

Fig. (5) Performance of cell site radius versus variation in base station height

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VI.

CONCLUSION

Downlink Bit Rate per Cell Uplink Bit Rate per Cell

Fig. (6) Bit rate per cell obtained from uplink and downlink capacity dimensioning As mentioned before, MIMO technology is essential need in LTE technology. In traditional MIMO systems, the same data symbol is emitted simultaneously from all transmitting antennas. But in the modified MIMO technique applied in LTE, data symbols are arranged over transmitting antennas at each signaling interval. Therefore, transmission rate over each antenna will be smaller than original data rate from source. Which means original data rate could be increased without fearing from fading bad conditions (especially frequency selective fading distortion). Figure (6) shows that the greater is the number of transmitting antennas, higher bit rate could be allowed But this direct relationship between number of transmitting antennas and bit rate is only considered in downlink situation not uplink. The reason for this is the ability of inserting multiple transmitting antennas in eNodeB whereas in mobile unit antenna configuration is usually fixed. In the coming table we display bit rate per cell considered for each case of antenna configuration shown in figure (6) Table (5): Bit rate per cell for uplink and downlink for different antenna configurations at eNodeB 1 Tx 2 Tx 3 Tx 4 Tx antenna antenna antenna antenna 5.9 5.75 5.9375 5.9375 Uplink Mbps Mbps Mbps Mbps Downlink 25.6 Mbps 31.87 Mbps 35.04 Mbps 36.97 Mbps

Long Term Evolution (LTE) technology has solved many problems facing mobile communication systems in its last generations previous to LTE system. LTE belongs to 3.9 mobile generation. And in order to gain all benefits of LTE system, it has to be well designed. LTE dimensioning is considered the main stage in planning process. In this paper we have seen detailed LTE dimensioning tool using java script. All used equations and flowchart have been explained in details through paper subsections. From all parameters affecting on LTE system performance we have focused on some parameters and displayed their effect on system behavior such as; base station height, number of transmitting antennas, region capacity nature, and user equipment sensitivity. But remember that all previous analysis is based on Okumura- Hata Model that matches most regions in Egypt.

REFERENCES
[1] Watanable and Machida, Outdoor LTE Infrastructure Equipment (eNodeB), Fujistu Sd. Tech. J., Vol. 48, No. 1, January 2012. [2] Khlifi and Bouallegue, Hybrid LS- LMMSE Channel Estimation technique for LTE Downlink Systems, International Journal of NextGeneration Networks (IJNGN) Vol. 3, No. 4, December 2011. [3] Syed, Dimensioning of LTE Network, Helsinki University, Master of Sciences thesis, Feb. 2009. [4] Zhung, Network Capacity, Coverage Estimation and Frequency Planning of 3GPP Long term Evolution, Master of Sciences thesis, Linkoping University, September, 2010. [5] Coverage and Capacity dimensioning Recommendation, Ericson Jan. 2010. [6] LTE Radio Network Coverage Dimensioning, HUAWEI, 2010. [7] Mishra, Advanced Cellular network Planning and Optimization, WILEy 2007. [8] Nokia Siemens Network LTE Radio Access Operating Documentation, Jun 2011.

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Nelly Muhammad Hussein, Ph.D. from Faculty of Engineering - Communication department, Cairo University 2010. .Lecturer in Modern Academy for Engineering and Technology, Communication Dept. Published 5 single author papers mentioned as follows: 1. Applying Channel Equalization Techniques to STBC OFDM CDMA System in The Presence of Multi-Path Frequency Selective Channel Fading , Vol. 5, No. 4, April 2009. Performance Enhancement of STBC OFDM- CDMA System Using Channel Coding Techniques over Multipath Fading Channel ,Vol. 5 No. 5, May 2009. LTE System Performance In Frequency Selective Fading Channel with aid of STBC Technology, UNIASCIT, Vol 1 (2), 2011, 54-62. Wavelet Transform Effect on MIMO-OFDM System Performance, Cyber Journals: Multidisciplinary Journals in Science and Technology, Journal of Selected Areas in Telecommunications (JSAT), September Edition, 2011. Performance of OFDM- CDMA System using Modified SpaceShift Keying Technique, International Journal of Information and Communication Technology Research, Volume 2 No. 2, February 2012.

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All Rights Reserved 2012 IJARECE

ISSN: 2278 909X

International Journal of Advanced Research in Electronics and Communication Engineering (IJARECE) Volume 1, Issue 3, September 2012
Muhammad Nabil Saber B.Sc. from Modern Academy for Engineering and Technology Communication Dept. in May 2012. This work is part of graduation project with the same title of paper.

Abd El-Rahman Ashraf B.Sc. from Modern Academy for Engineering and Technology Communication Dept. in May 2012. This work is part of graduation project with the same title of paper.

Amr Saeed Amen B.Sc. from Modern Academy for Engineering and Technology Communication Dept. in May 2012. This work is part of graduation project with the same title of paper.

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