Biology Final Review 1. Which of the following would you expect to find in or on cells whose main function is absorption?

-Microvilli 2. Adult cell types you might expect to have gap junctions included. -Heart muscle 3. A cell with abundant peroxisomes would most likely be involved in -Increasing the efficiency of absorption 4. A cell stimulated to increase its steroid production will have abundant -Smooth ER 5. In which of the following tissue types might you expect to find goblet cells? -Simple Columnar 6. Which of the following terms describe cardiac muscle? -Intercalated Disks 7. Although cells have a differences that reflect their special function in the body, what functional abilities do all cells exhibit? -All cells have a nucleus, cytoplasm, and a plasma membrane 8. What is the role of the spindle in mitosis? -The spindle provides a scaffolding for the attachment and movement of the chromosomes during the later mitotic stages. 9. Describe the relative roles of DNA and RNA in protein synthesis. -DNA provides genetic information for the RNA to decode for protein synthesis. 10. Define mitosis. Why is mitosis important? -Mitosis is the division of the cell nucleus, often followed by the division of cytoplasm of a cell. It is important because it allows cells to replace themselves. 11. Liquid connective tissue. -Blood 12. Define tissue. List the our major types of tissue. Which of these types is most widely distributed in the body? -Tissue: groups of cells that are similar in structure & function. Epithelial, Connective, Muscle, and Nervous. Most widely attributed: Connective

13. The end of an experiment, a conclusion is formed based on: -The statistical analysis of the experiment 14. All organisms possess a genetic system that is based on: -DNA 15. The proper order for hierarchy of increasing complexity is: -Molecules, organelles, cells, tissues, organs 16. The test of a hypothesis is called a(n): -Experiment 17. A scientist to study the effect of Vitamin C on colds. He recruits 100 people with colds and gives the experimental group 1000mg of vitamin C per day. What would be an appropriate control? -Give the control group a pill similar to vitamin C but containing sugar (a placebo). 18. The carbohydrate that plants used to store energy is called: -Starch 19. The carbohydrate that is found in plant cell walls is: -Cellulose 20. A polysaccharide of glucose found in animals that is highly branched is: -Glycogen 21.Oxidative metabolism takes place in the ___________ of the cell. -Mitochondria 22. One organelle, called a ______, contains enzymes that digest worn out parts of cells. -Lysosome 23. Which organisms do NOT have centrioles? -Plants and Fungi 24. Cilia and flagella differ from each other primarily in: -Length 25. When molecules move through a cell membrane from an area of greater concentration to an area of lesser concentration by way of a channel proteis called: -Facilitated Diffusion 26. Which is incorrect about the plasma membrane? -Proteins embedded in the lipid bilayer do not move.

27.Which of the following factors do NOT influence the action of enzymes? -Relative humidity 28. Which of the following activities does NOT require cellular energy? -Movement of water across the cell membrane 29.Which statement about cell wall is true? -The middle lamella glues the walls of adjacent cells together. 30.ATP is composed of sugar, the organic base adenine, and: -Three phosphate groups 31. In reference to enzyme activities, repressors ____ the active sure, while activators ____it. -Disrupt, restore 32. How much of the radiant energy from the sun is incorporated into organic compounds in the process of photosynthesis? -1% or less 33. The full range of energy in sunlight can be best described as: -Electromagnetic radiation 34. Nonpolar compounds are said to be Hydrophobic because they shrink away from contact of water. 35. When water ionizes, the negatively charged OH fragment is the Hydroxyl ion. 36.We use the pH scale to measure concentrations of hydrogen ions in a solution. 37. A solution with a pH of 3 is said to be highly Acidic. 38.Cells contain chemical substances called Buffers that minimize changes in concentrations of H+ and OH-. 39.Anabolism:The phase of metabolism in which simple substances are

synthesized into the complex materials of living tissue Catabolism:The metabolic breakdown of complex molecules into simpler ones
40. Gene: Coded message for protein synthesis. Genome: Entire gene collection of the organism. 41.Identify the final acceptor of the electrons released in the reactions of cellular respiration. -Oxygen

42.Excess glucose in cells may link and be stored as: -Glycogen 43. If a DNA strand has the sequence ATGCGATCCGC then the sequence on the complementary strand is: ______. -TACGCTAGGCG 44. Identify the part of the DNA molecule that encodes information. -Gene 45. If one strand of DNA molecule has the sequence ATTTCTCGACTAT, the complementary mRNA has the sequence. -UAGAGCUGAUA 46. Distinguish between transcription and translation. Transcription: Inside nucleus in Cytoplasm. Translation: Outside the nucleus. 47.Calculate the number of amino acids that a DNA sequence of 27 nucleotides encodes. -9 amino acids. 48. Michael P. was very weak from birth, with poor muscle tone.....Explain what caused his symptoms -Replace pyruvate Dehydrogenase with the omega 3 fatty acids. The cycle will go on & ATP will occur. 49. In cyanide poisoning , levels of ATP in the brain plummet....Explain how both occur. -Cyanide inhibit the entrance of oxygen to the mitochondria therefore there is no release of energy. 50. A student is used to running 3 miles at a leisurely jogging pace. What has she experienced, in terms of energy metabolism? -The student is experiencing oxygen debt, causing the formation of lactic acid in her muscles.

Glycolysis:

Krebs Cycle