HAEMATOLOGIC DISEASE: Components of blood: Plasma (carries nutrients to tissues and removes waist), erythrocytes (carry oxygen), leukocytes

(inflammatory and immune response) and plateles (coagulation). General signs and symptoms: - CVS: dyspnea, chest pain, palpitations, severe weakness and fatigue. - Neuro: HA, dizziness, syncope, polyoneuropathy. - Skin and fingernails: bruising, bleeding, gum bleeding - Blood in the stools - Severe pain in joints and muscles - Anaemia: Chronic or long term use of NSAIDS leading to gastritis or peptic ulcer> bleeding> anaemia - Leukopeia: chemotherapy,symptoms of fever, chills, tissue inflammation, mouth/throat/eosophageal pain, mucous membrane ulceration, painful urination, persistent infections. - Thrombocytopenia: Bruising, spontaneous bleeding, drugs for RA and cancer. Erythrocyte disorders: Anaemia: Reduction in oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood as a result of an abnormality in the quantity or quality of RBC. It is not a disease, but it is a symptom Causes: Excessive blood loss reduced production of RBC or increased destruction. Types: - Iron deficiency>chronic gastrointestinal blood loss> NSAID - Chronic disease or inflammatory disease: RA, SLE - Neurological conditions: Pernicious anaemia - Infectious disease: TB, AIDS - Cancer: Chemotheraphy or metastasis Signs and symptoms: Dyspnea, palpitation, weakness, fatigue, changes in hands and fingernail beds, drop in diastolic blood pressure, increased resting heart rate.

Skill Cell Anaemia: Autosomal recessive Abnormal form of haemoglobin: Haemoglobin into long chains, altering the shape of the cells. The cell loses its ability to deform and squeeze through tiny blood vessels. Features: Chronic haemolytic anaemia and vaso-oclussion.

Signs and symptoms: CVA, viral and bacterial infections, hypoxia, dehydratation, emotional n, extreme t, fatigue, pain caused by blockage> symptoms in organs, bones and joints.

WBC: Leukopenia: -Reduction in number of leukocytes (bellow 5000) -Causes: chemotherapy, radiation therapy, infections, dietary deficiencies, AI disease. -Signs and symptoms: Sore throat, cough, ulcerations in mucous, painful and frequent urination, persistent infection. Leukemia: -Children and young adults -Affects the bone marrow: Abnormal multiplication and release of WBC. It leads to general normal blood cell formation (RBC and plateles). -Signs, symptoms: Infection, fever, bleeding, bruising, petechiae, nose bleeding, gum bleeding, rectal bleeding, weakness, fatigue, enlargement of the lymphatic nodes, joint pain, weight loss, loss of appetite. -Risk factors: radiation, drugs, hereditary. Plasma cells: Multiple myeloma: Uncontrolled growth of plasma cells in the bone narrow It destroys bone tissue, osteolytic lesion Signs and symptoms: o Bone: #, osteoporosis, bone pain in pelvis/spine/ribs, hypercalemia (confusion, increased urination, loss appetite, abdominal pain, vomiting, constipation) o Renal: kidney stones, renal insufficiency o Neurological: CTS, back pain with radicular symptoms, spinal cord compression PF: ionizing radiation Age: 50-70 Men African American

Lymphatic tissue: Hodgkins disease: - Neoplastic disorder of the lymphatic nodes (firm, tender, rubbery, >1 cm), changes in size, shape, tenderness and consistency. - Enlargement lymphatic nodes, liver, spleen, night sweats, weight loss, itchiness, oedema face/neck/UEXX (Sup vena cava compression), renal failure (urethral obstruction), obstruction bile tube (jaundice), mediastinal lymph nodes enlargement

(pulmonary symptoms: productive cough, dyspnea), spinal cord compression, nerve root compression. Caucasians, adolescents, young adults, men-boys RF: Epstein- Barr virus Metastasis: Supraclavicular (lung, breast), LEXX (legs, perineum, prostate, gonads).

Platelet disorder: Drugs (aspirin, warfarin), diet (vit K), liver disease

Thrombocytopenia: -Decreased in number of plateles -Primary bleeding sites: bone marrow, spleen -Secondary: small blood vessels in skin, mucosa and brain Signs and symptoms: bleeding, petechia (small red dots), purpura spots in skin, nosebleeding, excessive menstruation, gum bleeding, melena. Hemophilia: -Hereditary blood clot disorder: factor VIII and IX -Signs and symptoms: -Acute hemarthrosis : knee, elbow, ankle, hip and shoulder, leading to arthropathy, loss of motion, muscle atrophy, flexion contractures. - Muscle hemorrhage: Flexor muscle groups (ilipsoas, gastrocnemious): hip flexion contracture, equines position, elbow (volkmans deformity).