Active transport is the process in which molecule a pumped across the membrane from an area of low concetration to and

area of high concentration. It is kind of like force a ball to roll up a sliding board. You use energy to move it the ball up. Passive transport is the process in which molecules move across the cell membrane from an area of high concentration to low concentration. This is kind of like letting a ball roll down the sliding board. You do not have to force it down the slide...it just rolls. If the pumps were damaged molecules would not be able to move in and out of the membrane eventually causing damage to the cell or cell death

ACTIVE TRANSPORT

Active transport is the movement of all types of molecules across a cell membrane against its concentration gradient (from low to high concentration). In all cells, this is usually concerned with accumulating high concentrations of molecules that the cell needs, such as ions, glucose and amino acids. If the process uses chemical energy, such as from adenosine triphosphate ( T!), it is termed ("#$#%&'$()*&#+) primary active transport. ,econdary active transport involves the use of an electrochemical gradient. ctive transport uses cellular energy, unlike passive transport, which does not use cellular energy. ctive transport is a good e-ample of a process for which cells re.uire energy. /-amples of active transport include the uptake of glucose in the intestines in humans and the uptake of mineral ions into root hair cells of plants. 012

Contents

1 3etails 4 !rimary active transport o 4.1 5odel of active transport 6 T! using primary active transport types 1

7 ,econdary active transport o 7.1 ntiport o 7.4 ,ymport 8 /-amples 9 /ndocytosis

Details
,peciali:ed transmembrane proteins recogni:e the substance and allow it access042 (or, in the case of secondary transport, e-pend energy on forcing it) to cross the membrane when it otherwise would not, either because it is one to which the phospholipid bilayer of the membrane is impermeable or because it is moved against the direction of the concentration gradient. The last case, known as primary active transport, and the proteins involved in it as pumps, normally uses the chemical energy of T!. The other cases, which usually derive their energy through e-ploitation of an electrochemical gradient, are known as secondary active transport and involve pore;forming proteins that form channels through the cell membrane. ,ometimes the system transports one substance in one direction at the same time as cotransporting another substance in the other direction. This is called antiport. ,ymport is the name if two substrates are being transported in the same direction across the membrane. ntiport and symport are associated with secondary active transport, meaning that one of the two substances is transported in the direction of its concentration gradient utili:ing the energy derived from the transport of second substance (mostly <a=, >= or ?=) down its concentration gradient. !articles moving from areas of low concentration to areas of high concentration062 (i.e., in the opposite direction as the concentration gradient) re.uire specific trans;membrane carrier proteins. These proteins have receptors that bind to specific molecules (e.g., glucose) and thus transport them into the cell. @ecause energy is re.uired for this process, it is known as AactiveA transport. /-amples of active transport include the transportation of sodium out of the cell and potassium into the cell by the sodium;potassium pump. ctive transport often takes place in the internal lining of the small intestine. !lants need to absorb mineral salts from the soil or other sources, but these salts e-ist in very dilute solution. ctive transport enables these cells to take up salts from this dilute solution against the direction of the concentration gradient.

Primary active transport

The action of the sodium;potassium pump is an e-ample of primary active transport. !rimary active transport, also called direct active transport, directly uses energy to transport molecules across a membrane.072 5ost of the en:ymes that perform this type of transport are transmembrane T!ases. primary T!ase universal to all life is the sodium;potassium pump, which helps to maintain the cell potential. Bther sources of energy for !rimary active transport are redoenergy and photon energy (light). n e-ample of primary active transport using Cedoenergy is the mitochondrial electron transport chain that uses the reduction energy of < 3? to move protons across the inner mitochondrial membrane against their concentration gradient. n e-ample of primary active transport using light energy are the proteins involved in photosynthesis that use the energy of photons to create a proton gradient across the thylakoid membrane and also to create reduction power in the form of < 3!?.

Model of active transport

T! hydrolysis is used to transport hydrogen ions against the electrochemical gradient (from low to high hydrogen ion concentration). !hosphorylation of the carrier protein and the binding of a hydrogen ion induce a conformational (shape) change that drives the hydrogen ions to transport against the electrochemical gradient. ?ydrolysis of the bound phosphate group and release of hydrogen ion then restores the carrier to its original conformation. ! ,,ID/ TC <,!BCT

Passive transport is a movement of biochemicals and other atomic or molecular substances across membranes. Enlike active transport, it does not re.uire an input of chemical energy, being driven by the growth of entropy of the system. The rate of passive transport depends on the permeability of the cell membrane, which, in turn, depends on the organi:ation and characteristics of the membrane lipids and proteins. The four main kinds of passive transport are diffusion, facilitated diffusion, filtration and osmosis.

Contents

1 3iffusion (simple) 4 Facilitated diffusion 6 Filtration 7 Bsmosis 8 ,ee also 9 Ceferences

Diffusion simple!

!assive diffusion on a cell membrane. 5ain articleG 3iffusion 3iffusion is the net movement of material from an area of high concentration to an area with lower concentration. The difference of concentration between the two areas is often termed as the concentration gradient, and diffusion will continue until this gradient has been eliminated. ,ince diffusion moves materials from an area of higher concentration to the lower, it is described as moving solutes Hdown the concentration gradientH (compared with active transport, which often moves material from area of low concentration to area of higher concentration, and therefore referred to as moving the material Hagainst the concentration gradientH). ,imple diffusion and osmosis are similar. ,imple diffusion is the passive movement of solute from a high concentration to a lower concentration until the concentration of the solute is uniform throughout and reaches e.uilibrium. Bsmosis is much like simple diffusion but it specifically describes the movement of water (not the solute) across a membrane until there is an e.ual concentration of water and solute on both sides of the membrane. ,imple diffusion and osmosis are both forms of passive transport and re.uire none of the cellAs T! energy. ctive transport re.uires energy in

the form of T!. 3iffusion takes no energy to perform. It is the opposite of active transport.

"acilitated diffusion

Facilitated diffusion on a cell membrane. 5ain articleG Facilitated diffusion Facilitated diffusion, also called carrier;mediated diffusion, is the movement of molecules across the cell membrane via special transport proteins that are embedded within the cellular membrane. 5any large molecules, such as glucose, are insoluble in lipids and too large to fit through the membrane pores. Therefore, it will bind with its specific carrier proteins, and the comple- will then be bonded to a receptor site and moved through the cellular membrane. Facilitated diffusion is a passive processG The solutes move down the concentration gradient and donAt use energy to move.

"iltration

5ain articleG Filtration Filtration is movement of water and solute molecules across the cell membrane due to hydrostatic pressure generated by the cardiovascular system. 3epending on the si:e of the membrane pores, only solutes of a certain si:e may pass through it. For e-ample, the membrane pores of the @owmanAs capsule in the kidneys are very small, and only albumins, the smallest of the proteins, have any chance of being filtered through. Bn the other hand, the membrane pores of liver cells are e-tremely large, to allow a variety of solutes to pass through and be metaboli:ed.

Osmosis
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/ffect of osmosis on blood cells under different solutions. 5ain articleG Bsmosis Bsmosis is the diffusion of water molecules across a selectively permeable membrane. The net movement of water molecules through a partially permeable membrane from a solution of high water potential to an area of low water potential. cell with a less negative water potential will draw in water but this depends on other factors as well such as solute potential (pressure in the cell e.g. solute molecules) and pressure potential (e-ternal pressure e.g. cell wall).