DETERMINISM the philosophical position that for every event exist conditions that could cause no other event.

FREE WILL the po er of actin! ithout the constraint of necessity or fate" the a#ility to act at one$s o n discretion. DETERMINISM the doctrine that all events% includin! hu&an action% are ulti&ately deter&ined #y causes external to the ill. So&e philosophers have ta'en deter&inis& to i&ply that individual hu&an #ein!s have no free ill and cannot #e held &orally responsi#le for their actions. N(T)RE !enetic or hor&one*#ased #ehaviors N)RT)RE environ&ent and experience +LINI+(L ,S-+./L/0IST hi!hly speciali1ed trainin! in the dia!nosis and psycholo!ical treat&ent of &ental illness ,S-+.I(TRIST a &edical practitioner speciali1in! in the dia!nosis and treat&ent of &ental illness. W)NDT Wundt i&a!ined psycholo!y as a science 2li'e che&istry or physics3 in hich consciousness is a collection of individual identifia#le parts. 4E.(5I/RISTS a school of psycholo!y that confines itself to the study of o#serva#le and 6uantifia#le aspects of #ehavior and excludes su#7ective pheno&ena% such as e&otions or &otives. STR)+T)R(LISM a &ethod of interpretation and analysis of aspects of hu&an co!nition% #ehavior% culture% and experience that focuses on relationships of contrast #et een ele&ents in a conceptual syste& that reflect patterns underlyin! a superficial diversity. (+T)(L INTENSIT- /F LI0.T 5S ,ER+EI5ED INTENSIT- ,erceived #ri!htness is not e6ual to the actual physical intensity of the sti&ulus. Rather% perceived #ri!htness depends on the surface reflectance% independent of the illu&ination conditions. .IST/R- /F ,S-+./L/0- The history of psycholo!y as a scholarly study of the &ind and #ehavior dates #ac' to the (ncient 0ree's 4E.(5I/RISM the theory that hu&an and ani&al #ehavior can #e explained in ter&s of conditionin!% ithout appeal to thou!hts or feelin!s% and that psycholo!ical disorders are #est treated #y alterin! #ehavior patterns. SI0M)ND FRE)D (ustrian neurolo!ist ho ori!inated psychoanalysis +.(,TER 8 F(LSIFI(4LE confir&a#le9 capa#le of #ein! tested ,(RSIM/NI/)S !reatest nu&#er of o#servations is favored and lo!ical to the &ore co&plex explanations that &ay #e present ,L(+E4/ a har&less pill% &edicine% or procedure prescri#ed &ore for the psycholo!ical #enefit to the patient than for any physiolo!ical effect. S)R5E- data collection tool used to !ather infor&ation a#out individuals INDE,ENDENT 5(RI(4LE varia#le you have control over DE,ENDENT 5(RI(4LE hat you &easure in the experi&ent and hat is affected durin! the experi&ent S+IENTIFI+ MET./D a &ethod of procedure that has characteri1ed natural science since the :;th century% consistin! in syste&atic o#servation% &easure&ent% and experi&ent% and the for&ulation% testin!% and &odification of hypotheses. DEM(ND +.(R(+TERISTI+S experi&ental artifact here participants for& an interpretation of the experi&ent$s purpose and unconsciously chan!e their #ehavior to fit that interpretation. INSTIT)TI/N(L RE5IEW 4/(RD co&&ittee that has #een for&ally desi!nated to approve% &onitor% and revie #io&edical and #ehavioral research ST(ND(RD DE5I(TI/N a 6uantity calculated to indicate the extent of deviation for a !roup as a hole +.(,TER < RE+ESSI5E !ene that produces its characteristic phenotype only hen its allele is identical D/MIN(NT 0ENES !ene that produces the sa&e phenotype in the or!anis& hether or not its allele identical S/+I/4I/L/0I+(L E=,L(N(TI/N #ehavior in ani&als ith e&phasis on the role of#ehavior in survival and reproduction% en!a!in! #ranches of ethol o!y%population !enetics% and ecolo!y.

STR)+T)RE /F NE)R/N consists of cells that transfer sti&uli to other cells. +ell 4ody * contains nucleus and or!anelles" Dendrites * receive input" (xon * conducts i&pulses a ay fro& the cell #ody" (xon hilloc' * an enlar!ed re!ion here an axon attaches to the cell #ody" Synaptic ter&inal * Neurotrans&itters are &anufactured in the cell #ody #ut released fro& synaptic ter&inals. The neurotrans&itters sti&ulate other neurons" Synapse * a synapse is the 7unction #et een the synaptic ter&inal and another cell. The other cell is called a postsynaptic cell. S-N(,TI+ 5ES+I+LES store various neurotrans&itters that are released at the synapse. NE)R/TR(N>MITTERS Endo!enous che&icals that trans&it si!nals fro& a neuron to a tar!et cell across asynapse. L/EWI ST)DIES 0er&an*#orn phar&acolo!ist hose discovery of acetylcholine helped enhance &edical therapy. NE)R/TR(NSMITTERS (ND RE+E,T/RS a &e&#rane receptor protein?:@ that is activated #y a neurotrans&itter. EFFE+TS /F D(M(0E T/ NER5/)S S-STEM Nervous syste& side effects are caused #y &any factors% includin! cancer% cancer treat&ents% other &edications% or other disorders. INS)LIN a peptide hor&one% produced #y #eta cells of the pancreas% and is central to re!ulatin! car#ohydrate and fat &eta#olis& in the #ody. It causes cells in the liver% s'eletal &uscles% and fat tissue to a#sor# !lucose fro& the #lood. STR)+T)RES (ND F)N+TI/NS /F 4R(IN &ade of three &ain parts. The fore#rain is responsi#le for receivin! and processin! sensory infor&ation% thin'in!% perceivin!% producin! and understandin! lan!ua!e. The &id#rain is involved in auditory and visual responses as ell as &otor function. The hind#rain assists in &aintainin! #alance and e6uili#riu&% &ove&ent coordination% and the conduction of sensory infor&ation. L/4E F)N+TI/NS /F T.E 4R(IN The frontal lo#e is located at the front of the #rain and is associated ith reasonin!% &otor s'ills% hi!her level co!nition% and expressive lan!ua!e. The parietal lo#e is located in the &iddle section of the #rain and is associated ith processin! tactile sensory infor&ation such as pressure% touch% and pain. The te&poral lo#e is located on the #otto& section of the #rain. This lo#e is also the location of the pri&ary auditory cortex% hich is i&portant for interpretin! sounds and the lan!ua!e e hear. The occipital lo#e is located at the #ac' portion of the #rain and is associated ith interpretin! visual sti&uli and infor&ation. +.(,TER A S.(,E /F E-E (ND 5ISI/N If a person has a lon!er eye#all than avera!e% they are usually near*si!hted or &yopic. If a person has a short eye#all% then they are usually far*si!hted or hyperopic. D(RB (D(,T(TI/N The physical and che&ical ad7ust&ents of the eye% includin! dilation of the pupil and increased activity of rods in the retina% that &a'e vision possi#le in relative dar'ness. 4LIND S,/T also called scoto&a% is an o#scuration of the visual field. T.E 5IS)(L +/RTE= of the #rain is the part of the cortex responsi#le for processin! visual infor&ation. It is located in the occipital lo#e% in the #ac' of the #rain. /,,/NENT ,R/+ESS T.E/R- a psycholo!ical and neurolo!ical &odel that accounts for a ide ran!e of #ehaviors% includin! color vision. +/L/R 4LINDNESS the ina#ility or decreased a#ility to see color% or perceive color differences% under nor&al li!htin! conditions. .E(RIN0 ,IT+.ES (ND (0IN0 With a!in! co&es difficulty understandin! people ith hi!her*pitched voices .E(RIN0 L/SS occurs hen the tiny hair cells are da&a!ed or die. The hair cells do not re*!ro % so &ost hearin! loss caused #y hair cell da&a!e is per&anent. 5ESTI4)L(R SENSE a sensory syste& located in structures of the inner ear that re!isters the orientation of the head +)T(NE/)S SENSE the faculty #y hich external o#7ects or forces are perceived throu!h contact ith the #ody 2especially the hands3" Conly si!ht and touch ena#le us to locate o#7ects in the space around usC T(STES is one of the five traditional senses. Taste is the sensation produced hen a su#stance in the &outh reacts che&ically ith receptors of taste #uds. /LF(+T/R- RE+E,T/RS expressed in the cell &e&#ranes of olfactory receptor neurons are responsi#le for the detection of odor &olecules.

SENS/R- T.RES./LD a theoretical concept used in psychophysics. ( sti&ulus that is less intense than the sensory threshold ill not elicit any sensation. Methods have #een developed to &easure thresholds in any of the senses. +.(,TER D RE,(IR (ND REST/RE T.E/R- /F SLEE, /s ald 2:EFF3 su!!ested that sleep restores depleted resources of ener!y% re&oves aste fro& &uscles and repairs cells. DRE(MIN0 the experience of envisioned i&a!es% sounds% or other sensations durin! sleep EE0S the recordin! of electrical activity alon! the scalp. EE0 &easures volta!e fluctuations resultin! fro& ionic current flo s ithin the neurons of the #rain. RE+(LLIN0 DRE(MS extre&ely unrelia#le% thou!h it is a s'ill that can #e trained. Drea&s can usually #e recalled if a person is a a'ened hile drea&in!. +(TS (ND REM SLEE, +ats have drea&in! periods usually a#out :D &inutes into their sleep. Si&ple indicators are &ove&ents under the eyelids% chan!es in #reathin! patterns% t itchin! of the ears or his'ers% or occasional spas&s or 7er's of the face. FRE)D (ND DRE(MS Freud &aintained the notion that the drea& funda&entally acts as the !uardian of sleep. When e !o to #ed% the curtains are dra n% the li!hts are turned off and in effect e are atte&ptin! to disconnect fro& our reality #y extin!uishin! all external sti&uli. M(NIFEST DRE(MS (ccordin! to psychoanalyst Si!&und Freud% the &anifest content of a drea& includes the actual i&a!es% thou!hts and content contained ithin the drea&. The &anifest content is the ele&ents of the drea& that e re&e&#er upon a a'enin!. DRE(MIN0 (ND IN(4ILIT- T/ M/5E Sleep paralysis is a pheno&enon in hich people% either hen fallin! asleep or a'enin!% te&porarily experience an ina#ility to &ove. More for&ally% it is a transition state #et een a'efulness and rest characteri1ed #y co&plete &uscle ea'ness. SLEE, T(LBIN0 So&nilo6uy or sleep*tal'in! is a paraso&nia that refers to tal'in! aloud hile asleep. SLEE,W(LBIN0 also 'no n as so&na&#ulis& or nocta&#ulis&% is a sleep disorder #elon!in! to the paraso&nia fa&ily.?8@ Sleep al'ers arise fro& the slo ave sleep sta!e in a state of lo consciousness and perfor& activities that are usually perfor&ed durin! a state of full consciousness. .-,ERS/MNI( a lar!e !roup of disorders characteri1ed #y excessive 2EDS3. DR)0 (4)SE (ddiction is a co&plex disorder characteri1ed #y co&pulsive dru! use. While each dru! produces different physical effects% all a#used su#stances share one thin! in co&&on9 repeated use can alter the ay the #rain loo's and functions. +.(,TER F INTER5ENIN0 5(RI(4LES a hypothetical internal state that is used to explain relationships #et een o#served varia#les% such as independent and dependent varia#les% in e&pirical research. 4E.(5I/RIST (SS)M,TI/NS the pri&ary paradi!& in psycholo!y #et een :E8Gs to :EDG and is #ased on a nu&#er of underlyin! assu&ptions re!ardin! &ethodolo!y and #ehavioral analysis. M/DERN 4E.(5I/RISTS 0enerations of psycholo!ists% reared in a post*Watsonian discipline that defined itself as the Cscience of #ehavior%C ere tau!ht that Watson as the father of #ehavioris& and that Fe#ruary 8A% :E:< as the day on hich &odern #ehavioris& as #orn. ,(5L/5 a Russian physiolo!ist 'no n pri&arily for his or' in classical conditionin!. (fanasyev% his first learned treatise% a or' on the physiolo!y of the pancreatic nerves. +L(SSI+(L +/NDITI/NIN0 a &ode of learnin! that occurs hen a conditioned sti&ulus 2+S3 is paired ith an unconditioned sti&ulus 2)S3 that causes an or!anis& to exhi#it an auto&atic unconditioned response 2)R3 to the )S. S.(,IN0 a conditionin! paradi!& used pri&arily in the experi&ental analysis of #ehavior. The &ethod used is differential reinforce&ent of successive approxi&ations. +.(ININ0 an instructional procedure used in #ehavioral psycholo!y% experi&ental analysis of #ehavior and applied #ehavior analysis. It involves reinforcin! individual responses occurrin! in a se6uence to for& a co&plex #ehavior.

,)NIS.MENT the authoritative i&position of so&ethin! undesira#le or unpleasant upon an individual or !roup% in response to #ehavior that an authority dee&s unaccepta#le or a violation of so&e nor&. ,(SSI5E (5/ID(N+E the tendency to act defensively is stron!er than the tendency to attac'. ,REM(+B ,RIN+I,LE the relativity theory of reinforce&ent% states that &ore pro#a#le #ehaviors ill reinforce less pro#a#le #ehaviors S+.ED)LES /F REINF/R+EMENT schedules of reinforce&ent are an i&portant co&ponent of the learnin! process. When and ho often e reinforce a #ehavior can have a dra&atic i&pact on the stren!th and rate of the response. T(STE (5ERSI/N a#ility to develop a taste aversion is considered an adaptive trait or survival &echanis& that trains the #ody to avoid poisonous su#stances 2e.!.% poisonous #erries3 #efore they can cause har&. +.(,TER ; ,R/(+TI5E (ND RETR/(+TI5E INTERFEREN+E ,roactive interference is hen e for!et so&ethin! that e recently learned #ecause a previous &e&ory is #efuddlin! our &e&ory. While retroactive interference is hen e for!et so&ethin! e learned in the past #ecause a &ore recent &e&ory is interferin! ith the effort. RE+(LL si&ply #rin!in! a thou!ht or idea learned previously% and thus stored in &e&ory into conscious a areness. S(5IN0S MET./D ( &ethod of studyin! retention in hich the nu&#er of trials re6uired to relearn a particular #it of &aterial is su#tracted fro& the nu&#er of trials re6uired to learn the sa&e &aterial ori!inally. The difference #et een the nu&#er of trials in #oth cases is 'no n as the savin!s. INF/RM(TI/N ,R/+ESSIN0 M/DEL #ased on the idea that hu&ans process the infor&ation they receive% rather than &erely respondin! to sti&uli. This perspective e6uates the &ind to a co&puter% hich is responsi#le for analy1in! infor&ation fro& the environ&ent. S./RT*TERM MEM/R- the capacity for holdin! a s&all a&ount of infor&ation in &ind in an active% readily availa#le state for a short period of ti&e. +.)NBIN0 a pheno&enon here#y individuals !roup responses hen perfor&in! a &e&ory tas'. Tests here individuals can de&onstrate Cchun'in!C co&&only include serial and free recall tas's. S/)R+E (MNESI( the ina#ility to re&e&#er here% hen or ho previously learned infor&ation has #een ac6uired% hile retainin! the factual 'no led!e. IM,R/5IN0 MEM/R- a#ility to re&e&#er increases hen you nurture your #rain ith a !ood diet and other healthy ha#its. RE+EN+- EFFE+T a ter& coined #y .er&ann E##in!haus throu!h studies he perfor&ed on hi&self% refers to the findin! that recall accuracy varies as a function of an ite&$s position ithin a study list. MNEM/NI+ DE5I+ES any learnin! techni6ue that aids infor&ation retention. Mne&onics ai& to translate infor&ation into a for& that the hu&an #rain can retain #etter than its ori!inal for&. RETR/0R(DE a&nesia caused #y a trau&a such as concussion% in hich the &e&ory loss relates to &aterial learnt #efore the trau&a. +.(,TER H INFL)EN+E /F +/M,)TERS +o&puters are &ore and &ore universal #ecause its price is decreasin!" in addition% people canIt live ithout co&puters% and they offer a lot of attractions to people. ER0/N/MI+S (ND MILIT(RSTR//, EFFE+T a de&onstration of interference in the reaction ti&e of a tas'. +/0NITI5E M(,S a type of &ental representation hich serves an individual to ac6uire% code% store% recall% and decode infor&ation a#out the relative locations and attri#utes of pheno&ena in their everyday or &etaphorical spatial environ&ent. RESE(R+. /F E=,ERTS (L0/RIT.M a step*#y*step procedure for calculations. (l!orith&s are used for calculation% data processin!% and auto&ated reasonin!. F)N+TI/N(L FI=EDNESS a co!nitive #ias that li&its a person to usin! an o#7ect only in the ay it is traditionally used.

(5(IL(4ILIT- .E)RISTI+ a &ental shortcut that reali1es on i&&ediate exa&ples that co&e to &ind. ,RI>E SELE+TI/N +(TE0/RI>(TI/N the process in hich ideas and o#7ects are reco!ni1ed% differentiated% and understood. 4R/+(IS (RE( a re!ion in the frontal of the he&isphere of the ho&inid #rain ith functions lin'ed to speech production.