Faculty of Mechanical Engineering

ASSIGNMENT 1 REFEREE HISTORY AND VOLLEYBALL INJURIES

COURSE PROGRAM CODE GROUP LECTURER HSK225-VOLLEYBALL II EM220 BHSK225A MADAM NUR SYUHADA

Prepared By: MOHD KASWANDEE RAZALI ( 2012418566 )

Date of Submission : 15 th NOVEMBER 2013

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Table of Contents
1.0 REFEREE .................................................................3
1.1 1.2 1.3 Who is referee? ......................................................................................... 3 The referee origin ...................................................................................... 3 Volleyball referee ...................................................................................... 4

2.0 VOLLEYBALL INJURIES.............................................6

2.1 2.2 2.3 What Types Of Injuries Are Common In Volleyball?................................... 6 How Can Injury Be Prevented? ................................................................ 10 Injury Statistics/Patterns ......................................................................... 11

3.0 CONCLUSION........................................................ 12 4.0 REFERENCES ......................................................... 12

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1.0

REFEREE
1.1 Who is referee?
responsible for presiding over the game from a neutral point of view and making on the fly decisions that enforce the rules of the sport,

A referee is the person of authority, in a variety of sports, who is

including sportsmanship decisions such as ejection. The official tasked with this job may be known, in addition to referee, by a variety of other titles as well (often depending on the sport), including umpire, judge, arbiter, arbitrator, linesman,commissaire, timekee per, touch Committee). judge or Technical Official (by the International Olympic

1.2

The referee origin

team captains would consult with each other in order to resolve any dispute on the pitch. Eventually this role was delegated to an umpire. Each team would bring their own partisan umpire allowing the team captains to concentrate on the game. Later, the referee, a third "neutral" official was added, this referee would be "referred to" if the umpires could not resolve a dispute. The referee did not take his place on the pitch until 1891, when the umpires became linesmen (now assistant referees).

The term referee originated in association football. Originally the

Today, in many amateur football matches, each side will still supply their own partisan assistant referees (still commonly called club linesmen) to assist the neutral referee appointed by the governing football association.

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1.3

Volleyball referee
from a stand, providing a clear view of action above the net and looking down into the court. The second referee, who assists the first referee, is at floor level on the opposite side of the net and in front of the scorers' table. They are often referred to informally as the "up referee" and "down referee," respectively.

A volleyball match is presided over by a first referee, who observes action

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2.0

VOLLEYBALL INJURIES

Each year more than 400,000 high school students-including more than 300,000 girlsparticipate in interscholastic volleyball. As participation has increased over the past decades, the number of volleyball injuries rank lowest for all major sports, volleyball players are at risk for both traumatic and overuse injuries.

2.1

What Types Of Injuries Are Common In Volleyball?

Because volleyball involves repetitive overhead motions, such as spiking and blocking, players are prone to overuse injuries of the shoulder. In addition, volleyball players are particularly susceptible to finger injuries. Rotator Cuff Tendonitis During serving and spiking, the rotator cuff muscles are important in generating the necessary power to move the shoulder. While rarely completely torn in young players, these muscles can get irritated or fatigues with overuse. Often, rest, physical therapy and athletic training services may be enough to resolve pain. If pain persists despite these measures, talk to your physician about further treatment.

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 Finger Injuries Fingers are vulnerable to injury during volleyball activities, such as blocking, setting, and digging. Most injuries occur when the ball forcefully strikes the fingertip. Common finger injuries include fractures, dislocations, and tendon and ligament tears. If you are unable to bend the finger, consultation with your sports medicine professional or athletic trainer is important. Treatment can vary significantly depending on the injury.

Ankle Sprains Ankle injuries area the most common injury to volleyball players and responsible for the most lost playing time. Usually injuries can be treated cooperatively with bracing and physical therapy. Occasionally, though, ankle sprains can be associated with subtle fractures or cartilage injuries. Continued pain after several weeks should prompt further evaluation, including X-rays and/or MRIs. Return to play is usually allowed once players have no pain and are able to support their body weight while standing on the toes of the affected limb. Surgery is reserved for those with recurrent ankle sprains that have not responded to conservative measures or those with specific associated fractures.

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 Patellar Tendonitis Patellar tendonitis is inflammation of the tendon that connects the kneecap to the tibia (or shin bone). Patellar tendonitis is common in any athlete subjected to repetitive, forceful jumping activities, such as spiking and blocking. Patellar tendon straps are helpful in uploading the stress to the patella tendon and are often the first line of treatment. Physical therapy and athletic training services focused on stretching and strengthening are also helpful. Occasionally patellar

tendonitis persists despite therapy and surgery is required.

Anterior Cruciate Ligament (ACL) Injury Like ankle sprains, most ACL injuries in volleyball players occur when a player lands awkwardly after jumping. Usually ACL tears are associated with a pop and immediate knee swelling. Examination by a physician and MRI are often used to confirm the ACL injury. Because ACL tears do not heal, those wishing to return to sports activities are encouraged to have the ACL reconstructed. Recovery time is usually at least six to nine months.

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 Low Back Pain The low back pain is a common source of chronic pain among volleyball players. The cause of most low-back pain is related to muscle or ligament strain. The pain usually resolves with rest, physical therapy and athletic training services. If low-back pain is accompanied by the pain that radiates down the legs and numbness or weakness in the foot or ankle, the culprit may be a herniated disk. In cases of radiating pain, an MRI may be helpful in evaluating the presence of a disc herniation. In most cases, volleyball players can return to play once the pain, numbness, and weakness resolves.

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2.2

How Can Injury Be Prevented?

Many volleyball injuries can be prevented by following proper training guidelines and these tips: Use proper strength training techniques for the lower back, shoulders, and legs by working with an athletic trainer or other sports medicine professional. Use an external ankle support, such as an ankle brace or taping, to prevent the ankle from rolling over. Minimize the amount of jump training on hard surfaces. Warm up muscles with stretching and light aerobic exercises. Be sure to properly cool down after practice. If you have a significant pain, visit your doctor and follow instructions for treatment. Speak with a sports medicine professional or athletic trainer if you have any concerns about the injuries or prevention strategies. The athlete should return to play only when clearance is granted by a health care professional.

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2.3

Injury Statistics/Patterns
Despite being a non-contact sport, a study found that volleyball is the eighth most injury prone sport in the age group 14 to 20 years. The majority of volleyball injuries keep a player out for 4 days or less. Blocking, followed by spiking, account for the highest rates of injury. Defensive players are much less likely to get injured than other players on the court. 63% of volleyball injuries are related to jumping. Ankle injuries account for 15-60% of volleyball injuries. Thumb or finger sprains account for approximately 10% of volleyball injuries. Knee sprains or meniscus tears account for approximately 15% of volleyball injuries. Back injuries account for up to 14% of all Volleyball Injuries. Low back overuse accounts for approximately 10-14% of injuries. 50-80% of volleyball injuries are overuse injuries. Patellar tendonitis (jumper's knee) accounts for up to 80% of overuse injuries. Shoulder tendonitis accounts for 8-20% of overuse injuries.

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3.0

CONCLUSION
As for conclusion, every sports game must have referee. Referee was one to

whom something is referred, especially for settlement, decision, or an opinion as to the thing's quality. Volleyball injuries are generally defined as either cumulative

(overuse) or acute (traumatic) injuries. Overuse injuries occur over time due to stress on the muscles, joints and soft tissues without proper time for healing. They begin as a small, nagging ache or pain, and can grow into a debilitating injury if they aren't treated early.

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REFERENCES
http://www.fivb.org/EN/Refereeing-Rules/ William Robert Gallo, W. MD Briner, Jr., MD

http://www.stopsportsinjuries.org/volleyball-injury-

prevention.aspx#common. http://sirarshad.blogspot.com/2009/07/kursus-calon-pengadil-kebangsaanbola.html http://www.scribd.com/doc/182553352/36709202-undg-prtrn-bola-tmpar2120107131329-phpapp02-ppt

Khan, K., AND Brucker, P/ (1998). Ankle acute injuries. In: Encyclopedia

of Sports Medicine and Science, T. D. Fahey (Editor). Internet Society for Sport Science: http//sportsci.org. 7 March 1998.

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