CGMB 234

Multimedia Systems Design

Chapter 07 Multimedia Storage Devices & Operating System

Objectives
Upon completing this chapter, you should be able to: Identify and describe storage media available for personal computers List the benefits of secondary storage Differentiate among the principal types of secondary storage Explain the concept of RAID Identify important characteristics of a multimedia operating system

Multimedia Storage Requirements

MM systems require storage for large capacity objects such as video, audio, animation and images. Depending on the compression scheme, video bandwidth requirements range from 1.5 Mbit/s (MPEG-1) to 10 Mbit/s (MPEG-2) and up to 1 Gbit/s (HDTV)!! Depending on the fidelity and compression, audio may consume from 8 Kb/s all the way up to 384 Kb/s. In applications that require multiple multimedia streams, these numbers increase accordingly.

Multimedia Storage Requirements

Some of the major distinguishing characteristics of multimedia objects are:

multimedia objects are large (large file sizes), multimedia streams have stringent real-time requirements, multimedia streams represent long and fairly constant (predictable) loads, multimedia streams usually have high bandwidth requirements, multimedia objects tend to exhibit sequential access patterns within a given medium.

Multimedia Storage Requirements

Multimedia objects have real-time playback and, in many cases, similar recording requirements. Video is somewhat scalable in the sense that its frame rate, and to a certain extent, its window size, may be varied to compensate for response time fluctuations without significantly perceptible adverse effects. Audio on the other hand, has stringent timing requirements and needs virtually constant playback speed for acceptable quality.

Usage of Magnetic Media In Multimedia

Object Type Text Binary Image Compressed G31D Fax G3 1D Image Binary Image Uncompressed Video at 320 X 240 resolution, 16 bit colour, 5 fps Video at 320 X 240 resolution, 8 bit colour, 30 fps Video at 320 X 240 resolution, 16 bit colour, 20 fps Video at 640 X 480 resolution, 24 bit colour, 30 fps Audio at 8KHz, 8 bits sample, mono Audio at 8KHz, 8 bits sample, stereo Audio at 44.1KHz, 16 bits sample, stereo Storage Size / Bandw idth per sec 2.5KB per page 50KB-100 KB 50KB-100 KB 500K-1MB 768 KB 2-3MB 3.1MB 27.64MB 8KB 16KB 176KB

Note the difference between the requirements of various multimedia objects

Multimedia Storage Requirements

The file systems of earlier operating systems were designed to handle bursty traffic with no real-time requirements, and they usually have rather poor throughput for continuous load. Indexing and retrieval of multimedia objects poses some very different and demanding requirements for navigation on database systems;

e.g. multimedia databases need to support searches by media content, such as video clips and image attributes, on top of processing the traditional text-based queries.

There is still much work being done on this.

Secondary Storage Benefits

Semi-permanent

Non-volatile

Reliable Convenient Locate and access data quickly

Secondary Storage Benefits

Compressed storage
Diskette about 500 printed pages
Optical disk about 500 books

Economy Savings in physical storage costs Savings in the speed and convenience of filing and retrieving data

Multimedia Storage Requirements

Mass storage devices are required to overcome the high demand for storage space for multimedia systems. Among the mass storage devices, optical and magnetic media technology are some of the cheapest solutions as compared to internal storage devices like DRAM, SDRAM etc.

Multimedia storage and retrieval

Magnetic media technology hard disk Redundant Array of Inexpensive Disks (RAID) Optical media technology

large capacity but slower access near-line mass-storage (jukeboxes)

CD-ROM

CD-WORM
CD-WR (erasable CD)

Magnetic Disk Storage

Data represented as magnetic spots

Magnetized spot = 1 Absence of a magnetized spot = 0

Read
Converts the magnetized data to electrical

impulses

Write
Converts electrical impulses to magnetized spots

on disk

Disk Capacity
Size
MB older hard disks GB current PC TB coming soon

Whats stored?
User documents

Software
Graphic images

Audio files
Video files

Usage of Magnetic Media In Multimedia

Multimedia Objects
Volatile Objects audio and video input. They are

sometimes not retrieved from storage but directly captured from the source. Nonvolatile Objects stored in a storage device. Two issues arises:
Capacity Transfer Speed / Bandwidth

Usage of Magnetic Media In Multimedia

A/V (Audio/Video) Ready Magnetic Drive Temporal requirements of some multimedia objects for sustained delivery had created a need for a device with guaranteed delivery. The A/V ready drive was developed to address this need.

Usage of Magnetic Media In Multimedia

Features of A/V ready drive:

Multi Segmented Caching different cache for

different objects Write Behind Caching and Write Coalescing data to be written is buffered in cache first, and coalesces (blends) multiple write requests in a single disk revolution. Tagged Command Queuing tagging I/O request and queue them to reduce latencies.

Usage of Magnetic Media In Multimedia

Fast ECC (Error Correcting

Codes) auto-

correcting soft errors. Guaranteed minimum sustained rate: 3 Mbytes/sec Fast Drive Speed (at least 5400 rpm) Synchronized Spindles Supports RAID Configurations

RAID Technology
RAID = Redundant Array of Inexpensive Disks. RAID is a technology that provides a potential alternative to mass storage combined with high throughput and reliability.

It is a set of disk drives viewed by the user as one or more logical drives.
Data is distributed across the set of drives in a pre-defined manner.

RAID is now used as an umbrella term for computer data storage schemes that can divide and replicate data among multiple physical disk drives.

RAID Technology

The physical disks are said to be in a RAID array, which is accessed by the operating system as one single disk. The different schemes or architectures are named by the word RAID followed by a number (e.g., RAID 0, RAID 1).
http://www.acnc.com/products

RAID Levels
There are 8 discrete levels of RAID functionality 1) Level 0 : Disk Striping 2) Level 1 : Disk Mirroring 3) Level 2 : Bit Interleaving and Header Error Correction (HEC) Parity 4) Level 3 : Bit Interleaving and XOR Parity 5) Level 4 : Block Interleaving with XOR Parity 6) Level 5 : Block Interleaving with Parity Distribution 7) Level 6 : Fault tolerant system 8) Level 7 : Heterogeneous system

Optical Storage Media

General Concepts of Optical Storage Media

The optical technology is based on a light source

A sharply focused laser beam is directed onto the surface

of a spinning disk Physical variations in the surface (pits and landings) are arranged in concentric tracks of the disk The pits and landings deflect the focused beam toward an optical receiver to signify a 1 or disperse the beam away to signify a 0

Optical storage is normally read-only

General Concepts of Optical Storage Media

Locating a specific address involves

moving the head to a general area

adjusting the rotation speed

reading the address making minor adjustment to find and access the

specific sector

Review of Optical Storage Media

CD-DA - Compact Disk Digital Audio

Stores digitized audio information (1982) Stores computer data (1985) Later became the High Sierra format (ISO9660) Stores audio, video, graphics, text and machine code on CD-ROM (1986) Stores digitized, compressed representation of audio/video information on CD (1987)

CD-ROM - Compact Disk Read-Only Memory

CD-I - Compact Disk Interactive

DVI - Digital Video Interactive

CD-XA CD eXtended Architecture

Contains Multiple tracks differentiated by mode (1988)

A disk which is more easily written than CD (1990s)

WORM - Write-Once Read-Many

Review of Optical Storage Media

Erasable Optical Disk

Optical disk that can be easily erased and rewritten (1990s)

A single-layer DVD can store 4.7 GB (4.38 GiB), which is around seven times as much as a standard CD-ROM.

DVD Digital Video/Versatile Disk (1996)

BD Blu-ray disc (Blu-ray Disc Association BDA)

next-generation format for high-definition video and high-density data. A single-layer disc can fit 23.3, 25, or 27 GB (enough for approximately four hours of high-definition video with audio) supports 25GB for one layer, 50GB for two and 100GB for four,

HD-DVD (Toshiba)

A single layer capacity of 15 GB and a dual-layer capacity of 30 GB Triple-layer disc is in development, which would offer 45GB of storage.

Multimedia Operating Systems

Multimedia Operating Systems

Notion of real time Real Time process = process which delivers the results of the processing in a given time span. Dead lines Divided into soft deadline and hard deadline. Soft deadline can be violated without any adverse effect but not hard deadlines!! Real time features: Predictably fast response to critical events High degree of resource utilization Stability under transient (temporary) load

Multimedia Operating Systems

MM systems have a different set of real-time requirements:

Fault tolerance requirements

are less strict Some multimedia applications can afford to miss a deadline without any severe failure All time critical processing are periodic rather than sporadic (irregular instances)

Multimedia Operating Systems

Resource Management
1.

Resources Can be active or passive Exclusive or shared Single or multiple instance Multimedia requirements Throughput determined by the needed data rate Local and global (end-to-end) delay Jitter maximum variance Reliability error detection and correction (QoS quality of service)

2.

Multimedia Operating Systems

Resource Management
3.

Components and phases

Client makes a reservation request to the resource manager component. Resource manager will see whether the request can be guaranteed or not

4.

Allocation schemes

Pessimistic approach (reservations for worst case) Optimistic approach (for average workload)

Multimedia Operating Systems

Process Management

Real time processing requirements for scheduling multimedia tasks

two conflicting goals must be satisfied Uncritical process should not starve Time critical process should never be subject to priority inversion.

File System Management

MM systems tends to have more continuous data than discrete data, which are different in terms of:

Real time characteristics (time dependent delivery) Large file size Multiple data streams

Multimedia Operating Systems

Other OS issues

IPC (inter-process communication) and synchronization Memory management Device management

References

http://www.acnc.com/products