]<gj]<]<j<^]<]

W
K

? ? ? ?
K

W
K

K
??

KK

K

K


]<gj]<]<j<^]<]

W
W
K

K
K

W
K

--

WIntroduction J
EF
K

WSI UnitsJ

EsFW

Em2FW

Em3/sFW

EmFW

Em3FW

EkgFW

W
Em/sFW

EJFEN.mFW

--

ENFW

Em/s2FW

EPaFEN/m2FW

WFluid Mechanics
WFluid Density

J J

K [ ] = kg / m 3
1 4oC1000 kg/m3

Kgm/cm3

WE FE F

= g

EJ F

KE g = 9.81 m / s 2 F

WFluid Viscosity

J J

EJ F

Em2/sF =

EPa.sF =
Ekg/m3F =

--

WFluid Pressure

J J

KEF

p=

EJ F

W
EN/m2F = p

ENF = F
Em2F = A

E h FE F
W

p = gh
=h

EJ F

WEJ F
--

K
_

WE p Fbar

p=

10 5

EJ F

K0.102 m1.0 kPa

WEJ F

KkPa3 m

WEJ F1000 kg/m3

p = gh

kg
m
9.81 2 3 m
3
m
s
kg
N
kN
= 29430
= 29430 2 = 29.43 2 = 29.43 kPa
2
m.s
m
m

= 1000

WFluid motion J J

--

WContinuity Equation

EF K
WEFEF
1V1 A1 = 2V2 A2

EJ F

EF = 1 W

EF = 2

EF = V1

EF = V2

EF = A1

EF = A2

E A FE Q F

WE V F
Q = VA

EJ F

A2

V1

V2

A1

WEJ F

--

1 = 2

W
Q = V1 A1 = V2 A2

EJ F

WEJ F
4.0 m/sEJ F

3.0 mmE1FKEF0.25 m/sEF

EF

V2

V1
A1

A2

EJ FWEJ F

V2 = 0.25 m / s

W
V1 = 4.0 m / s W

WE1F

A1 =

D
4

1000 = 7.07 10 6 m 2
4

WEF

V1 A1 = V2 A2
4.0 7.07 10 6 = 0.25 A2
A2 = 1.1312 10 4 m 2

WEF

--

A2 =

D22
4

1.1312 10 4 =

D22

4
D = 0.012 m = 12.0 mm

WEJ F

K0.12 m3/s150 mm

W
W

A=

D 2

150 2
4

V =

Q = 0.12 m 3 / s

D = 150 mm
W

= 17.671 10 3 mm 2 = 17.671 10 3 m 2

Q
0.12
=
= 6.80 m / s
A 17.671 10 3

--

WBernoulli Equation

EFEF

KEJ F

V12
2g

V22
2g

p2

p1

z2
z1

WEJ F

p1

2
1

2
2

p V
V
+ z1 = 2 +
+ z2
2g
2g

EF = p 2

EF = V2

--

EJ F

EF = p1

EF = V1

EF = z 2 EF = z1
= g

W
p W

V2

2g

z W

WEJ F

EJ F

KEFEF

2 m/s

2.0 m

2
h
9.6 m/s

0.5 m

EJ FWEJ F

--

p1 = p 2 = 0

p1

V12
p V2
+ z1 = 2 + 2 + z2
2g
2g

p1 = 0

p2 = 0

V1 = 2 m / s

V2 = 8 m / s

z1 = h + 2

z 2 = 0 .5

Wh

0+

(2)2
2g

+ (h + 2 ) = 0 +

(9.6)2
2g

+ 0 .5

h = 3 .0 m

WHydrology J

WHydrologic Cycle J J

EJ F

WK
--

W
I O = S

- -

EJ F

WEJ F

E S F E O F E I F
K

- -

WGlobal Water Distribution

J J

K1.36 1018 m 3

EJ FK

WEJ F

EF

E103 km3F

K800 m

- -

WPrecipitation

J J

mm
WKin

0.5 mmW

7.6 mm/hrW

7.6 mm/hr2.5 mm/hrW

2.5 mm/hrW

0.5 mmW

K1 mm/hr

K5 mm W

KEJ F

WEJ F
- -

W
W

P =
i

Pi

EJ F

= P W
= P
= N

EJ F
W
2 mm
3 mm
4 mm
5 mm
6 mm

WEJ F

- -

P=

Pi Ai
i

Ai

EJ F

K A

WEvaporation J J
K
K

KW

KW

KW

W

K2900 mm/year

K
KEJ FEclass A panF

K{{

WEJ F

- -

K
W

E a = 0.35(e s e )(0.5 + 0.54 u 2 )

EJ F

Emm/dayF = E a W

= es

= e

Em/sF2 m = u 2
WEJ F

{
K18 km/hr{

u 2 = 18 km / hr =

18 1000
= 5 m/s
60 60

W
W

E a = 0.35(es e )(0.5 + 0.54 u 2 )

= 0.35(14.4 5.8)(0.5 + 0.54 5)

= 9.63 mm / day

- -

WInfiltration

J J

W
K

K hydrograph
EJ F

Emm/hrF

EhrF

WEJ F

- -

WSurface Runoff

J J

K
KEJ F

W
Q = VA

EJ F

= Q
= A
= V

KEJ F
K

- -

WEJ F

EmF

Em3/sF

WEJ F

- -


]<gj]<]<j<^]<]

K
W
W
K K
K K
K K
K K
K K
W

- -

Introduction{

K
K

Water Resources 2.2

Rainfall{{

K
K

K
Surface Water 2.2.2

K
K

- -

Groundwater{{
K

K
K
Primary Studies of Water Supply Projects{

W
K K
K K
K K
K K
K K
K K

Forecasting population{

- -

KE{F
WE{F
EF

Arithmetic Method{

k=

dP

dt

E{F
W

K:

dP
dt

KWk
W
Pt = Po + kt
- -

E{F

W
KW Pt

KW Po

KWt

KE{F

k=

Pn Pm

tn tm

E{F

W
KtmWPm
Ktn WPn

Pn

k=

P
t

Pm

tm

tn

KWE{F

- -

Geometric Method{

dP
= k P
dt

E{F
W

KW

dP
dt

KW k
KW P

ln Pt = ln Po + k t

E{F
W

KW Pt
KW Po

KW k

KW t

KE{F

k =

ln Pn ln Pm

tn tm

E{F
W

tm WPm
tn WPn
- -

ln Pn
k =

ln Pm

tm

ln P
t

tn

KWE{F

Comparative Method{

KE{F

WE{F
- -

K
EAFE{F

EAFKEEFEDFECFEBF

.EBF

Density of Population{

K
W

KL
KL
L
KEF

Consumption for various purposes{

K

WDomestic
K

KLL
- -

WCommercial and Industrial

KLL

WPublic use

KLL
WLoss and waste

KK
E{F

K
K
WE{F

EF

ELLF

- -

Factors Effecting Water Consumption{

W
K K

K K
K K
K K

K K
K K

K K

Variations of Water Consumption {

K
E F W K

KE{F

K
W
P = 180 t 0.10

E{F

KEtF(PF
- -

KZ

KZ
KZ

KZ

7000

(/ )

6000
5000
4000

3000
2000

1000

0
0

10

12

14

16

18

20

22

24

KWE{F

WE{F

KLL

LLZE{FE{FEFZ
- -

Fire demand{

W (flow)
0 .5
F = 18 C ( A )

E{F

KE{LLFWF

KWC

KE{ FWA

{ { C
K

L
L L
K

E{F
K

KE{F

KHZ

- -

L{K

KWE{F

ELF

EF

{{

{{

KWE{F

EF

ELF

- -

KLL

L 10620.1ZEFEFZ
Z

L106 36.18 Z(106 . 20.1) (1.8) Z

0 .5
F = 18 C ( A )

0.5

[(1000) . (10.76) . (6)] . (3.78)(1.8) =F

L 17.29 = F

L 106 {= F

LL106 61.07 Z106 24.89H 106 36.18Z

10/24 106 {H106{Z

L 106 46.55Z

LL1551Z

Q = 231.64 P . 1 0.01 P

E{F

KELFWQ
KEFWP

K
- -

WE{F
K

Q = 231.64 100 1 0.01 100 = 2084 .76 m 3 / hr

KLZKE{FZ
Methods of Water Distribution{

Gravity distribution {{

KE{F

E F

Waterhead

KWE{F
- -

Distribution by means of pumping with storage {{

KE{F

KWE{F
Distribution by means of pumping without storage{{

KE{F

KK

- -

KEFWE{F
Elevated storage{

E{F
K

KE{F

- -

E{F
W
W K
K
KW K
KW K

- -

KWE{F

- -

Storage necessary{
W
KHHZ K
KW K
WW K

K Q 270 m 3 / hr Q = 231.64 P .(1 0.01 P )

W K
W

KE{F
7000

(/ )

6000
5000
4000
3000

2000

(II)

(III)

(I)

1000

0
0

10

12

14

16

KWE{F
- -

18

20

22

24

W
K(PCEQ)
(III)(II)(I)
(III)Z(II)H(I)Z
HE{FZ K

Pressure in pipes{

kPa
K

KkPa
KkPa
W

kPa
KkPa
kPa
K

kPa
W
K

- -

Pressure zones{

WE{F

K
KE{F

K K

EF
EF

EF

EF

EF

KWE{F

KWE{F
- -

KE{F

Water distribution systems{

W
WPrimary Feeders

KE{F

K
WSecondary Feeders
K

KE{F

WSmall Distribution Mains

K

KWE{F
- -

Planning of Water distribution systems{

KE{FWBranching System
KE{FWGrid System

KEE{FF(Composite System)

KWE{F

WE{F
- -

WE{F

Basic Design of Water Supply Networks{

WK
K K
K K
K K
K K
K K

Flow Computations{

(Reynolds)

K (velocity)
- -

(Hazen-Williams) (headlosses)
W

v = 0 . 849 CR

0 . 63

S 0 . 54 =

Q
E{F
A

W
.(Velocity)ELFWv
.(Hydraulic Radius)EFWR
.(Hazen-Williams WC

KCE{FCoefficient)

.(Hydraulic Gradient)WS
.(Flow)ELFWQ

.(Hydraulic Area)EFWA
W
WEF EFZR
WR

D 2 / 4 D
R=
=
D
4

WR

D 2 / 8 D
R=
=
D / 2
4

- -

KWE{F

C
140

Extremely smooth and straight

Cast iron:

130

New

120

5 years old

110

10 years old

90-100

20 years old

75-90

30 years old

120-140

Concrete or cemented:
Welded steel, as for cast-iron pipe, 5 years older
Rived steel, as for cast-iron pipe, 10 years older

150

Plastic

120-140

Asbestos

WE{F

Q = 0 .278 CD 2.63 S 0.54

E{F

hL

E{F

S =

hL
Q

=
2 .63
L

0 .278 CD

- -

1 / 0 . 54

E{F

Energy of grade line

hL

Q
Q1 , v 1 , A 1

D
Z1

Z2

Q2, v2, A2

KE{F

WE{F
W(headlosses)
D = 500 mm, Q = 0.25 m3/s, C = 130

W
A=

D 2
4

= 0.2m 2

Q = 0 .278 CD

2 .63

, v=
S

0 .54

hL
Q

=
2 . 63
L
0 .278 CD

Q 0.25
=
= 1.25m / s
A 0.2

= 0 .278 CD
1 / 0 .54

10 . 7 Q 1 .85 L
h L = 1 .85 4 .87
C
D

- -

2 .63

hL

L

0 .54

10 . 7 ( 0 . 25 )1 .85 1000
= 2 . 96 m
(130 )1 .85 ( 0 . 5 ) 4 .87
h L = 2 . 96 10 30 kPa
hL =

Chart Method{
E{F
C = 100 (Q, D, S, v)
(Hydraulic Gradient)

KK

WC
WS Dv

100
S c = S 100

1 .85

E{F

WDS Q
100

Dc = D100
C

0.38

E{F

WQSD

Qc = Q100

C
E{F
100

- -

K(Hazen-Williams) WE{F
- -

WE{F

W
L = 1500 m, D = 200 mm, Q = 2 m3/minW
KE{F
(Q, D, S, v)
W
D = 200 mm, Q = 2 m3/min

Z S Z S
K10.(10-3)
S=

L
= 10 .10 3
L

L = S .L = (10 .10 3 ) (1500 ) = 15 m 150 kPa

Types of Pipes{

W
K K
F K
KE
K K
- -

K K
W
W K

W K

K

W K

W K

Pumps{

- -

L{{
L {

WK
KE{F(Centrifugal Pumps)
K(Reciprocating Pumps)

K(Rotary Pumps)

(Centrifugal Pumps)WE{F

E{F

- -

(Head)
W

TDH = H L + H F + H V E{F
W
(Total dynamic head):TDH

(Total static head) :HL

K
(Total friction headloss) :HF
(Velocity head: v2/2g) :HV

Static
discharge
head
Total
static
head

Pump

P
Static
suction
head

KWE{F

- -

(Net output)
W

Pw = KQH E{F
W

K(Water Power, kW)EF:Pw

K(Flow, m3/min)ELF: Q
K(Total dynamic head, m):H

:K
K{K(kW, m3/min, m)

K
W
Pp =

Pw
E{F
Ep

W
(Power input to the pump, kW)EF:Pp
(Water Power, kW)EF:Pw

(Pump efficiency):Ep

WE{F
L {

KK
W

Pw = KQH
Pw = (0.163).(1.9).(70) = 21.68 kW

Pp =

Pw
Ep

Pp = 21.68 / 0.9 = 24.9 kW

- -

Valves{

KE{F
W
W(Sluice valve)
K
W(Non-return valve)

K

KE{F
- -

Excavation and Backfill {

{
K

E{FK

KE{F

- -


]<gj]<]<j<^]<]

KW
W
W
K K
K
K
K K

K K
K K

KW

KW

- -

Introduction{

WK

KErunoffFErainfallF
W

150 mm

mm

0.75 m/s

- -

1 m/s

Amount of Storm Water{

W
K

K
K

W
Q = iA

E{F

W
E m3 / hr F :Q
KE mm/ hr F : i

KE m 2 F : A

Q = CiA

- -

E{F

C
KE{F

W
C avg =

C i Ai

Ai

E{F

WE{F

{{

EF

{{

{{

{{

{{

{{

{{

{{

{{

{{

{{

WE{F

{ km2

- -

K

64 mm/hr

C=

C i Ai
Ai

Ci

EJ F

Em2F Ai

EF

{J {

{{

175000

{J {

{{

200000

{{

{J {

{J {

{
K
{
K

Q = CiA = 0 . 6975

100 m
0 . 5 10 6 m 2 = 22320 m 3 / hr
1000 hr

Time of Concentration{

KEinlet timeFEtime of flowF

- -

K20 min 5 min

K
W

{ m5 min
K 20 m
K

WE{F
E{F

K0.75 m/s KEwatershedF

5 min

6 min

8 min

E{FWE{F

- -

W
=

120 m
= 2 . 67 min
m
sec
0 . 75
60
s
min

W
=

150 m
= 3 . 33 min
m
sec
0 . 75
60
s
min

WEF
WA

= 5 + 2 .67 + 3 .33 = 11 min

WB
= 6 + 3 . 33 = 9 . 33 min

WC

= 8 min

K11 min

Rainfall Intensity{

- -

E{F
K

i=

t+B

E{F

KE mm / hr F :i

KE min F : t

K : A& B

- -

WE{F

WE{F
{ km2
K i =

4830
12 minC = 0.30
t + 25

i=

4830
4830
=
= 130 . 5 mm / hr
t + 25
12 + 25
- -

10 6 m 2
m3
mm
m
2

0 .25 km
9800
Q = CiA = 0 .30 130 .5
hr 1000 mm
hr
km 2

Flow in Sewers{

WK
K

E F

WEManning EquationF
V =

1 2 /3 1/ 2
R S

E{F
W

:V

: n

R=

D
W : R
4

: S

Q = A

R 2 /3S 1/ 2

E{F

- -

V =

0 .397 3 2
D S
n

E{F

0 . 312 3 2
Q=
D S
n

E{F

K m3 / s m/ s WE D F

KE{F

E n FWE{F

{{

{{

{{

{{

{{

{{

WE{F
K 0.04 m3/s{

n = 0.013

- -

W
WE{F

0 . 312
Q =
D 3S
n

1
2
8

1
0 . 312
D 3 (0 . 0025 ) 2
0 . 048 =
0 . 013
3/8
D = (0 . 04 )
= 0 . 30 m = 300 mm

WE{F
2

0 .397 3 2
D S
n
2
1
0 .397
(0 .30 ) 3 (0 .0025 ) 2 = 0 .68 m / s
=
0 .013

V =

K1.0 m/s
The Profile{

K
WW

WE{F

K
K

- -

WE{F
Sewer Appurtenances{

Manholes

K E{F
K

WK

Inlets EF

K
- -

E{F
KE{F

KK
KE{F

WE{F

- -

WE{F

WE{F

WE{F

- -

Design of Storm Sewers{

KW

E
KE A F

KE C F E
E
KE t F

E
KE i F

E
KE Q = C i A F

K E

- -

WE{F

W
A1 = 1 .55 10 2 km 2
A 2 = 1 .40 10 2 km 2
2
2
A3 = 1 .22 10 km

A 4 = 1 .05 10 2 km 2
A5 = 0 .67 10 2 km 2

t = 10 min

C = 0.40

n = 0.013

2880

t + 20

L = 90 m
i =
95

94

93

92

91
90

A1

A3

A5

A2

A4

- -

W
WJ

A = 1.55 102 km2 = 15500 m 2

t = 10 min
2880
2880
i=
=
= 96 mm / hr = 0.096 m / hr
t + 20 10 + 20
Q = C i A = 0.40 0.096 15500 = 595.2 m3 / hr = 0.1653 m 3 / s
94 93
S=
= 0.011
90

W
8

Q=

0.312 3 2
D S
n
8

1
0.312 3
D (0.011) 2

0.013
3/8
= (0.0654 ) = 0.36 m = 360 mm

0.1653 =
D1 2

2
1
0.397 3 2 0.397
(0.36) 3 (0.011) 2 = 1.63 m/ s
V12 =
DS =
n
0.013

A = 1.55102 + 1.40 102 = 2.95 102 km2 = 29500 m2

WJ

90 1
= 10.92 min 11 min
1.63 60
2880 2880
i=
=
= 92.9 mm / hr = 0.0929 m / hr
t + 20 11 + 20
Q = C i A = 0.40 0.0929 29500 = 1096.22 m3 / hr = 0.3045 m3 / s
t = 10 +

93 92
= 0.011
90
8 1
0.312 3 2
Q=
D S
n
8
1
0.312 3
0.3045 =
D (0.011) 2

0.013
3/8
D2 3 = (0.1204 ) = 0.453 m 450 mm

S=

- -

V23 =

2
1
0.397 3 2 0.397
(0.45) 3 (0.011) 2 = 1.88 m / s
D S =
n
0.013

WJ

A = 1.55 10 2 + 1.40 10 2 + 1.22 10 2 = 4.17 10 2 km 2 = 41700 m 2

90
1
t = 11 +

= 11.80 min
1.88 60
2880
2880
i=
=
= 90.6 mm / hr = 0.0906 m / hr

t + 20 11.8 + 20
Q = C i A = 0.40 0.0906 41700 = 1096.22 m 3 / hr = 0.42 m 3 / s
S=

92 91
= 0.011
90

Q =

0 . 312
D 3S
n

1
2
8

1
0 . 312
D 3 (0 . 011 ) 2
0 . 013
3/8
= (0 . 167 )
= 0 . 51 m 500 mm

0 . 42 =
D 3 4

V34 =

2
1
0.397 3 2 0.397
(0.50) 3 (0.011) 2 = 2.02 m / s
D S =
n
0.013

WJ

A = 1.55 10 + 1.40 10 + 1.22 10 + 1.05 = 5.22 10 km = 52200 m 2

90
1
= 12.54 min
2.02 60
2880
2880
i=
=
= 88.51 mm / hr = 0.08851 m / hr
t + 20 12.54 + 20
Q = C i A = 0.40 0.08851 52200 = 1848 m 3 / hr = 0.51 m 3 / s

t = 11.8 +

S=

91 90.2
= 8.888 103
90

- -

0 . 312
D 3S 2
n
8
1
0 . 312
0 . 51 =
D 3 8 . 888 10 3 2
0 . 013
3/8
D 4 5 = (0 . 225 )
= 0 . 572 m 570 mm

Q =

V45 =

2
0.397 3 2 0.397
(0.57) 3 8.888103
D S =
n
0.013

1
2

= 1.98 m / s

K1.0 m/s

K300 mm

- -


]<gj]<]<j<^]<]

K
W
W
K K

K K
K K
K K

- -

Introduction{

W K

W K

W K
K

W K

K

K

Primary Studies of Sewerage Systems{
W
K
K
K
K
- -

K
K
K
K

Primary Planning of Sewerage Networks{

K

KE{F
K

506

504

502

WE{F

- -

The profile 4.4

KE{F
W W

K
K

Design of Sewerage Systems{

W
K
K
K K
K K
K K
K K
K K
W
W K
KL

L
K

KL
K K
- -

KL K
KL K
K{{ K

Waste Water Flow Rate{

K
W

{
P =

E{F

E{F
W

2 P 6 (Peaking factor)W P

W
P=

5.75

p 0 .2

E{F

P = 1+

18
4 + p 0.5

E{F

Kp

- -

Design Equation {

(Manning Equation)

v=

Q=

0 .397 2 / 3 1 / 2
D S
n

E{F

0.312 8 / 3 1 / 2
D S
n

E{F
W

(Velocity)ELF:v
EF:D
(Hydraulic gradient):S
(Flow)ELF:Q

K{{Z:n

Types of Pipes and its Properties{

WK
K K
K K
K K
K K
K K
- -

W
W(Verified clay pipes: VCP)
K

E{F

W(Plain concrete pipes: PC)

K
W(Reinforced concrete pipes: RC)
K
W(Glass fiber reinforced pipes: GRP)

W(Polyvinyl chloride pipes: PVC)

KE{F

.(VCP)WE{F

- -

K(PVC)WE{F
Load and Supporting Strength {

W
K(Earth load) K
K(Live load) K
K(Bedding) K
K(Load factor) K
K(Factor of safety) K
K(Pipe strength) K

Determination of Earth Load {{

WE{F

W E = C d WB

E{F

K:WE
WE{F:W
K

- -

KB = 1.5 D + 300W:B
K:Cd
KE{F
(kg/m3)

(Dry sand)

(Ordinary sand)

(Wet sand)

(Damp sand)

(Saturated clay)

(Saturated topsoil)

(Sand and damp topsoil)

EFEF

- -

WE

EF

KJ EFEFEFWE{F
WE{FCd
1 e 2kuH / B
Cd =

2ku

E{F
W

K:H

K(Vertical Pressure) (Active internal pressure):k

K:u

KCdWE{F
- -

K(ku)E{F

kuE{F
ku

(Cohesionless granular soil)

(Sand and gravel)

(Saturated topsoil)

(Saturated clay)

(Saturated clay)
WE{F

W
KZ
K{Z

K{Z

WWE

W E = C d WB
1 e 2 ku H / B
Cd =
2 ku

ku = 0.11
W = 1920 kg/m3
Cd =

1 e 2 ( 0.11) 3 / 1.2
= 2 .2
2 (0.11)

WE = 2.2 (1920) (1.2)2 = 6082 kg/m

- -

Applied Live Load on Pipes {{

K
KE{F

KE{FE{F

KE{F

- -

KEFWE{F
Proportion of (long) superficial loads pipes in trenches

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

0.0

0.89

0.88

0.86

0.85

0.5

0.80

0.77

0.75

0.72

1.0

0.72

0.67

0.64

0.61

1.5

0.64

0.59

0.55

0.52

2.0

0.51

0.45

0.41

0.37

3.0

0.41

0.35

0.31

0.27

4.0

0.33

0.27

0.23

0.19

5.0

0.26

0.20

0.17

0.14

6.0

0.17

0.12

0.09

0.07

8.0

0.11

0.07

0.05

0.04

10.0

- -

KEFWE{F
Proportion of (short) superficial loads pipes in trenches

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

0.0

0.81

0.79

0.78

0.77

0.5

0.66

0.63

0.61

0.59

1.0

0.54

0.51

0.48

0.46

1.5

0.44

0.40

0.38

0.35

2.0

0.35

0.32

0.29

0.27

2.5

0.29

0.25

0.23

0.21

3.0

0.19

0.16

0.14

0.12

4.0

0.13

0.10

0.09

0.07

5.0

0.08

0.06

0.05

0.04

6.0

0.04

0.03

0.02

0.02

8.0

0.02

0.01

0.01

0.01

10.0

- -

Load Factor{{

Lf =

[W E

+ WL ]

WB

E{F
W

WLf

KWWL
.(Three-edge bearing strength) WWB

Factor of Safety {{

WFS
FS = 1W

FS = 1.25 - 1.5W

Required Bearing Strength for Pipes {{

WE

WB =

Lf

WL
.FS
1.5

E{F

.(Three-edge bearing strength) WWB

- -

E{F E{F
K(ASTM)

KWE{F
Minimum crushing strength of clay pipe (ASTM)

Nominal size
(mm)

Extra strength clay pipe,

kgf/linear (m)

Standard strength clay pipe,

kgf/linear (m)

100

2980

1790

150

2980

1790

200

3270

2080

250

3570

2380

305

3870

2680

380

4320

2980

460

4910

3270

530

5730

3570

610

6550

3870

690

6990

4170

760

7440

4910

840

8190

5360

915

8930

5960

- -

WE{F
K

Physical and dimensional requirements for non-reinforced concrete pipes (ASTM)

Class 1
Internal Minimum
diam., thickness
(mm)
of wall,
(mm)

Class 2

Class 3

Minimum
strength,
kN/linear m,
three-edge
bearing

Minimum
thickness
of wall,
(mm)

Minimum
strength,
kN/linear m,
three-edge
bearing

Minimum
thickness
of wall,
(mm)

Minimum
strength,
kN/linear m,
three-edge
bearing

100

15.9

21.9

19.0

29.2

22.2

35.0

150

15.9

21.9

19.0

29.2

25.4

35.0

200

19.0

21.9

22.2

29.2

28.6

35.0

250

22.2

23.3

25.4

29.2

31.8

35.0

310

25.4

26.3

34.9

32.8

44.5

37.9

380

31.8

29.2

41.3

37.9

47.6

42.2

460

38.1

32.1

50.8

43.8

57.2

48.1

530

44.5

35.0

57.2

48.1

69.9

56.2

610

54.0

37.9

76.2

52.5

95.3

64.2

- -

WE{F
Supporting strength of concrete pipe

Standard strength
Concrete sewer pipe, C14
Safety factor = 1.5
Bedding
class
Load
factor
Internal
diameter
of pipe,
(mm)

Extra strength
Concrete sewer pipe, C14
Safety factor = 1.5

1.1

1.5

1.9

3.0

1.1

1.5

1.9

3.0

Supporting strength, (kN/m)

150

11.68

16.06

20.44 32.12 21.90 29.20 36.50

58.40

200

13.14

18.98

23.36 37.96 21.90 29.20 36.50

58.40

250

14.60

20.44

26.28 40.88 21.90 29.20 36.50

58.40

310

16.06

21.90

27.74 43.80 23.36 32.12 40.88

65.70

380

17.52

24.82

32.12 51.10 29.20 40.88 51.10

80.30

460

20.44

29.20

36.50 58.40 35.04 48.18 61.32

96.36

530

23.36

32.12

40.88 64.24 40.88 55.48 71.54

113.88

610

42.82

35.04

43.80 70.08 42.34 58.40 74.46

116.80

- -

WE{F
Design loads for reinforced concrete pipe (ASTM)
Design load, (N/m per mm diameter)
Class

To produce a 0.25 mm crack

Ultimate

I
II
III
IV
V

38.3
47.9
64.6
95.8
144.0

57.4
71.8
95.8
144.0
180.0

Manholes {

WK
K K
K K
K K
K K
K K

K60
K

- -

KW

WK
KE F

KE{ {F

Water Pressure Testing{

K

WK
K K

K
K

K K
K
K
Stages of Pipe Construction{
W K
K

K
KE{F

K
K
- -

K
K

K

KWE{F
- -

References
??EF K
K
? ? EF K
K
3. Chin, David A. (1999), Water Resources Engineering, Prentice Hall.
4. Hammer, J. Mark. & Hammer, J. Mark, Jr. (1996) Water and
wastewater Technology, 3rd Edition, Prentice-Hall, inc., New Jersey.
5. Lin, Shun D. & Lee, C. C. (2001), Water and Wastewater Calculations
Manual, McGraw-Hill Professional.
6. Mays, Larry W. (2001), Storm Water Collection Systems Design
Handbook, McGraw-Hill Professional.
7. Mays, Larry W. (1999), Water Distribution Systems Handbook,
McGraw-Hill Professional.
8. Qasim, Sayed R. (2000), Edward M. Motley and Guang Zhu. Water
Works Engineering Planning Design and Operations, Prentice Hall
PTR.
9. Steel, E. W. & Mcghee, Terence J. (1979), Water Supply and
Sewerage, 5th Edition, McGraw-Hill Inc.
10. Streeter, L. Victor & Wylie, E. Benjamin (1979), Fluid Mechanics, 7th
Edition, McGraw-Hill Inc.
11. Vennard, K. John & Street, L. Robert (1982) Elementary Fluid
Mechanics, 6th Edition, John Wiley & Sons Inc., New York.

- -

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EF
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