Mathematical Symbols

List of all mathematical symbols and signs - meaning and examples. Basic math symbols Geometry symbols Algebra symbols Probability & statistics symbols Set theory symbols Logic symbols Calc l s & analysis symbols ! mber symbols Gree" symbols #oman n merals

Basic math symbols

Symbol Symbol !ame Meaning $ definition %xample

& , . / 0 1 23 78 * ; <

e' als sign

e' ality

( & )*+ (,(.-/( (0-1( ) 4 2+*(3 & 56 725*)3925*(38 & 5: 5*5&) );5&5 + < ( & : and -) + ( & -) and :

not e' al sign ine' ality strict ine' ality strict ine' ality ine' ality ine' ality parentheses brac"ets pl s sign min s sign pl s - min s min s - pl s greater than less than greater than or e' al to less than or e' al to calc late expression inside first calc late expression inside first addition s btraction both pl s and min s operations both min s and pl s operations

9 4 = > $ @ . ab a^b Ga
+ -

asteris" times sign

m ltiplication m ltiplication

)9+&6 )4+&6 )=+&6 6>)&+ 6$)&+

m ltiplication m ltiplication dot di?ision sign $ obel s di?ision

di?ision slash di?ision horiAontal line di?ision $ fraction remainder calc lation decimal pointC decimal separator exponent exponent

mod mod lo
period poEer caret s' are root c be root fo rth root n-th root 2radical3 percent per-mille

B mod ) & 5 ).(6 & )*(6$5DD )+ & : ) F +& : GH & <+

+

Ga Ga = a
+

Ga Ga Ga I

Ga +a +a = a a a a = a
-

G: & ) G56 & <)

Ga

for n&+C nG: & ) 5I & 5$5DD 5J & 5$5DDD & D.5I 5ppm & 5$5DDDDDD 5ppb & 5$5DDDDDDDDD 5ppt & 5D-5) 5DI 4 +D & + 5DJ 4 +D & D.+ 5Dppm 4 +D & D.DDD+ 5Dppb 4 +D & +45D-B 5Dppt 4 +D & +45D-5D

ppm per-million ppb per-billion ppt per-trillion

Geometry symbols
Symbol

Symbol !ame

Meaning $ definition

%xample

angle meas red angle spherical angle

formed by tEo rays

ABC & +DK ABC & +DK ALB & +DK

M K O OO

right angle degree arcmin te arcsecond line

& HDK 5 t rn & +6DK 5K & 6DO 5O & 6DOO

infinite line line from point A to point B line that start from point A arc from point A to point B perpendic lar lines 2HDK angle3 parallel lines e' i?alence of geometric shapes and siAe same shapesC not same siAe triangle shape distance betEeen points x and y

N & HDK N & 6DK N & 6DK(HP N & 6DK(HP(HPP

AB

line segment ray arc

& 6DK AC | BC AB QQ CR SABC STUV SABC ~ STUV XABC XBCR Q x-y Q & ( c & =d & )==r +6DK & )Y rad +6DK & -DD grad

| || W X |x-yQ Y
rad

perpendic lar parallel congr ent to similarity triangle distance

pi constant radians

& +.5-5(H)6(-...
is the ratio betEeen the circ mference and diameter of a circle

radians angle nit grads angle nit

grad grads

Algebra symbols
Symbol

Symbol !ame x ?ariable e' i?alence e' al by definition e' al by definition approximately e' al approximately e' al proportional to lemniscate m ch less than m ch greater than parentheses brac"ets braces floor brac"ets ceiling brac"ets exclamation mar" single ?ertical bar f nction of x

Meaning $ definition n"noEn ?al e to find identical to e' al by definition e' al by definition Eea" approximation approximation proportional to infinity symbol m ch less than m ch greater than calc late expression inside first calc late expression inside first set ro nds n mber to loEer integer ro nds n mber to pper integer factorial absol te ?al e maps ?al es of x to f2x3

%xample

x Z := W [ \ 23 78 ]^ x x x_ QxQ f 2x3

Ehen )x & -C then x & )

55 W 5D sin2D.D53 [ D.D5 f2x3 g2x3

5 5DDDDDD 5DDDDDD 5 ) 9 2+*(3 & 56 725*)3925*(38 & 5:

-.+= -.+= ( -_ & 59)9+9- & )Q -( Q & ( f 2x3 & +x*(

2f g3 composition

f nction

2f g3 2x3 & f 2g2x33

f 2x3&+xC g2x3&x-5 2f g3 2x3&+2x-53

2aCb3 7aCb8 S S ` `` a e c d Y

open inter?al closed inter?al delta discriminant sigma sigma capital pi e constant $ % lerPs n mber % lerMascheroni constant golden ratio

2aCb3 & ]x Q a / x / b^ x 2)C63 7aCb8 & ]x Q a 1 x 1 b^ x 7)C68

change $ difference

St & t5 - tD

X & b) - -ac
s mmation - s m of all ?al es in range of series do ble s mmation prod ct - prod ct of all ?al es in range of series

` xi= x5+x)+...+xn

a xi=x5x)...xn e & lim 25*5$x3x C xb\

e & ).B5:):5:):... c & D.()BB)5(66...

golden ratio constant

& +.5-5(H)6(-...
pi constant
is the ratio betEeen the circ mference and diameter of a circle

c & =d & )==r

Linear Algebra Symbols

Symbol Symbol !ame Meaning $ definition %xample

= 4 A B 78

dot cross tensor prod ct inner prod ct brac"ets

scalar prod ct ?ector prod ct tensor prod ct of A and B

a=b a4b AB

matrix of n mbers

23 QAQ det2A3 QQ x QQ Ae A A9 A -5

parentheses determinant determinant do ble ?ertical bars transpose fermitian matrix fermitian matrix in?erse matrix

matrix of n mbers determinant of matrix A determinant of matrix A norm matrix transpose matrix cong gate transpose matrix cong gate transpose

2Ae3ij & 2A3ji 2A3ij & 2A3ji 2A*3ij & 2A3ji

ran"2A3 & + ran"2U3 & +

A A-5 & I
ran" of matrix A dimension of matrix A

ran"2A3 matrix ran" dim2U3 dimension

Probability and statistics symbols

Symbol Symbol !ame probability f nction probability of e?ents intersection probability of e?ents nion conditional probability f nction probability density f nction 2pdf3 Meaning $ definition probability of e?ent A probability that of e?ents A and B probability that of e?ents A or B probability of e?ent A gi?en e?ent B occ red %xample

P2 A3 P2A h B3 P2 A B3 P2A Q B3 f 2x3

P2A3 & D.( P2AhB3 & D.( P2AB3 & D.( P2A | B3 & D.+

P2a 1 x 1 b3 & f 2x3dx

F2x3 ! "2 3 "2 | #3 %ar2 3 i$ std2 3 i

c m lati?e distrib tion f nction 2cdf3 pop lation mean expectation ?al e conditional expectation ?ariance ?ariance standard de?iation standard de?iation median

F2x3 & P2 1 x3
mean of pop lation ?al es expected ?al e of random ?ariable T expected ?al e of random ?ariable T gi?en U ?ariance of random ?ariable T ?ariance of pop lation ?al es standard de?iation of random ?ariable T standard de?iation ?al e of random ?ariable T middle ?al e of random ?ariable x co?ariance of random ?ariables T and U correlation of random ?ariables T and U correlation of random ?ariables T and U s mmation - s m of all ?al es in range of series do ble s mmation ?al e that occ rs most fre' ently in pop lation

! & 5D "2 3 & 5D "2 | #=$3 & ( %ar2 3 & i$ & std2 3 & ) i &)

c&%2 C#3 c&rr2 C#3 ( C# ` `` )&

co?ariance correlation correlation

c&%2 '#3 & c&rr2 '#3 & D.6 ( C# & D.6

s mmation

do ble s mmation

mode

)* )d j5 j) j+ x s) s ,x W
-2!C.)3 U2aCb3 ex/2k3

mid-range sample median loEer $ first ' artile

)* & 2x+ax*x+in3$)
half the pop lation is beloE this ?al e )(I of pop lation are beloE this ?al e

(DI of pop lation are median $ second beloE this ?al e & ' artile median of samples pper $ third ' artile sample mean sample ?ariance B(I of pop lation are beloE this ?al e a?erage $ arithmetic mean pop lation samples ?ariance estimator

x & 2)*(*H3 $ + & (.+++ s) & s&)

pop lation samples sample standard standard de?iation de?iation estimator standard score distrib tion of T normal distrib tion niform distrib tion exponential distrib tion gamma

,x & 2x-x3 $ sx
distrib tion of random ?ariable T ga ssian distrib tion e' al probability in range aCb

W -2DC+3 W -2DC+3 W U2DC+3

f 2x3 = 0e-0x C x0D f 2x3 = 0 c xc-5e-0x $ l2c3C x0D f 2x3 = x1$)-5e-x$) $ 2 )"$) l21$)3 3

ga++a2cC k3 distrib tion m )213 F 215' 1)3 Bin2nC/3

chi-s' are distrib tion n distrib tion binomial distrib tion

f 213 = n21 /1253/3n3

1

P&iss&n2k3 Poisson

f 213 = 01e-0 $ 1_

distrib tion

4e&+2/3

geometric distrib tion hyper-geometric Berno lli distrib tion

f 213 = / 253/3 1

542-C6Cn3 distrib tion Bern2/3

Combinatorics Symbols
Symbol Symbol !ame factorial perm tation Meaning $ definition %xample

n_
n n

n_ & 5=)=+=...=n

(_ & 5=)=+=-=( & 5)D

(

P1

P+ = (_ $ 2(-+3_ & 6D

21
combination
(

2+ = (_$7+_2(-+3_8&5D

Set theory symbols

Symbol

Symbol !ame set intersection nion s bset proper s bset $ strict s bset not s bset

Meaning $ definition a collection of elements obgects that belong to set A and set B obgects that belong to set A or set B s bset has feEer elements or e' al to the set s bset has feEer elements than the set left set not a s bset of right set

%xample

]^ AB AB AB AB AB

A & ]+CBCHC5-^C B & ]HC5-C):^ A B & ]HC5-^ A B & ]+CBCHC5-C):^ ]HC5-C):^ ]HC5-C):^ ]HC5-^ ]HC5-C):^ ]HC66^ ]HC5-C):^

AB AB AB )A

s perset

set A has more elements or e' al to the set B

]HC5-C):^ ]HC5-C):^ ]HC5-C):^ ]HC5-^ ]HC5-C):^ ]HC66^

proper s perset $ set A has more elements strict s perset than set B not s perset poEer set poEer set set A is not a s perset of set B all s bsets of A all s bsets of A both sets ha?e the same members all the obgects that do not belong to set A obgects that belong to A and not to B

A&B Ac AoB A-B ASB AB aA xA 2aCb3 A4B

e' ality

A&]+CHC5-^C B&]+CHC5-^C A&B

complement

relati?e complement

A & ]+CHC5-^C B & ]5C)C+^C A-B & ]HC5-^ A & ]+CHC5-^C B & ]5C)C+^C A-B & ]HC5-^ A & ]+CHC5-^C B & ]5C)C+^C A S B & ]5C)CHC5-^ A & ]+CHC5-^C B & ]5C)C+^C A B & ]5C)CHC5-^ A&]+CHC5-^C + A A&]+CHC5-^C 5 A

relati?e complement

obgects that belong to A and not to B obgects that belong to A or B b t not to their intersection obgects that belong to A or B b t not to their intersection set membership no set membership collection of ) elements set of all ordered pairs from A and B

symmetric difference

symmetric difference element of not element of ordered pair cartesian prod ct

QAQ pA

cardinality cardinality aleph-n ll aleph-one

the n mber of elements of set A the n mber of elements of set A infinite cardinality of nat ral n mbers set cardinality of co ntable ordinal n mbers set

A&]+CHC5-^C QAQ&+ A&]+CHC5-^C pA&+

empty set ni?ersal set nat ral n mbers $ Ehole n mbers set 2Eith Aero3 nat ral n mbers $ Ehole n mbers set 2Eitho t Aero3 integer n mbers set rational n mbers set real n mbers set complex n mbers set

q&]^
set of all possible ?al es

C & ]q^

& ]DC5C)C+C-C...^

& ]5C)C+C-C(C...^

& ]...-+C-)C5CDC5C)C+C...^

-6

& ]x Q x&a$bC aCb )$6 ^ & ]x Q -\ / x /\^ & ], Q ,=a*biC -\/a/\C -\/b/\^ 6.+-+-+- 6*)i

Logic symbols
Symbol Symbol !ame and caret $ circ mflex and and Meaning $ definition %xample

x y xFy

& * Q xP x r _ W
Symbol

ampersand pl s re?ersed caret ?ertical line single ' ote bar not exclamation mar" circled pl s $ opl s tilde implies e' i?alent for all there exists there does not exists therefore beca se $ since

and or or or not - negation not - negation not - negation not - negation excl si?e or - xor negation

x&y x*y xy xQy xP x rx _x xy Wx

if and only if

Calc l s & analysis symbols

Symbol !ame limit Meaning $ definition limit ?al e of a f nction %xample

7 e yP y PP y2n3

epsilon e constant $ % lerPs n mber deri?ati?e second deri?ati?e nth deri?ati?e deri?ati?e

represents a ?ery small n mberC near Aero

7bD e & lim 25*5$x3x Cxb\ 2+x+3P & Hx) 2+x+3PP & 5:x 2+x+32+3 & 5: d2+x+3$dx & Hx) d)2+x+3$dx) & 5:x

e & ).B5:):5:):...
deri?ati?e - LeibniAPs notation deri?ati?e of deri?ati?e n times deri?ation deri?ati?e - LagrangePs notation deri?ati?e of deri?ati?e

second deri?ati?e

nth deri?ati?e time deri?ati?e time second deri?ati?e partial deri?ati?e

n times deri?ation deri?ati?e by time - !eEton notation deri?ati?e of deri?ati?e

s2x)*y)3$sx & )x
opposite to deri?ation integration of f nction of ) ?ariables integration of f nction of + ?ariables

integral do ble integral triple integral closed conto r $ line integral closed s rface integral

closed ?ol me integral

7aCb8 2aCb3 i ,9 , "

closed inter?al open inter?al imaginary nit complex cong gate complex cong gate nabla $ del ?ector nit ?ector

7aCb8 & ]x Q a 1 x 1 b^ 2aCb3 & ]x Q a / x / b^ i Z G-5 , & a*bi b ,9&a-bi , & a*bi b , & a-bi
gradient $ di?ergence operator

, & + * )i ,8 & + * )i , & + * )i "f 2xCyC,3

x9y

con?ol tion Laplace transform no rier transform

y2t3 & x2t3 9 92t3 F2s3 & ]f 2t3^ 2:3 & ]f 2t3^

; \
!ame Aero one tEo three fo r fi?e

delta f nction lemniscate infinity symbol

! meral symbols
% ropean #oman find Arabic febreE

D 5 ) + ( t tt ttt tu u

six se?en eight nine ten ele?en tEel?e thirteen fo rteen fifteen sixteen se?enteen eighteen nineteen tEenty thirty fo rty fifty sixty se?enty eighty ninety one h ndred

6 B : H 5D 55 5) 5+ 55( 56 5B 5: 5H )D +D -D (D 6D BD :D HD 5DD

ut utt uttt tT T Tt Ttt Tttt Ttu Tu Tut Tutt Tuttt TtT TT TTT TL L LT LTT LTTT TC C

! " # $ % &

Gree" alphabet letters

Gree" Symbol vpper Case LoEer Case Gree" Letter !ame Alpha Beta Gamma Relta %psilon Veta %ta eheta tota appa Lambda M ! Ti Lmicron Pi #ho Sigma %nglish %' i?alent a b g d e A h th i " l m n x o p r s Pron nciation al-fa be-ta ga-ma del-ta ep-si-lon Ae-ta eh-ta te-ta io-ta "a-pa lam-da m-yoo noo x-ee o-mee-c-ron pa-yee roE sig-ma

w x l X { }

N y c z | ~ k Y i

d m
! mber

ea vpsilon Phi Chi Psi Lmega

ta-oo oo-psi-lon

ph ch ps o

f-ee "h-ee p-see o-me-ga

#oman n merals
#oman n meral

D 5 ) + ( 6 B : H 5D 55 5)

not defined t tt ttt tu u ut utt uttt tT T Tt Ttt

5+ 55( 56 5B 5: 5H )D +D -D (D 6D BD :D HD 5DD )DD +DD -DD (DD 6DD BDD :DD

Tttt Ttu Tu Tut Tutt Tuttt TtT TT TTT TL L LT LTT LTTT TC C CC CCC CR R RC RCC RCCC

HDD 5DDD (DDD 5DDDD (DDDD 5DDDDD (DDDDD 5DDDDDD

CM M u T L C R M

See also

Algebra symbols Geometry symbols Statistical symbols Logic symbols Set theory symbols Calc l s & analysis symbols ! mber symbols Gree" alphabet symbols #oman n merals tnfinity symbol Math calc lators

rite hoE to impro?e this page

!ame %-mail

MATH SYMBOLS

Basic math symbols Algebra symbols Geometry symbols Statistical symbols Logic symbols Set symbols Calc l s symbols ! mber symbols Gree" symbols #oman n merals Add to na?orites #ecommend Site Send needbac" Abo t

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