EXPERIMENT REPORT

Factor that Influence on Speed of Reaction

GROUP V : PUTRI MEGA ANANDA ZAIMATUL UMAH RADIAN DANY APRILIA (123194205) (123194232) (123194236)

THE STATE UNIVERSITY OF SURABAYA

FA ULTY OF MATHEMATI ! AND NATURAL ! IEN E! " DEPARTMENT OF HEMI!TRY 2012
A# TITLE : Factor that influence on speed of reaction

$# #

DATE OF EXPERIMENT PURPO!E

: November 6th 2012

: To test factor that influence reaction rate that is substance concentration : Surface area touches, temperature and catalyst

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THEORY

The rate of a reaction is the speed at which a reaction happens !f a reaction has a low rate, that means the molecules combine at a slower speed than a reaction with a hi"h rate Some reactions ta#e hundreds, maybe even thousands, of years while others can happen in less than one second The rate of reaction depends on the type of molecules that are combinin" !f you want to thin# of a very slow reaction, thin# about how lon" it too# dinosaur bones to become fossils throu"h brea#down $ou can than# chemical processes in bacteria for most of those dinosaur bones in the museum There is another bi" idea for rates of reaction called collision theory The collision theory says that as more collisions in a system occur, there will be more combinations of molecules bouncin" into each other !f there are a hi"her number of collisions in a system, more combinations of molecules can occur The reaction will "o faster and the rate of that reaction will be hi"her %ven thou"h they are both li&uids, thin# about how slowly molecules move in honey when compared to your soda There are a lower number of collisions in the honey 'eactions happen ( no matter what )hemicals are always combinin" or brea#in" down The reactions happen over and over, but not always at the same speed * few thin"s affect the overall speed of the reaction and the number of collisions that can occur

Factors influencing rate of reaction

The nature of the reaction: Some reactions are naturally faster than others The number of reactin" species, their physical state +the particles that form solids move much more slowly than those of "ases or those in solution,, the comple-ity of the reaction and other factors can influence "reatly the rate of a reaction Concentration: 'eaction rate increases with concentration, as described by the rate law and e-plained by collision theory *s

reactant concentration increases, the fre&uency of collision increases

Pressure: The rate of "aseous reactions increases with pressure, which is, in fact, e&uivalent to an increase in concentration of the "as The reaction rate increases in the direction where there are fewer moles of "as and decreases in the reverse direction For condensed(phase reactions, the pressure dependence is wea# Order: The order of the reaction controls how the reactant concentration +or pressure, affects reaction rate Temperature: .sually conductin" a reaction at a hi"her temperature delivers more ener"y into the system and increases the reaction rate by causin" more collisions between particles, as e-plained by collision theory /owever, the main reason that temperature increases the rate of reaction is that more of the collidin" particles will have the necessary activation ener"y resultin" in more successful collisions +when bonds are formed between reactants, The influence of temperature is described by the *rrhenius e&uation *s a rule of thumb, reaction rates for many reactions double for every 10 de"rees )elsius increase in temperature, thou"h the effect of temperature may be very much lar"er or smaller than this

For e-ample, coal burns in a fireplace in the presence of o-y"en, but it does not when it is stored at room temperature The reaction is spontaneous at low and hi"h temperatures but at room temperature its rate is so slow that it is ne"li"ible The increase in temperature, as created by a match, allows the reaction to start and then it heats itself, because it is e-othermic That is valid for many other fuels, such as methane, butane, and hydro"en 'eaction rates can be independent of temperature + non-Arrhenius, or decrease with increasin" temperature +anti-Arrhenius, 'eactions without an activation barrier +e " , some radical reactions,, tend to have anti *rrhenius temperature dependence: the rate constant decreases with increasin" temperature

Solvent : 0any reactions ta#e place in solution and the properties of the solvent affect the reaction rate The ionic stren"th also has an effect on reaction rate Electromagnetic radiation and intensity of light : %lectroma"netic radiation is a form of ener"y *s such, it may speed up the rate or even ma#e a reaction spontaneous as it provides the particles of the reactants with more ener"y This ener"y is in one way or another

stored in the reactin" particles +it may brea# bonds, promote molecules to electronically or vibrationally e-cited states , creatin" intermediate species that react easily *s the intensity of li"ht increases, the particles absorb more ener"y and hence the rate of reaction increases For e-ample, when methane reacts with chlorine in the dar#, the reaction rate is very slow !t can be sped up when the mi-ture is put under diffused li"ht !n bri"ht sunli"ht, the reaction is e-plosive

A catalyst : The presence of a catalyst increases the reaction rate +in both the forward and reverse reactions, by providin" an alternative pathway with a lower activation ener"y

For e-ample, platinum cataly1es the combustion of hydro"en with o-y"en at room temperature

Isotopes: The #inetic isotope effect consists in a different reaction rate for the same molecule if it has different isotopes, usually hydro"en isotopes, because of the mass difference between hydro"en and deuterium Surface Area: !n reactions on surfaces, which ta#e place for e-ample durin" hetero"eneous catalysis, the rate of reaction increases as the surface area does That is because more particles of the solid are e-posed and can be hit by reactant molecules Stirring: Stirrin" can have a stron" effect on the rate of reaction for hetero"eneous reactions

*ll the factors that affect a reaction rate, e-cept for concentration and reaction order, are ta#en into account in the rate e&uation of the reaction Examples For the reaction

The rate e&uation +or rate e-pression, is:

The rate e&uation does not simply reflect the reactants stoichiometric coefficients in the overall reaction: !t is first order in / 2, althou"h the stoichiometric coefficient is 2 and it is second order in N2 !n chemical #inetics, the overall reaction is usually proposed to occur throu"h a number of elementary steps Not all of these steps affect the rate of reaction3 normally it is only the slowest elementary step that affect the reaction rate For e-ample, in: 1 2 4 +fast e&uilibrium, +slow, +fast,

'eactions 1 and 4 are very rapid compared to the second, so it is the slowest reaction that is reflected in the rate e&uation The slow step is considered the rate determinin" step The orders of the rate e&uation are those from the rate determinin" step.

D. DESIGN OF EXPERIMEN ! a, %&uipment and 0aterials %&uipment 0easurin" flas# 250ml Stopwatch 0easure "lass 100ml )lamper 6ipette 7ea#er 8lass 100ml 0ortal and alu 7allon Tube reaction and rac# 8lass strin" 0aterial /)9 Na2S224 )a)24 ;0n2: /2)22: /2S2: b, %-periment Steps Concentration that influence the rate of reaction 'eaction between sodium thiosulfate and hydrochloric acid 1 6repare bea#er "lass *,7 and ),stopwatch,5ml /)9 40,5ml and <,5ml /22 2 6our 5ml sodium thiosulfate solution into bea#er "lass *,7,) 4 *dd and sha#e 5ml /)9 40, 5ml /22 and <,5ml /22 into bea#er "lass *,7 and ) : 'un stopwatch when we add /)9 40 into bea#er "lass * 5 =o the same thin" for bea#er "lass 7 and ) Surface area thta influence the rate of reaction 'eaction between )alsium )arbonate 1 6repare ballon,measurin" flas#,stopwatch, /)9,)a)24,mortal and alu

40,20 and 10 10 30,10 : "rain 0,010 0,050 0,010

2 Fill ballon with )a)24 and connect it into mesurin" flas# that contain 10ml /)9 10 4 'un stopwatch when )a)24 fall into /)9 : 'epeat this step with chan"e )a)24 which have been smoothedwith mortal and alu 5 )ompare the time Temperature that influence rate of reaction 'eaction between pottasium perman"anateand o-alic acid 1 6repare 10 drop o-alic acid,pottasium perman"anate,stopwatch and test tube 2 =ilute 10 drop of o-alid acid with water until the volume 5ml +solution *, =o it for pottasium perman"anate +solution 7, 4 %nter 2 drop solution *,2 drop sulfate acid 0,5 0, measure the temperature and add 1 drop solution 7 'un the stopwatch when 1 drop of solution 7 addin" : 'epeat this step for the temperature 45>),:0>),:5>) and 50>) with boiled test tube that consist of solution *and 2 drop sulfate acid0,50 solution into water bath +do boiled of substance be"in hi"h temperature, Then add 1 drop solution 7

Catalist that influence rate of reaction 1 6repare tube reaction,10 drop ;0n2:,water and 1drop man"anase+!!,sulfate 2 Ta#e 10 drop ;0n2: solution and diluted with water until volume become 10ml 4 %nter 2 drop o-alic acid?2drop Sulfate acid?1 drop ;0n2: diluted solution 'un stopwatch when we add ;mn2: and stop when the colour of ;0n2: lose : *dd ;0n2: diluted until the color lose 5 %nter 2 drop o-ali- acid, 2drop sulfate acid and 1drop man"anase +!!, sulfate *nd the last add 1 drop ;mn2:

and run stopwatch when we addin" ;0n2: and stoped it when the colour of ;0n2: lose

P%&'()*%(
". he effect of concentration on reaction rate. Reaction #et$een sodium tiosulfate %Na&S&O'( and h)drolic acid %*+l(
-+l Na !O" ( Entered into beaker glass A,B,C and D

(lass A - +, 'Cl

(lass B )* +, water & +, 'Cl ".

(lass C )+, water & +, 'Cl ".

(lass D +, water & +, 'Cl ".

Observed when it looks cloudy

/he ti+e it takes until the 0 disa11ears Reaction : Na ! O"#a$% & 'Cl#a$% NaCl#a$% & ' O#l% & !#s% & !O #g%

&.

he influence of surface area touches on reaction rate. Reaction #et$een +alsium +ar#onat %+a+O'( and *)drolic acid %*+l(
.arble o2 li+e stone )*+, 'Cl ). ( ( ( Added the li+e stone into a ballon Added 'Cl into a 2lask !et the ballon with the 2lask

Reaction: when the +arble o2 li+e stone 2alling into 'Cl

( /i+e 3

.easured the ti+e when ballon contents o2 CO Re1eated used the granule o2 ti+e stone

Reaction : CaCO"#s% & 'Cl#a$% 4 CaCl #a$% & ' O#l% & CO #g%

'.

he effect of temperature on a reaction rate ! Reaction #et$een Potassium Perman,anate %-MnO. ( and oxalic acid %*&+&O.(
)* dro1s ' C O5 & water

!olution B 6.nO5

dro1s solution A and

dro1s ' !O5 *,-.

(.easured the te+1erature # 2irst te+1erature %

) dro1 6.nO5 3 Added 3Run the sto1watch when in last dro1s 3.easured the readed ti+e /he color o2 the solution disa11ear 3 Re1eated again in te+1erature "-, 5*, 5-, -* C dro1s o2 solution A and dro1s 'Cl *,-. 3 'eated 2ro+ the higher te+1erature 3 ) dro1 6.nO5 'eated in

3 Added 3 .easured the ti+e /i+e Reaction :

6.nO5#a$% & -' C O5#a$% & "' !O5#a$% 4 .n!O5#a$% & )*CO #g% & 6 !O5#a$% & 7' O#s%

.. +atalis that influence rate reaction

Reaction tube ) dro1s ' C O5 & dro1s ' !O5 &

Reaction tube dro1s ' C O5 & 6.nO5 dro1s ' !O5 & )

) dro1 o2 a$ueous 6.nO5

dro1s .n!O5 & ) dro1 a$ueous

3 Run the sto1watch when the last added 3 3 3 Run the sto1watch when adding 6.nO5 !to11ed the sto1watch when the color disa11ear Re1eat until the 1er+anganate color disa11eared i++ediately with addition o2 dro1lets 1er+anganate

Reaction :
6.nO5#a$% & -' C O5#a$% & "' !O5#a$% 4 .n!O5#a$% & )*CO #g% & 6 !O5#a$% &7' O#l%

F. RES/0 S OF O1SER23 IONS

Perc 3lur -er5a 4e ). /he e22ect o2 concentration on

reaction rate. Reaction between sodiu+ tiosul2ate #Na ! O"% and hydrolic acid #'Cl% - +, Na !O5

Result
E+,(%-.(/0 1 $(1&%( (Na2S24 is colorless (/)l is colorless A10(% (the color of solution is yellow after mi8lass *:26,:1s 8lass7:46,2:s 8lass):4@,04s 8lass=::@,22s

Reaction
Na2S224+a&,?/)l+a& Na)l+a&,?/22+l,?S+s, ?S22+",

+onclution
The rate of chemical reaction is the chan"e in the consentration of reactants or products over time The rate is not constant, but varies continuously as concentration chan"e The rate law e-press the relationship of the reaction on the rate constant and the consentration of the reactant raised to, appropriate powers The rate constant # for a "iven reaction usually by lowerin" the value of %a

(lass A - +, 'Cl (lass B )* +, water & +, 'Cl ". (elas C )+, air & +, 'Cl ". (elas D +, air & +, 'Cl ".

Reaction tube ) dro1s ' C O5 &

Reaction tube dro1s ' C O5 & dro1s ' !O5 & )

* catalyst can be recoverd unchan"ed at the end of a reaction E+,(%-.(/02 $(1&%( /)l is colourless A10(% )a)24 put into ballon connect erlemeyer that contain 10 ml of /)l 10 is colorless with
()a)24+s,?2/)l+a&, )a)l2+a&,?/22+l,?)22+",

dro1s ' !O5 & ) dro1s /he in2luence area dro1 o2 o2 sur2ace .n!O5 & touches on reaction rate : a$ueous ) dro1 6.nO5 a$ueous Reaction between Calsiu+ 6.nO Carbonat #CaCO"% and 'ydrolic 5 acid #'Cl% Reaction: when the +arble o2 .arble o2 li+eli+e stone 2alling stone ) dro1 into 6.nO 'Cl )*+, 'Cl 5 ).

dro1s o2 solution A and /i+e dro1s 'Cl *,-. /i+e

G# Data and 3nal)sis

/here are 5 e81eri+ents to know the 2actor that 9n2luence velocity o2 rate reaction. 9n the 2irst e81eri+ent we test the in2luence o2 reactant concentration to the velocity o2 rate reaction. :e co+1are ti+e needed to react Na!O *,) . and 'Cl " . with di22erent concentration. :e could know the reaction is ha11en because there is color change. 9n the beginning Na!O and 'Cl is colorless but when both o2 the+ +i8ing the color change beco+e yellow. :e also +easure the ti+e needed to change the color and to get valid data we 1ut 8 sign under beaker glass.!o, we know certainly when is the ti+e o2 reaction ha11en. 9n this e81eri+ent we do two thing, in the 2irst we +any1ulate the concentration o2 Na !O and the concentration o2 'Cl is constant. tn the second we +any1ulate the concentration o2 'Cl with constant concentration o2 Na!O . ;ro+ this data we can 2ind the orde o2 reaction. :e also 1rove that concentration o2 reactant in2luence the velocity o2 rate reaction. 92 the concentration o2 reactant increase so the reaction is 2aster, and otherwise i2 the concentration o2 reactant is decrease the reaction will need +ore ti+e. 9n the second e81eri+ent we +i8 CaCo and 'Cl, then it 1roduce CaCl, CO, and 'O. CO is the "as formed in this reaction which ma#e ballon e-pand !n this e-periment we compare surface area of CaCo The first we react CaCo with bi""er shape with /)l and in second in we compare CaCo in the powder form with /)l The reaction of CaCo in powder form is faster than in bi""er shape So we #now that surface area is influence the velocity of rate reaction 0ore e-tensive surface area of a reactant touchin" the velocity of rate reaction is increase !n the third e-periment we test the influence of temperature to the velocity of rate reaction Ae do this e-periment by compare some reactant with different temperature and measure time needed to react Ae mi/)2 and /S2 and measure temperature as reactant Than we manypulate the temperature from hi"her to the lower temperature Then we add by ;0n2 Ae measure time until the color of ;0n2 lost Then we "et that the hi"hest of reactant temperature need fast time to react !t is

mean that temperature influence velocity of rate reaction !f the temperature of reactant is increase so the time needed to react is faster and if the temperature of reactant is decrease so the time needed to react is lon"er !n the last e-periment we test the influence of addin" catalis to the velocity of rate reaction !n this e-periment we compare two thin", the first without catalis and the second use 0nS2 as catalis The first we react /)2, /S2, and ;0n2 and then we measure time needed to lost color of ;0n2 The second we react / ) 2, / S2 , and ;0n2 and then we also measure time needed to lost color of ;0n2 Ae "et that the second reaction is faster !t is mean that catalis influence velocity of rate reaction !f we add catalis to the reaction it ma#e velocity of reaction is increase !t is because catalis decrease activation ener"y that needed by compond to react

*. +onclusion

The rate of chemical reaction is the chan"e in the concentration of reactants or products over time The rate is not constants, but varies continuously as concentration char"e The rate law e-press the relationship of the reaction to the rate constant and the concentration of the reactant raised to appropriate powers The rate constant # for a "iven reaction char"es only with temperature * catalyst speed up a reaction usually by lowerin" the value of %a * catalyst can be recovered unchan"ed at the end of a reaction

I. Reference
collage<se+ester)<che+istry/experiment/lajureaksi/laporan-laju-reaksi.html,19 mei 2012 en.wiki1edia.org<wiki<Reaction_rate che+3is3try.org<kategori<+ateri=ki+ia<ki+ia=2isika)<la>u=reaksi)< /i+ 6i+ia Dasar. *)*.?etun>uk ?raktiku+ 6i+ia Dasar ). @NE!A. !urabaya, 5

*ttachment

No 1

6icture

%-planation #E81eri+ent 9% 7ea#er "lass *

#E81eri+ent 9% 7ea#er "lass 7

#E81eri+ent 9% 7ea#er "lass )

#E81eri+ent 9% *dd 5 m9 /)l 4 0 to bea#er "lass * *nd measure the time

#E81eri+ent 9% *dd 5 m9 /)l 4 0 B 10 water to bea#er "lass 7