Economic Geology

Vol. 83, 1988, pp. 62-68

Fluid Inclusionand StableIsotope Studiesat the Chicote TungstenDeposit, Bolivia

PETER G. THORN

Departmentof Geology, MarischalCollege,University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB9 1AS,Scotland

Abstract

The Chicote tungstendepositis situatedalonga major north-northwestto south-southeast structural trend in lower Paleozoic sediments of the eastern cordillera of Bolivia. Kami

andAmutaraare ore deposits similarto Chicote;they occuralongthe samestructuraltrend over a distance of 35 km. No igneous rocksare exposed in the vicinity of thesemines.The tungsten-bearing veinsat Chicoteare restrictedto a zone of pervasive hydrothermalalteration extending over an area of 3,250 by 1,000 m with a verticalrangeof over 1,600 m. Whole-rockK-Ar datingof the sericite-richwall rock indicatesa maximumage of 26.1 m.y. for the mineralization. The mineral paragenesisfollows an oxide-sulfide-carbonate sequence.Peripheralto the tungsten mineralization is a zoneof tin-bearing veins. Fluid inclusionstudiesdemonstrate that the ore fluidsare complexbrineswith salinities of 5 to 48 equiv wt percent NaC1 and trapping temperaturesof 195 to 530C. The salinitiesand temperatures of the fluidsdisplaya progressive decreasewith time. Stable

isotope analyses for b80 andbD on veinquartzandsiderite suggest thatthe mineralizing

fluidswere magmatic in origin. Despite strongsimilarities in mineralogy between Chicote and other tungstendeposits, suchas Panasqueira in Portugaland PastoBueno and San Cristobalin Peru, there are importantdifferences. The ore fluidswere far moresalinethanthe typicalworldwidetrend and were dominantlymagmatic.The distal settingof the Chicote mineralizationfrom the parentfelsicintrusionis explained by migrationof ore fluidsalongthe majorAmutara-Chicote-Kamistructuralfeature.The hypersaline Chicoteore fluidsprovideda suitablemedium for the transportof tungstenand precipitationwasprobablycaused by a decrease in
temperature and pressure.
Introduction

THE Chicote tungstendepositis locatedin the eastern cordillera of the central Andes, 170 km south-

eastofLa Paz, andformspart of the Boliviantin belt (Fig. 1). The mineralization is found near the boundarybetween the plutonic-associated mineralization of northern Bolivia and the volcanic- to subvolcanic-associated mineralization to the south.

no igneous rocksare exposed in the vicinity of any of these deposits.The country rock at Chicote is composed of lower Paleozoicshales,siltstones, and sandstones (Thorn, 1985). The tungsten-bearing veinsform a sheetedvein complexrestrictedto a conspicuous areaof hydrothermal alteration which measures 3,250 by 1,000 m, with an exposed vertical rangeof 1,600 m at an altitude of 2,400 to 4,000
m. Sericite, silica, and tourmaline are the main al-

The plutonsof the northernprovinceoccupya narrow belt with their long axesparallel to the north-

teration products.Whole-rockK-Ar dating of pervasivelyaltered, sericite-richwall rock gave a maxinorthwest to south-southeast regional trend (Fig. mumageof 26.1 m.y. for the mineralization (Thorn, 1). The more northern of theseplutonsare Triassic 1985) which suggeststhat Chicote is associated in age (225-195 m.y.) whereasthoseto the south with the above-mentionedOligocene to Miocene are Oligocene to Miocene in age (28-19 m.y.) plutons. (McBride et al., 1983). Chicote is situated55 km The main tungsten-bearing veins reach a maxisoutheastof the Oligocene-Miocene plutons and mum thickness of i m; they trend east-northeast to lies on the same structural trend as the Kami and west-southwest and dip 50 to 80 S. A north to Amutaradeposits (insetFig. 1). This structuralfea- south traverse through the Chicote mine showsa ture is parallelto the regionaltrend andhasbeen an fan-shaped patternto the dip of the veinssuggesting importantcontrol on the locationof these ore de- some localized structural control on the veins such posits. Radiogenic agesof 23 to 12 m.y. havebeen as the intrusionof an underlyingpluton. The minrecorded for the volcanic- to subvolcanic-associated eral paragenesis(Fig. 2) follows the typical semineralization(Grant et al., 1979). quence observed in Bolivian tungsten deposits The tungsten deposits of Chicote, Kami, and (Kelly and Turneaure, 1970). Early quartz and arare followedby a mainperiodof quartzAmutaraare very similar;of particularnote is that senopyrite
0361-0128/88/770/62-752.50 62

INCLUSION ANDISOTOPE STUDIES, CHICOTE

7101
64ow

63

100 200
i i

PERU (;/.1
L.Ti 5 4 '".'Cho] Ilcl

tic BOLIVIA
)IASSIC PLUTONS

lS.S-

areas of obvious hydrothermal alterationto produce a continuous 9,000- by 3,000-m anomalylinking ChicoteandKami.A similaranomaly wasalsofound with the Rb/Sr ratio.
Experimental Techniques Fluid inclusions were studied in 25 vein samples of which 23 were quartz and two siderite. One

MIOCENE PLUTON! _/k > J.(.:hicote

osi

hundredand fifty heatingand 91 freezing experiments were carried out at the British Geological Survey,London, usinga LinkhamTH600 stagein conjunctionwith a Leitz Ortholux II microscope (Thorn, 1985). This resulted in 74 paired salinity and homogenization temperatures (Fig. 3). An SEM techniquefor examiningdaughterminerals and fluid inclusion precipitates formed on breakingthe host mineral has been describedby Metzger et al. (1977); a similarmethodwasusedin this study.Chipsof vein quartzwere coatedwith a

thinlayer(ca.25 ) of gold. Interference fromthe

gold analyticalline is minimized by keeping this coating asthin aspossible. An ISI 40 SEM wasused,
inclusioncavitieswere located in its scanning mode,

and specificdaughtermineralsand inclusionprecipitateswere analyzedusingthe spot mode. The resultingenergy spectrumwas processed using a Link 860-200 analyzer and individual analytical
lines of elements with atomic numbers above 11

FIG. 1. Locationof the Chicotetungstendeposit.Extent of Bolivian tin belt, Triassic and Oligocene-Mioceneplutons are shown. Inset shows detail of the relationship of Chicoteto major structural lineaments andOligocene-Miocene plutons. The structural information is takenfrom Claureand Minaya(1979) andthe agedatingfrom McBrideet al. (1983).

were identified. It is often possibleto identify an unknowndaughtermineral by comparingits energy spectrumwith a known mineral. Siderite, pyrrhotite, and sphalerite from Chicotewere usedin this
manner (Thorn, 1985).

The gasanalyses were carried out by T. J. Shepherd at the BritishGeologicalSurveyin Londonby

pyrrhotite-ferberite.Pyrite, marcasite, siderite,and sphaleriteare the dominantlate-stage mineralsand occurin the coresof steeplydippingveinsand also in horizontal crosscutting veins. This oxide-sulfidecarbonate paragenesisis characteristic of many tungstendepositsworldwide, for example, Panasqueira, Portugal (Kelly and Rye, 1979), and Weolog, SouthKorea (Fletcher, 1984). Peripheral to the tungsten mineralization is a
zone of tin mineralization. The tin is found as fineVERY

(1) (2) EARLY

5ERICITE QUARTZ TOURMALINE M A M

MAIN

LATE
....

_ATE RECENT

ARSENOPYRITE FERBERITE
PYRRHOT[TE

RUT[LE C R : -C
A R M ..... ......

Cu-Sn-fe SULPHIDE C HALCOPYRITE

Hlgh- SPHALERIT6 R
BI- 5ULPH05ALT5
PYR[TE

R
C

MARCASITE C !.me SPHALERITE c

GALENA R

'

......
........

grainedcassiterite associated with quartzandpyrite in clay-rich, fault gougematerial. A trace element rock chip survey encompassing the Chicote and Kami depositswas undertaken (Thorn, 1985). It is beyondthe scopeof this paper to discuss the resultsof this survey,but someof the more significant resultswill be mentioned.Anomalous geochemicaldispersionpatterns centered on
the Chicote and Kami alteration zones were ob-

SIOERITE
JAMESON[TE
YIV[ANITE

A
M
R

'

TUNGSTITE LIMONITE

M A

served for Cu, Zn, Sn, W, As, Mn, Rb, and Sr. Of

particular interest was the fact that the area of anomalouslyhigh Sn extended well beyond the

FIG. 2. Vein paragenesis at Chicote. The Cu-Sn-Fe sulfide is optically similarto stannite, but the formula of CulSn2.4FeS4 derivedfrommicroprobe analysis (Thorn,1985) differs significantly from theidealformula forstannite ofCuSnFeS4. Thismay represent a newmineral, butunfortunately therewas insufficient materialfor further X-ray analysis. The main-stage sphalerite contained 11.2 to 12.0percent Snwhereas the late-stage sphalerite contained only 1.6 to 3.3 percent(Thorn, 1985). Key: (1)
mineral abundance in veins; A -- abundant, C = common, M

= minor,R -- rare; ('2)minerals present in wall-rockalteration.

64

PETER G. THORN

Early & Main (a)

High temperature, Hgh sahnity Density= 105-120g/cm 3

/-I *'

' \ '\
10'

"..,/II I .._.,.//
/
0 92-1.05

---/ Ma,n (a) Hgh temperature, / Moderate sahmty Densdy'=O 86-0 99 g/cma

fs

/ Late
/
Densfly:

Moaerate Moderate temperature, sahmty

Densi ty =093 - 111 g/cm a
00
g/cm a

Low temperature Low sahmty

,0

HOMOGENIZATION TEMPERATURES Th (oC)

FzC.3. Plot o[ salinityversus omogenJzatJon temperatures. ey: B = pdmy inclusions in uartz, A = pseudosecondary inclusions in uartz, X = secondary inclusions in uartz, = pseudosecondary inclusions in sierite, = minimumvaluesbe[ore inclusion ecrepitate.

heatingthe crushedquartz samplein a vacuumto Freezing experiments showfirst-meltingtemperwith a mean of 550C and analyzing the evolved noncondensable atures of -56.9 to -29.1C gases by massspectrometry and the condensable -44.5C. This indicatesthat the fluidsare complex gases, such as CO2, by their partial pressures brines and not simple NaC1-H20 (Te (eutectic tem(Thorn, 1985). perature) = -20.81C; Potter et al., 1978) or NaC1-KC1-HO(Te = 22.3C; Roedder, 1971) sysFluid Inclusion Studies tems. Studiesby Roedder (1963) and Crawford et al. (1979) found that eutectic pointsbelow -35C Vein quartz and siderite were the only suitable appearonly to occurin CaCl-bearingsystems (e.g., = -55C and NaC1-CaC12mineralsfor fluid inclusion studies.Each sample NaC1-CaCI-HO wasclassified into one of three paragenetic groups: MgCI-HO = -57C). However.,these systems do early, quartz from the edge of steep veins; main, not accurately portraythe Chicotefluids.SEM analquartz from the center of the steepveins;and late, ysisof inclusionprecipitatesand daughterminerals quartz and siderite from the horizontal veins and indicates that the Chicote fluids contain major also siderite from the steep veins. These groups quantitiesof C1, Na, and K with minor amountsof broadly correspond to those shownin Figure 2. Ca, Mg, Fe, Mn, Zn, S, and Ti. Upon warmingmany The maximuminclusionsize is 100 m although frozeninclusions, onlyT andTmice (ice meltingtemmost are lessthan 5 m in diameter. Inclusions used perature) were observed whereas in others bein most heating-freezing measurements were 5 to tween one and three additionalphasechanges were 10 m, but some as small as 1 m were used. An seen.These additionalphasechanges have a trimoattempt was made to classifyeach inclusionas pri- dal distributionwith groupingsover the following mary, pseudosecondary, or secondary usingthe cri- temperature ranges: -29 to -18C, -15 to teria of Roedder (1979). Two inclusion typeswere -7C, and -7 to +4C (Thorn, 1985). A specific recognized:two-phase inclusions(type I) contain- solidphasedissolving or "blinking out" or a sudden ing liquid and vapor in which the vapor bubble change in the transparency of an inclusion was forms 0.5 to 25 vol percent of the inclusion;poly- taken to represent the disappearanceof a phase phaseinclusions (type II) containingliquid, vapor, formed on freezing.These changes were often very and one or more daughter minerals.At least five subtle and could easily passunnoticed. The only different solid phases were distinguished, although phase identified with confidenceon freezing the not all were identified.Microscopic and SEM exam- Chicote inclusions was ice (Tmice -- -20.7 to inations indicate that halite and siderite are the -3.3C). The other phase changes probably most abundantdaughter mineralswhereaspyrrho- represent various hydrates such as hydrohalite tite and rutile occur occasionally; a fibrousmineral (NaC1.2HO), CaCI. 6H20, MgCI. 12H20 (Roremained unidentified. No vapor-rich inclusions edder, 1972; Crawford et al., 1979) and CO hywere observed,suggesting that the fluidswere not drate (Collins, 1979). Fluid inclusionstudieson Boboiling. livian tin and tungstendeposits by Kelly and Tur-

INCLUSION AND ISOTOPE STUDIES, CHICOTE

65

neaure (1970) concluded that the fluids were simple NaC1-H20 or NaC1-KC1-H20 brines, thus the fluidsappearchemicallydistinctfrom the typical Bolivian Sn-W ore fluid.

TABLE1. Summary of the Fluid Evolutionat Chicote

Salinity, equiv

Mineralization
stage
Early Main(a) Main(b)
Late

T range
(C)
325-400 320-430 225-325
175-205

T range
(C)
335-500 335-530 235-425
195-295

wt percent
NaC1
38-48 17-48 10-22
5-11

Microscopicstudy of the Chicote inclusions did not reveal the presenceof CO which concurswith the findingsof Kelly and Turneaure (1970) of low
CO contents for Bolivian Sn-W fluids. However,

gas analysisof vein quartz recorded 0.74 to 3.20 mole percent CO (Thorn, 1985) which is not quite Homogenization temperatures 2 Trappingtemperatures derivedusingthe tablesof Potter as high as that observedat Panasqueira, Portugal (Kelly and Rye, 1979), but is comparableto that (1977) recorded from Hemerdon in southwest England (Shepherdet al., 1985). a cooling and a drop in salinity of the main-stage Salinitiesof 5 to 48 equiv wt percent NaC1 and fluidsprior to the depositionof late-stageminerals homogenization temperatures (Th) of 145 to at even lower temperatures and salinities (Thorn, 485C were observed. Salinities of unsaturated in1985). Unfortunatelyit was not possibleto distinclusions were estimatedusingthe equationof Pot- guishthe main stages (a) and (b) mineralogically. ter et al. (1978) on the assumption that the Chicote No salinitiesin the range 24 to 34 wt percent fluidscouldbe represented by a simpleNaC1-HO were observedat Chicote, suggesting that during system. It is generallyregardedthat salinities calcu- main stage (a), two fluids of differing salinities lated in this manneroffer a goodapproximation for coexisted (Fig. 3). However, boiling cannotbe used more complexbrines(Roedder,1979). The salinity asa mechanism to explainthe originof the two fluid of inclusions with halite daughtermineralswasesti- types (Kelly and Turneaure, 1970; Grant et al., mated usingthe data of Keevil (1942). 1980) and nor can the mixing of fluids from two Using the boiling point curvesof Haas (1971), a sourcesas at PastoBueno (Landis and Rye, 1974), minimumhydrostatic head of about 1,900 m would because the stableisotopedata from Chicote indibe required to prevent the boiling of the Chicote cate a singlesourcefor the fluids(seebelow). Shepfluids. However, if the veins were not open to the herd et al. (1985) stress the importanceof "immissurface,asis likely, there would be somelithostatic cibility events" in the developmentof a low-denpressureeffectwhich would reducethis depth esti- sity, low-salinity, CO2-richfluid anda high-density, mate. Usingthe availablestratigraphic data,Ahlfeld high-salinityfluid at the Hemerdon Sn-W deposit. andSchneider-Scherbina (1964) concluded that the Similar gapsin salinitydata have been reported at plutonic associated mineralization of northern Bo- SantaRita (Ahmad and Rose, 1980) and halite melivia formed at depthsof 6,000 to 10,000 m. This tastabilityhasbeen proposed as an explanation for doesnot take into accounterosion;Kelly and Tur- this feature (Roedder, 1984). Assuming that the saneaure (1970) believe that a more realisticestimate linity gap was not due to inadequatesampling,I is 2,000 to 4,000 m for depositssuch as Chicote. favor halite metastabilityas an explanationfor the The pressure at the time of mineralization could Chicote data becauseof the low-densitycontrast have fluctuatedbetween total hydrostaticand total betweenthe two fluids.This impliesthat the mainlithostatic. Thus,takinga depth of formationrange stage (a) fluids were a single fluid with salinities of 2,000 to 4,000 m, a maximumrange of 190 to coveringthe entire range of 17 to 48 wt percent. 1,000 barsmay have occurred.A temperaturecor- Ferberite deposition is considered to have occurred rectionof 10 to 100C (dependenton salinityand from these fluids. pressure)shouldbe applied to the homogenization Three samplesof quartz from the tin-bearing temperaturesto obtain the true trapping tempera- veins peripheral to the tungsten mineralization tures (Wt)(Table 1). were examined. The fluid inclusions in these samThe fluid evolution at Chicote is summarized in pleswere numerous but very smalland it wasonly Table 1. There is no obvious evidence of an increase possible to record sevenhomogenization temperain temperaturefrom the early to main stages of min- tures over the range 158 to 289C. No salinity eralization as has been noted in Bolivian Sn-W dedata were obtainedand no daughtermineralswere posits (Kelly and Turneaure, 1970; Grant et al., observed. 1980; Harwood, 1984 and 1985), at Pasto Bueno Stable Isotope Studies (LandisandRye, 1974), andPanasqueira (Kelly and Rye, 1979). On examinationof the distributionof Ten samplesof vein material were analyzed for Th results,the main stageof mineralization hasbeen 80 and D at the Scottish Universities Research dividedinto two groups: (a) and (b). They represent and Reactor Centre (Thorn, 1985). Seven of the

66

PETER G. THORN

samples were of quartz from the main stage(a), two of quartz from the main stage(b), and one sampleof late-stagesiderite (Table 2). Temperature correc-

o
-5

(%, SMOW)
0 5
15

tionswere appliedto the i]sO results for quartzand siderite using respectivelythe equation given by
Friedman and O'Neil (1977) and the data of Becker and Clayton (1976). The positionand closegroupingof the analyses,

woter

woter

with the exception of sample EK4, on the i]sO/D

plot (Fig. 4) suggest not only a singlesourcefor the fluids but also that the source was magmatic. The isotopeanalyses, of course,representan averageof all fluids in the sample and a possibleexplanation

Panasclueira)

(Posto Bueno)

EK2

EK1

for sample M2 beingslightly enriched in ixso, with

respectto the other main-stagesamples, is that this sample contains a higher proportionof low-temperature secondaryinclusions.Microscopicexamination of samplesEK1 and EK3, which are single quartz crystals, indicatedthat 90 percent of the inclusions are primary or pseudosecondary and thus the isotopicresultsof these samples canbe considered asrepresenting the fluidsat the time of deposition.

............. '.....

IEK3

Sid

(San Crislobel)

The isotopic compositioncould be obtained by the mixingof magmatic andconnate(metamorphic) fluids and iD enrichmentin sampleEK4 possibly supports this idea, but an even spreadof iD values between the two extremeswould be expected.Also the very low metamorphicgrade of the area does not lend supportto this idea. Mixing of magmatic
and meteoric water would result in isotopiccompo-

?
Tertiory meteoric
woters

sitions depletedin both O and iD and,with the possible exceptionof sampleEK3, there is no eviTABLE 2. StableIsotopeData from Chicote
lSo ISo 8D

FIG. 4. b]SO/bD diagram for the Chicotefluids.Isotopedata

from three other tungstendeposits are alsoplotted: PastoBueno (LandisandRye, 1974), Panasqueira (Kelly andRye, 1979), and SanCristobal(Campbellet al., 1984). The data for modernme-

teoricwater (bD = -95.6%0, b]SO: -13.3%o)andTertiarymeteoric watersat time of PastoBuenomineralization(9.5 m.y., D

Sample mineral corrected no. (%0) (%0)

M2 M7 M13 EK1 EK4 EK5 EK6 M22 EK3 EK2 15.96 14.39 12.99 13.82 12.67 13.54 12.64 16.58 14.48 18.03 9.69-13.61 8.12-12.04 6.72-10.64 7.55-11.47 6.40-10.32 7.27-11.19 6.37-10.29 6.59-12.52 4.49-10.42 7.0-12.3

fluidincl. (%0)
-68.2 -71.5 -67.5 -66.0 -55.9, -56.2 -71.8 -69.8 -70.4 -73.3 -65.3

= -145%o, ]So = -19.4%o) are taken from Landisand Rye (1974). Key: ]SO/D without]so temperature correction: Sample quartz, -- late-stage quartz,[] = late-stage siderdescription : main-stage ite; ]SO/D with ]so temperature correction: = 335 to 530C,quartz, ..... 235to 425C,quartz,- - - = 195to qz, main
qz, main qz, main qz, main qz, main qz, main qz, main qz, late qz, late sid, late

295C, siderite;qz -- quartz, sid = siderite.

dence of depletion. It is possibleto devisevarious routes by which the fluids have achieved their present isotopic composition, but the simplest model of a single magmaticsourceis considered mostappropriatewith the availableevidence.
Discussion and Conclusions

D valueswere measured on fluid inclusion watersextractedby

heating the sample, undervacuum, in a platinum crucible; ]so

valueswere measured on powdered mineral separates (A. E. Fallick, 1983, pers. commun.)

The fluids at Chicote were hotter (335-530C) and more saline (17-48 wt %) than typical tung] Calculatedover appropriatetemperaturerange usingthe sten-bearing ore fluids (300-400C and 5-10 wt data of Friedman and O'Neil (1977) and Becker and Clayton %, Manning,1984). This is a characteristic of Boli(1976) for quartz and siderite,respectively vian tungsten deposits (Kelly and Turneaure, 1970) 2 Qz = quartz, sid: siderite, Tt formain-stage quartz-- 335to 530C,T for late-stage quartz = 240to 425C,Tt for late-stage and is probablya reflectionof the stronglymagmasiderite = 195 to 295C. tic nature of the fluidsthat formed the plutonic-as-

INCLUSIONAND ISOTOPESTUDIES, CHICOTE

67

providedjointly by the NaturalEnvironsociated tin-tungsten deposits of northernBolivia, dentship and also the minor involvement of meteoric water in mental ResearchCouncil of the United Kingdom Corporation of Denver,Colorado. thesesystems. It is interesting to note the mineral- andthe Anschutz ogyandfluidinclusion dataof Triassic tungsten de- The fluid inclusionstudieswere conductedusing Survey,London, posits such as Chojlla (Harwood, 1984) are very facilitiesat the BritishGeological of T. J. Shepherd who is also similarto Oligocene/Miocene deposits suchasChi- underthe supervision cote. thankedfor carryingout gas analyses. The stable were carried out by A. E. Fallick The isotopedata providesstrongevidencefor a isotopeanalyses
magmatic source for the hydrothermal fluids at Chicote. This magmatic character is maintained even into the late stagesof mineralization associatedwith sideritedeposition. The absence of significantmeteoricinput to the Chicote ore fluidsis a notable feature when compared to other tungsten deposits, such as Pasto Bueno (Landis and Rye, 1974), Panasqueira (Kelly and Rye, 1979), and San Cristobal(Campbellet al., 1984), in which a major meteoriccomponent had been identified. Carbonate and bicarbonate complexesmay be important in the transport of tungsten (Higgins, 1980) and work by Shepherdet al. (1985) on the Hemerdondeposit wouldsuggest that the levelsof CO2 at Chicoteare significant in this respect.However,ManningandHenderson (1984) find no direct relationshipbetween tungstentransportand CO2 contentsof fluids.They have demonstrated experimentallythat tungstencanbe transported readily as chloride and phosphate complexesand conclude that chloride- or phosphate-rich hydrothermal solutionsderived from granitic melts may carry several thousand ppm tungsten. Thus, the very saline Chicote fluidswould have provided a suitablemedium for the transportof tungsten. Fluid boiling and the mixing of magmaticand meteoricwatershave been cited asimportantfactors in the depositionof tungstenat PastoBueno (LandisandRye, 1974), CarrockFell (Shepherd et al., 1976), and variousBoliviandeposits (Kelly and Turneaure, 1970). Neither of thesemechanisms has been of majorsignificance at Chicote.Experimental work by Eugsterand Wilson (1985) indicatesthat wolframite precipitationmay alsobe promotedby decreases in temperatureand pressure. These two mechanisms mayhavebeen responsible for precipitation and mineral zoning at Chicote.
and R. S. Harmon of the Scottish Universities Re-

search and Reactor Centre, East Kilbride. R. M.

Mcintyre alsoof the Scottish Universities Research andReactorCentre providedthe K-Ar datinganalysis. C. M. Rice of Aberdeen University is thanked for critically reviewing the manuscript.
October22, 1986; May 13, 1987
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Ahlfeld, F., and Schneider-Scherbina, A., 1964, Los yacimientos

hydrocarburos de Bolivia:Dept. Nac. Geologia Bol. 5, 388 p. Ahmad, S. N., and Rose, A. W., 1980, Fluid inclusions in porphyry andskarnore at SantaRita, New Mexico:ECON.GEOL.,
v. 75, p. 229-250.

Becker, R. H., andClayton, R. N., 1976, Oxygen isotope studyof

a Precambrian banded iron-formation, Hamersley Range, Western Australia: Geochim. et Cosmochim.Acta, v. 40, p.
1153-1165.

Burnol,L., Geoffroy,J., and Soler, P., 1978, Le tungstOne, ses principaux typesde gisements: Chron.Recherche MiniSre,no.
441, p. 27-43.

Campbell,A., Rye, D., and Peterson,U., 1984, A hydrogenand oxygen isotope studyof the SanCristobal mine,Peru:Implicationsof the role of waterto rockratio for the genesis of wolframite deposits: ECON. GEOL.,v. 79, p. 1818-1832. Claure, V. H., and Minaya, R. E., 1979, Mineralizacionde los
Andes Bolivianos en relacion con la Placa de Nazca: Bolivia

ServicioGeol., Ser. Sensores RemotosProgramadel Satelite Tecnologico de Recursos Naturales,no. 4, 50 p. Collins,P. L. F., 1979, Gashydratesin CO-bearingfluid inclusionsand the use of freezing data for estimationof salinity:
ECON. GEOL., v. 74, p. 1435-1444. Crawford, M. L., Kraus, D. W., and Hollister, L. S., 1979, Petro-

logicalandfluid inclusion studies of calc-silicate rocks, Prince Rupert, British Columbia: Am. Jour. Sci., v. 279, p.
1135-1159.

Chicoteis probablya distalrepresentative of the groupof tungsten deposits described by Burnolet al. (1978) in which quartz-wolframite veinsare as-

Eugster,H. P., andWilson,G. A., 1985, Transportanddeposition of ore-forming elementsin hydrothermal systems associated with granites,in High heat production(HHP) granites,hydrothermal circulation and ore genesis: London, Inst. Mining Metallurgy,p. 87-98. Fletcher, C. J. N., 1984, Strata-bound, vein and breccia-pipe tungstendepositsof South Korea: Inst. Mining Metallurgy
Trans., v. 93, sec. B, p. B176-B184.

sociated with a felsicplutonicintrusion.At Chicote the hydrothermal fluids have traveled a considerable distancefrom their parent magmaby exploitBolivian tin belt: ECON. GEOL., v. 74, p. 838-851. ing a major north-northwest to south-southeast Grant, J. N., Halls, C., Sheppard,S. M. F., and Avila, W., 1980,
structural feature.

Friedman,I., and O'Neil, J. R., 1977, Compilation of stableisotope fractionation factorsof geochemical interest:U.S. Geol. SurveyProf. Paper440-KK, fig. 17. Grant,J. N., Halls, C., Avila Salinas, W., andSnelling,N.J., 1979, K-Ar agesof igneousrocksand mineralization in part of the
Evolutionof the porphyrytin deposits of Bolivia:Soc.Mining Geologists JapanSpec.Issue8, p. 151-173. Haas, J. L., Jr., 1971, The effect of salinityon the maximum thermalgradientof a hydrothermalsystem at hydrostatic pressure: ECON. GEOL., v. 66, p. 940-946.

Acknowledgments This researchwas made possible by a Cooperative Awards in Sciences of the Environment stu-

Harwood,A., 1984, The tin-tungsten deposits associated with the

68

PETER G. THORN

Taquesi batholith,CordilleraReal, Bolivia:Unpub.Ph.D.

thesis, Wales,UniversityCollegeCardiff,441 p.

1977, Scanning electron microscopy of daughter minerals in

fluid inclusions:ECON. GEOL., v. 72, p. 141-152.

--

corrections for fluid inclusion 1985,Tungsten-tin mineralization at Chojllain theTaquesi Potter, R. W., II, 1977, Pressure homogenization temperatures based on volumetric properties batholith, Cordillera Real, Bolivia,in High heat production of the system NaCI-H20:U.S. Geol.Survey Jour.Research, v. (HHP) granites,hydrothermalcirculationand ore genesis: 5, p. 603-607. London,Inst. Mining Metallurgy, p. 549-562. Higgins, N. C,, 1980,Fluidinclusion evidence for thetransport Potter, R. W., II, Clynne, M. A., and Brown,D. L., 1978, Freez-

oftungsten bycarbonate complexes in hydrothermal solutions:

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