THE REPUBLIC OF UGANDA

ROAD AND BRIDGE WORKS

MINISTRY OF WORKS, HOUSING AND COMMUNICATIONS

ROAD DESIGN MANUAL

Vol. 1: Geo e!"#$ De%#&'

R2

()l* 2++,

FOREWORD
The Ministry of Works, Housing and Communications (MoWHC) Mission is to promote an adequate, safe and well maintained transport infrastructure, an efficient and effective communication system, safe housing and uildings so as to effectively contri ute to the socio!economic development of the country "n e#ercising this mission and in discharging its responsi ilities, the Ministry is issuing a series of $esign Manuals, %uidelines, Codes and &tandards, of which the '(oad $esign Manual )ol* +, %eometric $esign Manual- is one part thereof** The purpose of this manual is to serve as a nationally recogni.ed document, the application of which is deemed to serve as a standard reference and ready source of good practice for the geometric design of roads, and will assist in a cost effective operation and an environmentally sustaina le development of the country/s road network* The ma0or enefits to e gained in applying this document are the harmoni.ation of professional practice and the ensuring of appropriate levels of safety, health and economy with due consideration of the o 0ective conditions and need of the country* This manual is a technical document, which, y its very nature, requires periodic updating from time to time arising from the dynamic technological development and changes* The Ministry, therefore, welcomes comments and suggestions from any concerned odies, groups or individuals, as feed ack on all aspects of the document during the course of its implementation* 1ll feed acks received will e carefully reviewed y professional e#perts with a view to possi le incorporation of amendments in future editions* (o-' N.%.%#". M#'#%!e" M#'#%!"* o/ Wo"0%, Ho)%#'& .'1 Co )'#$.!#o'% 2++,

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SECTION 1 TABLE OF CONTENTS

SECTION 1 1 TABLE OF CONTENTS.............................................................................................1 1 SECTION 1: GENERAL.............................................................................................1

1.1 Introduction 1

1.1.1 General..........................................................................................................1 1.1.2 Purpose .........................................................................................................1 1.1.3 Scope.............................................................................................................1 1.1.4 Organization of the Manual ..........................................................................2
1.2. Units of Measurement and Language.................................................................................. 2

Table 1-1: efinitions of Prefi!es..................................................................................3 Table 1-2: "asic units# $ultiples an% sub-$ultiples......................................................3
1.3. Document Preparation ........................................................................................................ 3 1.4 Departures from Standards................................................................................................... 4 1.5 Definitions and Abbreviations.............................................................................................. 4

ABBREVIATIONS......................................................................................................5 DEFINITIONS.............................................................................................................8 TERMINOLOGIES...................................................................................................25

LIST OF TABLES Ta le +!+, $efinitions of 2refi#es*********************** 1.3rror, (eference source not found Ta le +!4, 5asic units, multiples and su !multiples****1.3rror, (eference source not found

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SECTION 1: GENERAL 1.1 INTRODUCTION

1.1.1 Ge'e".l

The %eometric $esign Manual sets forth the policy and standards to e adopted for the design of rural roads in 6ganda* %eometric $esign is an essential component in the design development of roads* This %eometric $esign Manual is one part of the revised and developed version of the (oad $esign Manual, 7ovem er +889* The revised and developed (oad $esign Manual is prepared in four parts* 2art ", 2art "", 2art """, 2art "), %eometric $esign Manual Hydrology and Hydraulics $esign 2avement $esign Manual 5ridge $esign Manual

This (oad $esign Manual supersedes the (oad $esign Manual of 7ovem er +889 and it is intended for use in the design of all rural roads in 6ganda*

1.1.2

P)"2o%e

The purpose of this design manual is to give guidance and recommendations to the engineers responsi le for the geometric design of rural roads in 6ganda*

1.1.3

S$o2e

The procedures for the geometric design of roads presented in this manual are applica le to all classified roads as defined in this %eometric $esign Manual* The contents of the manual are partly guidelines and recommendations to e considered, and partly standards which as a general rule should e adhered to* "n some instances special conditions may demand modifications to these standards, in which case special consideration should e given in consultation with the 3ngineer!"n! Chief* The use of the procedures descri ed in this manual should help in achieving reasona le uniformity in geometric design for a given set of conditions* "t is designed to assist the road design engineer in 6ganda and it is hoped that the road design engineer will contri ute y putting forward any proposals for further development and revision stemming from the actual field e#perience and practice and also which he considers will result in a etter and more economical design*

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1.1.4

O"&.'#5.!#o' o/ !-e M.').l

The manual is divided into +4 sections as follows, &ection + is dealing with general such as introduction, units of measurement, definition and a reviations* &ection 4 deals with preliminary design considerations* &pecifically, it lists procedures for identification of potential alignments in the route corridor selection process* &ection : is dedicated to survey requirements* &ection 9 is the road system, which discusses on the road categori.ation and classification in 6ganda* "t deals with division of roads into classes and design classes and also gives summary of geometric design parameters for the different design classes of road* &ection ; is dealing with design controls and criteria affecting the selection of the geometric design values* These include design vehicles, driver performance, traffic characteristics, capacity and level of service* &ection < is elements of design, which deals with the various sight distances, hori.ontal alignment and vertical alignment* &ection = is dealing with cross section elements, which discusses mainly on lane widths, shoulders, medians, clear .ones, right of way, side and ack slopes and gives typical cross sections of the different design classes of roads* &ection > discusses at!grade 0unctions, including design requirements, selection of 0unction type, t!0unctions, cross 0unctions and rounda outs? sight distances? and 0unction elements including turning lanes and traffic islands* &ection 8 is "nterchanges or grade!separated 0unctions &ection +@ is &peed Management, &ection ++ is Ather (oad Bacilities and &ection +4 is (oad Burniture, (oad Marking and Miscellaneous items*

1.2. UNITS OF MEASUREMENT AND LANGUAGE

The language of the manual is 3nglish* The standard units of measurement to e used are ased on the "nternational system (&") units* However, the units applica le to road design also include some units which are not strictly part of &"* Multiples and su !multiples of &" units are formed either prefi#es* $efinitions of applica le prefi#es are given elow* y the use of indices or e

The asic units and the derived and supplementary units which will normally required for road design are +isted in the ta le elow*

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T.6le 171: De/#'#!#o'% o/ P"e/#8e%

P"e/#8 mega kilo hecto deca deci centi milli Micro S* 6ol M C H da d c m F.$!o" 6* 9-#$- !-e )'#! #% )l!#2l#e1 +@< +@: +@4 +@ +@!+ +@!4 +@!: +@!<

T.6le 172: B.%#$ )'#!%,

I!e Dength Mass Time 1rea )olume (solids) )olume (liquid) $ensity Borce 2ressure and &tress )elocity (&peed) 1ngle Temperature U'#! Meter Cilogram &econd &quare meter Cu ic meter Ditre Cilogram per cu ic meter 7ewton 7ewton per square meter Meter per second $egree or grade $egree Celsius

)l!#2le% .'1 %)67 )l!#2le%

S* 6ol m kg s m4 m: l kgFm : 7 7Fm 4 mFs
A

Re$o

e'1e1 M)l!#2le% .'1 %)67 )l!#2le%

km, mm Mg, g, mg $ay (d), hour (h), minute (min) km 4 , hectare (+ha E +@,@@@m 4), mm 4 cm 4 , mm : ml (+mlE+@! : l, +mlE+cm :) +MgFm : E+kgF+@ : l, gFml M7, k7 (+7E+ kgmFs 4, +kgfE8*>+7) k7Fm 4 , 7Fmm 4 kmFh (+ kmFhE+F:*<(mFs)) Minute (G), second ('-) (:<@ o circle) (9@@ g circle)

g o C

1.3. DOCUMENT PREPARATION

(ecommended $rawing &cales The following scales are recommended when preparing detailed design drawings, plans and charts*

Docation Map (whole of 6ganda) Docation 2lan )aria le

+ in +,@@@,@@@ + in +,;@@,@@@ + in +,@@@,@@@ + in 4@@,@@@

Cey 2lan 2lan and Dongitudinal profile &ection 2lan Dongitudinal &ection Cross!&ections

%enerally

+ in ;@,@@@ + in 4,@@@ + in 4,@@@ + in 4@@

Hori.ontal )ertical

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Geo e!"#$ De%#&' M.').l "ndividual cross!sections Typical Cross &ection 2avement $etail (&how half cross section) $etails of Hunctions and Day 5yes $etails of Bencing and %ates $rainage $etails %uardrail $etails Culverts 5orrow 2it Cey 2lan Materials 6tili.ation chart Hori.ontal )ertical (ecommended $ocument &i.es The following si.es are recommended when preparing documents* $rawing &i.e Ariginals Tender $ocuments Ather $ocuments 1+ 2referred 1: (1+ reduced) 19 + in 4@,@@@ to suit + in 4@ + in 4@@F+@@F;@F4@F+@F; + in +@@F4;F+@ + in 4@@F+@@F;@F4; + in ;@,@@@

Se$!#o' 1 + in 4@@ F +F9@@ + in ;@ (natural) + in 4; (natural) + in 4;@F;@F+@ + in ;@@F+@@

1.4 DEPARTURES FROM STANDARDS

"t is anticipated that there may e situations where the designer will e compelled to deviate from these standards* 1n e#ample of a $eparture from &tandard could e the use of a gradient greater than the a solute ma#imum value and also the use of radius less than the allowa le minimum for any specified class of road* Where the designer departs from a standard, he must o tain written approval and authori.ation from the 3ngineer!"n!Chief of MoWHC* The $esigner shall su mit the following information to the 3ngineer!"n!Chief, The num er, name, and description of the road The facet of design for which a $eparture from &tandards is desired? 1 description of the standard, including normal value, and the value of the $eparture from &tandards The reason for the $eparture from &tandards, and 1ny mitigation to e applied in the interests of safety*

The $esigner must su mit all ma0or and minor $epartures from the &tandards and his proposal for approval* "f the proposed departures from the &tandards are accepta le, the departures from the &tandards will e given approval y the 3ngineer!"n!Chief*

1., DEFINITIONS AND ABBREVIATIONS

Dist of a reviations and definitions, relevant to geometric design as well as terminologies used for cross I section, hori.ontal curve, superelevation, are included here*

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ABBREVIATIONS A
AADT AASHTO ADT 1verage 1nnual $aily Traffic 1merican 1ssociation of &tate Highway and Transportation Afficials 1verage $aily Traffic

BVC

5eginning of )ertical Curve

C
CADD CL CMP CS CWW Computer!1ided $esign and $rafting Center line Corrugated metal pipe Curve to spiral Carriageway width

D
DHV DS DTM DV $aily High )olume $esign standard $igital Terrain Model $esign vehicle

E
E EVC 3#ternal distance 3nd of )ertical Curve

F
FSE Bull superelevation

G GPS %lo al 2ositioning &ystem 1.; M#'#%!"* o/ Wo"0%, Ho)%#'& .'1 Co )'#$.!#o'%

Geo e!"#$ De%#&' M.').l H HAL HCM Hori.ontal 1lignment Disting Highway Capacity Manual

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I L
LC LOS LW Dong chord Devel of service Dane width

M
MOFED MUTCD Ministry of Binance and 3conomic $evelopment Manual on 6niform Traffic Control $evices

P
PC PCN PI PIP POT PSD PT PVI 2oint of Curvature 2ro0ect Concept 7ote 2oint of "ntersection 2u lic "nvestment 2lan 2oint of Tangent 2assing &ight $istance 2oint of Tangency 2oint of )ertical "ntersection

R
RCP RFCS ROW RP RPSD RRW (einforced concrete pipe (oad Bunctional Classification &ystem (ight!of!way (eference 2oint (educed 2assing &ight $istance (oad reserve width

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S
S SSD &houlder &topping &ight $istance

TRL TRRL

Transport (esearch Da oratory Transport and (oad (esearch Da oratory

V
VPI )ertical 2oint of "ntersection

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DEFINITIONS A
A$$e%% Way where y the owner or occupier of any land has access to a pu lic road, whether directly or across land lying etween his sand and such pu lic road* A$$e%% $o'!"ol The condition where y the road agency either partially or fully controls the right of a utting owners or occupiers to direct access to and from a pu lic highway or road* A$$ele".!#o' L.'e 1n au#iliary lane to ena le a vehicle to increase its speed so that it can more safely merge with through traffic* A!7G".1e ()'$!#o' Hunction where all roadways 0oin or cross at the same level* A)8#l#."* L.'e 2art of the roadway ad0oining the carriageway for parking, speed change, turning, storage for turning, weaving, truck clim ing, and for other purposes supplementary to through traffic movement* A:e".&e A'').l D.#l* T".//#$ ;AADT< Total yearly traffic volume in days in the year* oth directions divided y the num er of

A:e".&e D.#l* T".//#$ ;ADT< Total num er of vehicles (traffic volume) during a given time period in whole days greater than one day and less than one year divided y the num er of days in that time period* A:e".&e ")''#'& %2ee1 The distance summation for all vehicles divided y the running time summation for all vehicles* 1lso referred to as space mean speed whereas time speed is simply the average of all recorded speeds* A8#% o/ "o!.!#o' The line a out which the pavement is rotated to superelevate the roadway*

B B.$0 Slo2e 1rea proceeding from ditch ottom to the limit of the earthworks*

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1 porta le or fi#ed arrier used to close all or a part of a road to vehicular traffic* Bo""o9 Material not o tained from roadway e#cavation ut secured y widening cuts, flattening cut ack slopes, e#cavating from sources ad0acent to the road within the right!of!way, or from selected orrow pits as may e noted on the plans* Boll."1 1 device placed on a street refuge or traffic island to provide a measure of protection for pedestrians and to warn drivers of these o structions* "t also usually indicates y means of a traffic sign the direction to e taken y vehicles* The device is generally illuminated at night* B"#1&e 1 structure erected with a deck for carrying traffic over or under an o struction and with a clear span of si# meters or more* Where the clear span is less than si# meters, reference is to a culvert* B)% L.*7B*e% Day! y reserved for pu lic service vehicles* B*2.%% 1 road on the fringe of a town or village to ena le through traffic to avoid congested areas or other o structions to movement*

C
C. 6e" The slope from a high point (typically at the center line of a road) across the lanes of a highway* "t is also called Crossfall* C.2.$#!* The ma#imum num er of vehicles that can pass a point on a road or in a designated lane in one hour without the density eing so great as to cause unreasona le delay or restrict the driver/s freedom to maneuver under prevailing roadway and traffic conditions* C.22#'& L.*e" 1 layer of selected fill material placed on the topmost em ankment layer or the ottom of e#cavation* C.""#.&e9.* 2art of the roadway including the various traffic lanes and au#iliary lanes ut e#cluding shoulders* Ce'!e" L.'e An a dual three!lane road, the middle lane of the three lanes in one direction* 1.8 M#'#%!"* o/ Wo"0%, Ho)%#'& .'1 Co )'#$.!#o'%

Geo e!"#$ De%#&' M.').l Ce'!e"l#'e 1#is along the middle of the road* Ce'!".l Re%e":e 1n area separating the carriageways of a dual carriageway road* C#"$)l." C)":e 6sual curve configuration used for hori.ontal curves* C-.''el#%#'& I%l.'1

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1 traffic island located in the carriageway area to control and direct specific traffic movements to definite channels* C-.''el#%.!#o' The separation or regulation of conflicting traffic movements into definite paths of travel y the use of pavement markings, raised islands, or other suita le means to facilitate the safe and orderly movement of traffic, oth vehicular and pedestrian* C-.''el#%e1 ()'$!#o' 1n at!grade 0unction in which traffic is directed into definite paths y island and road marking Cle." =o'e 6nencum ered roadside recovery area* Cl# 6#'& L.'e 1n au#iliary lane in the upgrade direction for use y slow moving vehicles and to facilitate overtaking, there y maintaining capacity and freedom of operation on the carriageway* Clo:e"le./ 1 four!way interchange in which inner loops are provided for movements and direct outer connections for right!turn!movements* 1 cloverleaf has ramps for turning movements Coe//#$#e'! o/ F"#$!#o' (atio of the frictional force on the vehicle and the component of the weight of the vehicle perpendicular to the frictional force* Colle$!o" Ro.1% &econdary (oads linking locally important centers to each other, to more important centers or to higher class roads* Co 2o)'1 C)":e Curve consisting of two or more arcs of different radii curving in the same direction and having a common tangent or transition curve where they meet*

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Conditions where the right of owners or occupants of ad0oining land or other persons to access, light, air or view in connection with a road is fully or partially controlled y pu lic authority* C"e%! 2eak formed y the 0unction of two gradients* C"e%! C)":e Conve# vertical curve with the intersection point of the tangents a ove the road level* C"#!e"#o' 1 yardstick according to which some or other quality of the road can measured* %uideline values are specific numerical values of the criterion* C"#!#$.l Slo2e &ide slope on which a vehicle is likely to overturn* C"#!#$.l le'&!- o/ &".1e The ma#imum length of a specific upgrade on which a loaded truck can operate without an unreasona le reduction in speed* 1 speed reduction of +; kmFh or more is considered 'unreasona le-* C"o%%/.ll The tilt or transverse inclination of the cross!section of a carriageway which is not cam ered, e#pressed as a percentage* C"o%%7Ro.1% Bour!leg 0unction formed right angles* C"o%%7Se$!#o' )ertical section showing the elevation of the e#isting ground, ground data and recommended works, usually at right angles to the centerline* C"o9' Highest portion of the cross!section of a cam ered roadway* C)"6 5order of stone, concrete or other rigid material formed at the edge of the roadway or footway* C*$le W.* Way or part of a road for use only y pedal cycles* y the intersection of two roads at appro#imately e

D
De$ele".!#o' L.'e 1n au#iliary lane to ena le a vehicle leaving the through traffic stream to reduce speed without interfering with other traffic* 1.++ M#'#%!"* o/ Wo"0%, Ho)%#'& .'1 Co )'#$.!#o'%

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&uccessive angles from a tangent su tending a chord and used in setting out curves* De2."!)"e /"o S!.'1."1%

$eviation from values given in the reference, requiring prior approval of the Ministry (MoWHC)* De%#&' C.2.$#!* Ma#imum num er of vehicles that can pass over a lane or a roadway during a given time period without operating conditions falling elow a pre!selected design level* De%#&' S2ee1 1 speed selected and used for design and which links road function, traffic flow and terrain to the design parameters of sight distances, curvature, and superelevation to ensure that a driver is presented with a reasona ly safe and consistent speed environment* "t is in practice, most roads will only e constrained to minimum parameter values over short sections or on specific geometric elements* De%#&' T".//#$ Vol) e 7um er of vehicles or persons that pass over a given section of a lane or roadway during a time period of one hour or more* De%#&' Ve-#$le )ehicle whose physical characteristics and proportions are used in setting geometric design* De%#&' Vol) e )olume determined for use in design, representing traffic e#pected to use the road* D#. o'1 ()'$!#o' 1 four!way interchange with a single one!way ramp in each quadrant* 1ll right!turns are made at grade on the minor road* D#:e"&#'& Movement of a vehicle out of a traffic stream* D#:e"%#o' 1n alternative route for traffic to avoid congestion, o struction or other ha.ard* D#:#1e1 Ro.1 (oad in which there are two physically separated roadways reserved for traveling in opposite directions* D).l C.""#.&e9.* Ro.1 1 road in which there are two physically separated carriageways reserved for travelling in opposite directions

E
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$istance through which it is more economical to haul e#cavated material than to waste and orrow* E 6.'0 e'! That portion of the road prism composed of approved fill material, which lies a ove the original ground and is ounded y the side slopes, e#tending downwards and outwards from the outer shoulder reakpoints and on which the pavement is constructed* E%$."2 e'! ;Te"".#'< &teep country inclusive of switch ack sections and side hill traverses? transverse terrain slope J =@ percent* E*e He#&-! 1ssumed height of driversK eyes a ove the surface of the roadway used for the purpose of determining sight distances*

F
Fee1e" Ro.1 Dowest level of road in the network hierarchy with the function of linking traffic to and from rural areas, either directly to ad0acent ur an centers, or to the Collector road network* F#ll Material which is used for the construction of em ankments* F#l!e"#'& The permitted movement of one or more lines of traffic streams while the remaining lines are stopped* Fl.! ;Te"".#'< Blat terrain with largely unrestricted hori.ontal and vertical alignment? transverse terrain slope up to ; percent* Fl)%- C)"6 1 concrete structure, usually continuous at the edges of the carriageway andFor paved shoulder, providing them with lateral support* "t is usually flush with their surfaces* F"ee H.)l Ma#imum distance through which e#cavated material may without added cost a ove the unit id price* Foo!9.* 2ortion of a road reserved e#clusively for pedestrians* e transported

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1 L!0unction in which one the arm of the L does not deviate from the stem*

G
Geo e!"#$ ;De%#&'< S!.'1."1% %uidelines for limiting values of road alignment and cross!section design* G".1e Se2.".!e1 ()'$!#o' Hunction where two roads cross at different levels and are connected y ramps* G".1e Se2.".!#o' Crossing of two roads, or a road and a railway at different levels* G".1#e'! 1 rate of rise or fall on any length of road with respect to the hori.ontal* "t is usually e#pressed as a percentage of vertical rise or fall in meters F +@@ meters of hori.ontal distance* G)."1".#l Continuous arrier erected alongside a road to prevent traffic from accidentally leaving the roadway or from crossing the median* G*".!o"* T".//#$ )ehicular traffic flowing round a system of one!way streets or a rounda out* G*".!o"* S*%!e 1 system of one!way carriageways which together allow a continuous passage of traffic around a central area which may or may not contain uildings*

H
H.l/7$lo:e"le./ 1 four!way interchange in which loops and outer connections are provided in two quadrants to given grade separation to the ma0or road, ut on the minor road the right!turning movements take place at grade* Ho"#5o'!.l Al#&' e'! $irection and course of the road centerline in plan* Ho"#5o'!.l Cle.".'$e Dateral clearance etween the edge of shoulder and o structions* Ho"#5o'!.l C)":e Curve in plan*

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I
I'!e"$-.'&e 7etwork of roads at the approaches to a 0unction at different levels that permits traffic movement from one to the other one or more roadways or roads*

(
()'$!#o' ;I'!e"%e$!#o'< a) Common .one of two or more roads allowing vehicles to pass from one to the other? ) Meeting of one road with another*

K
K7:.l)e (atio of the minimum length of vertical crest curve in meters to the alge raic difference in percentage gradients ad0oining the curve*

L
L.'e &trip of roadway intended to accommodate a single line of moving vehicles* L.*76* 2art of the road set aside for vehicles to draw out of the traffic lanes for short periods* Le/! 7H.'1 L.'e An a dual roadway, the traffic lane nearest to the verge or shoulder* Le/! T)"' L.'e 1n au#iliary lane to accommodate deceleration and storage of left!turning vehicles at 0unctions* Le/!7"#&-! S!.&&e" 1 cross!roads at which a driver intending to cross a ma0or road, turns to his left on entering the intersecting road, and then to his right in order to continue on his route* Le:el o/ Se":#$e Mualitative rating of the effectiveness of a road in serving traffic, measured in terms of operating conditions* L# #!e1 A$$e%% Ro.1 (oad with right of access only at a limited num er of places* L#'0 Ro.1 7ational (oad linking nationally important centers*

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(oad (or street) primarily for access to ad0oining property* "t may or may not e a classified road* Lo'&#!)1#'.l P"o/#le Autline of a vertical section of the ground, ground data and recommended works along the centerline*

M
M.#' A$$e%% Ro.1 2rimary (oad linking provincially important centers to each other or to higher class roads* M."0e" Po%! 2ost, generally fitted with reflective material or small reflecting studs, ut not usually lighted, erected off the roadway to give warning or guidance to traffic* Mee!#'& S#&-! D#%!.'$e $istance required to ena le the drivers of two vehicles traveling in opposite directions on a two!way road with insufficient width for passing to ring their vehicles to a safe stop after ecoming visi le to each other* "t is the sum of the stopping sight distances for the two vehicles plus a short safety distance* Me1#.' 1rea etween the two carriageways of a dual carriageway road* "t e#cludes the inside shoulders* Me"&#'& Movement of a vehicle or vehicles into a traffic stream* Mo)'!.#'o)% ;!e"".#'< Terrain that is rugged and very hilly with su stantial restrictions in oth hori.ontal and vertical alignment? transverse terrain slope 4;!=; percent* Mo!o"9.* 1 road having dual carriageways and shoulders, with complete grade separation* "t is for the e#clusive use of prescri ed classes of motor vehicles* M)l!#7le& ()'$!#o' 1 0unction with five or more legs*

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N
Ne!9o"0 ;H#e"."$-*< Classification of roads according to "nternational Trunk, 7ational Trunk, 2rimary, &econdary, and Minor* No'"e$o:e".6le Slo2e Transversi le side slope, where the motorist is generally una le to stop or return to the roadway* No" .l C"o%%/.ll $ifference in level measured traversely across the surface of the roadway*

O
O6>e$! He#&-! 1ssumed height of a notional o 0ect on the surface of the roadway used for the purpose of determining sight distance* O2e".!#'& S2ee1 Highest overall speed at which a driver can travel on a given road under favora le weather conditions and under prevailing traffic conditions without at any time e#ceeding the safe speed as determined y the design speed on a section! y!section asis* O2!# ) S2ee1 The speed at which the ma#imum possi le traffic flow (traffic capacity) can e attained* O:e"2.%% %rade separation where the su 0ect road passes over an intersecting road or railway*

P
P."0#'& B.* 1rea provided for ta#is and other vehicles to stop outside of the roadway* P.%%e'&e" C." U'#! ;PCU< 1 unit of road traffic, equivalent for capacity purposes to one normal private car* The private car is thus the unit and other vehicles are converted to the same unit y a factor depending on their type and circumstances* P.%%#'& B.* Widened section of an otherwise single lane road where a vehicle may move over to ena le another vehicle to pass* P.%%#'& S#&-! D#%!.'$e Minimum sight distance on two!way single roadway roads that must e availa le to ena le the driver of one vehicle to pass another vehicle safely and comforta ly without interfering with the speed of an oncoming vehicle 1.+= M#'#%!"* o/ Wo"0%, Ho)%#'& .'1 Co )'#$.!#o'%

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traveling at the design speed, should it come into view after the overtaking maneuver is started* P.:e e'! 1 multi!layered hori.ontal structure which is constructed for the purpose of carrying traffic* P.:e e'! L.*e"% The layers of different materials, which comprise the pavement structure* Pe.0 Ho)" T".//#$ The highest num er of vehicles found to e passing over a section of lane or carriageway during <@ consecutive minutes* Pe1e%!"#.' C"o%%#'& Transverse strip of roadway intended for the use of pedestrians crossing the road* The crossing may e uncontrolled or controlled* Pe1e%!"#.' G)."1 R.#l 1 protective fence etween two carriageways to discourage pedestrians from crossing the road* Pe1e%!"#.' Re/)&e (aised platform or a guarded area so sited in the roadway as to divide the streams of traffic and to provide a safety area for pedestrians* Po#'! o/ I'!e"%e$!#o' ;PI< The internal angle formed y two successive straights*

R
R. 2 a) "nclined section of roadway over which traffic passes for the primary purpose of ascending or descending so as to make connections with other roadways? ) "nterconnecting length of road of a traffic interchange or any connection etween roads of different levels, on which vehicles may enter or leave a designated road* R. 2 Te" #'.l The general area where a ramp connects with a through carriageway* Re$o:e".6le Slo2e &ide slope of limited grade such that a motorist can generally return to the roadway* Re:e"%e C)":e Composite curve consisting of two arcs or transitions curving in opposite directions*

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Geo e!"#$ De%#&' M.').l R#&-! H.'1 L.'e

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An a dual roadway, the traffic lane nearest to the median or near to the central reserve* R#&-!7le/! S!.&&e" 1 cross!roads at which a driver, intending to cross a ma0or road turns to his right on entering the intersecting road, and then to his left in order to continue on his route* R#&-!7T)"' L.'e 1u#iliary lane to accommodate deceleration and storage of right! turning vehicles at 0unctions* R#&-!7o/7W.* &trip of land legally awarded to the (oads 1gency (MoWHC), in which the road is or will e situated and where no other work or construction may take place without permission from the (oads 1gency (MoWHC)* The width of the road reserve is measured at right angles to the centerline* R#'& Ro.1 1 road around an ur an area ena ling traffic to avoid it* Ro.1 Way for vehicles and for other types of traffic which may or may not lawfully usa le y all traffic* Ro.1 Be1 The natural in!situ material on which the em ankment or capping layers are to e constructed* Ro.1 F)'$!#o'.l Cl.%%#/#$.!#o' Classification of roads according to service provided in terms of the road hierarchy* Ro.1 P"#% The cross sectional area ounded y the original ground level and the sides of slopes in cuttings and em ankments e#cluding the pavement* Ro.19.* 2art of the road comprising the carriageway, shoulders and median* Ro.19.* W#1!Measurement at right angle to the centerline incorporating carriageway, shoulders and, when applica le, median* Ro.1%#1e %eneral term denoting the areas ad0oining the outer edges of the shoulders* Ro.1 W#1!1 measurement at right angle to the centreline incorporating travelled way, shoulders and, when applica le, central reserve* Ro.1 Re%e":e 1.+8 M#'#%!"* o/ Wo"0%, Ho)%#'& .'1 Co )'#$.!#o'% e

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1 strip of land legally awarded to the (oad 1gency (MoWHC), in which the road is or will e situated and where no other work or construction may take place without permission from the (oad 1gency (MoWHC)* The width of the road reserve is measured at right angles to the centerline* Roll#'& ;Te"".#'< Terrain with low hills introducing moderate levels of rise and fall with some restrictions on vertical alignment? traverse terrain slope ;!4@ percent* Ro)'1.6o)! (oad 0unction designed for movement of traffic in one direction around a central island*

S
S./e!* Re%! A"e. (oadside area with parking facilities for the motorist to stop and rest* S.& C)":e Concave vertical curve with the intersection point of the tangents elow the road level* S$e'#$ O:e"loo0 &afety rest area primarily for viewing scenery* Se":#$e A"e. Dand with access to and from a road allocated for the provision of certain amenities and services* Se":#$e Ro.1 1 su sidiary road connecting a principal road with ad0acent uildings or properties facing thereon, and connected with the principal road only at selected points* S-#/! The lateral displacement of a circular curve, measured along the radius, consequent upon the introduction of a transition curve* S-o)l1e" 2art of the road outside the carriageway, ut at su stantially the same level, for accommodation of stopped vehicles for emergency use, and for lateral support of the carriageway * S-o)l1e" B"e.02o#'! The point on a cross section at which the e#tended flat planes of the surface of the shoulder and the outside slope of the fill and pavement intersect* S#1e D".#' 1 longitudinal drain offset from, and parallel to, the carriageway*

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Geo e!"#$ De%#&' M.').l S#1e Slo2e

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1rea etween the outer edge of shoulder or hinge point and the ditch ottom* S#&-! D#%!.'$e $istance visi le to the driver of a passenger car measured along the normal travel path of a roadway to the roadway surface or to a specified height a ove the roadway surface, when the view is uno structed y traffic* S#'&le L.'e Ro.1 (oad consisting of a single traffic lane serving oth directions, with passing ays* S$#%%o"% ()'$!#o' 1 four!leg 0unction formed y the o lique intersection of two roads* S2ee1 (ate of movement of vehicular traffic or of specified components of traffic, e#pressed in kilometers per hour (kmFh)* S2ee1 B) 2 $evice for controlling the speed of vehicles, consisting of a ar or recess on the roadway* S!o22#'& S#&-! D#%!.'$e $istance required y a driver of a vehicle traveling at a given speed, to ring his vehicle to a stop after an o 0ect on the roadway ecomes visi le* "t includes the distance traveled during the perception and reaction times and the vehicle raking distance* S!"ee! 1 road which has ecome partly or wholly defined y uildings esta lished along one or oth frontages* S)2e"ele:.!#o' "nward tilt or transverse inclination given to the cross section of a roadway throughout the length of a hori.ontal curve to reduce the effects of centrifugal force on a moving vehicle? e#pressed as a percentage* S)2e"ele:.!#o' R)'7o// Dength of road over which superelevation is reduced from its ma#imum value to .ero* S9#!$-6.$0% &equence of sharp curves at or near minimum radius employed to traverse a mountainous or escarpment terrain section*

T
T7()'$!#o' Three!leg 0unction in the general form of a T* T.'&e'! 1.4+ M#'#%!"* o/ Wo"0%, Ho)%#'& .'1 Co )'#$.!#o'%

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2ortion of a hori.ontal alignment of straight geometrics* T.2e" Transition length etween a passing place, au#iliary lane or clim ing lane and the standard roadway* Te'!-, T9e'!#e!-, T-#"!#e!-, e!$. H#&-e%! A'').l Ho)"l* Vol) e The hourly traffic volume on a given section of a road that is e#ceeded y 8, +8, 48, etc*, respectively, hourly volumes during a designated year* T-"o)&- Ro.1 (oad primarily for through traffic in relation to the area considered, on which vehicular traffic is usually given priority over the traffic on intersecting roads* "t may or may not e a classified road* T".//#$ )ehicles, pedestrians and animals traveling along a route* T".//#$ C.2.$#!* ;C.2.$#!*< Ma#imum num er of vehicles which has a reasona le e#pectation of passing over a given section of a lane or a roadway in one direction or in oth directions for a two!lane single roadway road, during a given time period under prevailing road and traffic conditions T".//#$ Flo9 7um er of vehicles or persons that pass a specific point in a stated time, in oth directions unless otherwise stated* T".//#$ L.'e 2art of a carriageway intended for a single stream of traffic in one direction, which has normally een demarcated as such y road markings* T".//#$ I%l.'1 Central or su sidiary area raised or marked on the roadway, generally at a road 0unction, shaped and placed so as to direct traffic movement* T".//#$ Vol) e The num er of vehicles or persons that pass over a given section of a lane or a roadway during a time period of one hour or more* )olume is usually e#pressed in one of the following terms, T".'%#!#o' C)":e Curve whose radius changes continuously along its length, used for the purpose of connecting a tangent with a circular arc or two circular areas of different radii* T".'%#!#o' Le'&!Dength of the transition curve*

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Geo e!"#$ De%#&' M.').l T".:elle1 W.*

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That part of the carriageway used for the movement of vehicles, e#clusive of au#iliary lanes, us! ays, etc* T") 2e! ()'$!#o' 1 grade separated T!0unction* T)"'#'& L.'e% Danes which separate turning vehicles from the through traffic lanes* T*2#$.l C"o%%7Se$!#o' Cross!section of a road showing standard dimensional details and features of construction*

U
U'1e"2.%% 1 grade separation where the su 0ect road passes under an intersecting road or railway* U'$o'!"olle1 Pe1e%!"#.' C"o%%#'& ;=e6".7$"o%%#'&< 1 pedestrian crossing marked y a series of white longitudinal strips e#tended transversely across the width of the carriageway and accompanied y traffic sign (N2edestrian CrossingN), where a pedestrian has priority over all vehicles y which he would e impeded*

V
Ve"&e That part of the road outside the carriageway and generally at su stantially the same level* "t may contain footpaths, cycle tracks or ditches* Ve"!#$.l Al#&' e'! $irection of the centerline of a road in profile* Ve"!#$.l C)":e Curve on the longitudinal profile of a road, normally para olic* V#%#6#l#!* S2l.* 1 triangular area ordered y intersecting roads and kept free of o structions (e#cept essential traffic signs) to ena le a driver who is required to give way to have uno structed visi ility along the ma0or road*

W
W.%!e Material e#cavated from roadway cuts ut not required for making the em ankments* "t must e pointed out that this material is not necessarily wasted as the word implies, ut can e used in widening em ankments, flattening slopes, or filling ditches or depressions for erosion control*

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Geo e!"#$ De%#&' M.').l We.:#'&

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Movement in the same general direction of vehicles within two or more traffic streams intersecting at a shallow angle so that the vehicles in one stream cross other streams gradually* We.:#'& Le'&!The length of carriageway in which weaving may take place* We.:#'& Se$!#o' The area of carriageway in which weaving may take place* Y7>)'$!#o' 1 three!leg 0unction in the general form of a L*

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Geo e!"#$ De%#&' M.').l

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TERMINOLOGIES

Ro.1 C"o%% Se$!#o' Ele e'!%

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Construction Width (Varies) Road Way Width Carriageway

CL

Existing Ground

Verge

Slope o" cutting (Back Slope)

Slope o" e !ank ent (Side Slope)

a) &ingle Carriageway roads ((ural &ection)

Roadway Width Carriageway
CL

&edian

Carriageway
CL

#ra""ic $ane

#ra""ic $ane

#ra""ic $ane

Side Ditch

#ra""ic $ane

) $ual Carriageway roads ((ural &ection)

C"o%% Se$!#o' Te" #'olo&*

Shoulder

M#'#%!"* o/ Wo"0%, Ho)%#'& .'1 Co

)'#$.!#o'%

Cut%o"" ditch

#ra""ic $ane

#ra""ic $ane

Side Ditch

Side Ditch

Shoulder

Shoulder

Ber

Ber

1.4<

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HORI=ONTAL CURVE
2"
an

( '(R

R )t

#' t ()

&C

C&

Circular length
)

(
S

h ngt l le pira

Spi

ra l le

ngth

T&

On

Ln

&T

Center point o" circular cur*e Shi"ted Center point o" circular cur*e

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&LM5AD ( T& &C C& &T 2" D& DC ( Om On Ln T DCC

$3&C("2T"A7 (adius of circular curve Tangent to spiral spiral to curve Curve to spiral &piral to tangent point of "ntersection length of spiral Dength of circular curve &hift 1 sisa of center point Coordinate at station 7o* $eflection 1ngle Tangent Dength Total curve length (circle P spiral)

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Geo e!"#$ De%#&' M.').l

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SUPERELEVATION

Straight

oid C lo th

&
CL

CT

e
e@E4*; Q

C 3C
Ci rcl e

&LM5AD

e e

$3&C("2T"A7 7ormal crossfall &uper elevation (ate of change of super elevation Clothoid to Tangent 3nd of circle to clothoid Centerline of road

&
CT 3CC CD

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VERTICAL CURVE

$VC #'$VC+, V/0

gQ
(% ) g

.(() g

,-

"

V/0 1o2 ) St 2222222222 3t 2222222222 R* 2222222222 3t St $VC 2222222222 BVC 3t St

T

" 222222222222222

S* 6ol g
2)" &t Ht (v Dvc

De%$"#2!#o' %radient (Q) 2oint of intersection of vertical curve &tation chainage Height a ove sea level (m) 3quivalent radius of vertical curve (m) Dength of vertical curve (m) 1lge raic difference in gradients (Q)

S* 6ol 5vc 3vc y # f Ds Dm Dp

De%$"#2!#o' 5eginning of vertical curve 3nd of vertical curve Tangent length of vertical curve Tangent offset (vertical) Hori.ontal length in plan Center correction &topping sight distance Meeting sight distance 2assing sight distance

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EVC

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