MATHEMATICS: SPECIALIST UNITS 3C AND 3D FORMULA SHEET 2013

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MATHEMATICS SPECIALIST UNITS 3C AND 3D

FORMULA SHEET

Index Vectors 3

Trigonometry

Functions

Matrices

Complex numbers

Exponentials and logarithms

Mathematical reasoning

Measurement

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FORMULA SHEET Vectors

MATHEMATICS SPECIALIST UNITS 3C AND 3D

(a1, a2, a3) = a12 + a22 + a32

a+b a+b

ab = a b cos = a1b1 + a2b2 + a3b3

Vector equation of a line in space: Cartesian equations of a line in space: one point and the slope: two points A and B:

r = a + b r = a + (b a)

x a1 y a2 z a3 = = b1 b2 b3 x = a1 + b1......(1) y = a2 + b2......(2) z = a3 + b3......(3)

Parametric form of vector equation of a line in space:

Vector equation of a plane in space: Trigonometry In any triangle ABC:

rn = c

or

r = a + b + c

a b c sin A = sin B = sin C a2 = b 2 + c 2 2 bc cos A cos A = b2 + c2 a2 2bc

1 A = 2 ab sin C

In a circle of radius r, for an arc subtending angle (radians) at the centre:

= r 1 Area of segment = r 2 ( sin ) 2

Length of arc

Area of sector

1 = 2 r2

cos2 + sin2 = 1

cos 2 = cos 2 sin 2 sin sin

cos ( ) = cos cos

= 2cos 2 1 = 1 2sin2 sin2 = 2sin cos 2tan tan 2 = 1 tan 2 lim x0 1 cos x =0 x

sin ( ) = sin cos cos sin tan tan tan ( ) = 1 tan tan lim x0 sin x =1 x

d2 x Simple Harmonic Motion: If dt 2 = k 2x then x = A sin(kt +) or x = Acos(kt +) v 2 = k 2 (A2 x2), where A is the amplitude of the motion, and are phase angles, v is the velocity and x is the displacement.
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MATHEMATICS SPECIALIST UNITS 3C AND 3D Functions dy If f(x) = y then f '(x) =

FORMULA SHEET

dx

If f(x) = xn then f '(x) = nx n1 If f(x) = ln x then f '(x) = x

If f(x) = e x then f '(x) = e x If f(x) = sin x then f '(x) = cos x If f(x) = tan x then f '(x) = sec2 x = cos2 x Product rule: If y = f (x) g(x) then y' = f '(x) g(x) + f (x) g'(x) Quotient rule: If y = g(x) or

If f(x) = cos x then f '(x) = sin x

If y = uv then

dv dy du = v + u dx dx dx

f (x)

f '(x) g(x) f (x) g'(x) then y' = (g(x))2

Incremental formula: y ~ Chain rule: If y = f (g(x)) then y' = f '(g(x)) g'(x)

or

If y = v then

u dy dx = dv du vu dx dx v2

dy x dx

or

f (x + h) f (x) ~ f '(x)h

or

If y = f (u) and u = g(x) then

dy dy du = dx du dx

Powers: x ndx = n +1 + c, n = 1 Exponentials: e xdx = e x + c Trigonometric: sin x dx = cos x + c Logarithms: x dx = ln x + c

x n+1

cos x dx = sin x + c 1 cos2 x dx = tan x + c

Fundamental Theorem of Calculus:

d x d x a f (t) dt = f (x)

and

a f'(x) d x = f (b) f (a)

b

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FORMULA SHEET Functions Quadratic function:

MATHEMATICS SPECIALIST UNITS 3C AND 3D

b b2 4ac If y = ax + bx + c and y = 0, then x = for x C 2a

2

Piecewise-defined functions:

x, for x 0 Absolute value function: x = x, for x < 0

Sign function: sgn (x) =

1, for x > 0 0, for x = 0 1, for x < 0

Greatest integer function: int (x) = greatest integer x for all x

Matrices

If A = c d then A = det A = ad bc Dilation =

a b

d b 1 A1 = (ad bc) c a
Shear =

a 0 0 a cos sin sin cos

1 a 1 0 or 0 1 a 1 cos 2 sin 2 sin 2 cos 2

Rotation =

Reflection =

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MATHEMATICS SPECIALIST UNITS 3C AND 3D Complex numbers For z = a + ib, where i 2 = 1

FORMULA SHEET

Argument: arg z = , where tan = a and < Modulus: mod z = z = a + ib = a2 + b2 = r

Product: z1 z2 = z1 z2

arg (z1 z2) = arg z1 + arg z2 z arg z1 = arg z1 arg z2

2

z z Quotient: z1 = z1 2 2

Polar form: For z = r cis , where r = | z | and = arg z:

cis( + ) = cis cis 1 cis() = cis z1z2 = r1r2 cis ( + )

cis = cos + i sin cis(0) = 1 z1 r1 z2 = r2 cis ( )

Exponential form:

z = re i, where r = | z | and = arg z

For complex conjugates:

z = a + bi z = r cis z = rei z z = | z |2 z1 + z2 = z 1 + z 2

z = a bi z = r cis () z = rei 1 z z1= = 2 z |z| z1 z2 = z 1 z2

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FORMULA SHEET

MATHEMATICS SPECIALIST UNITS 3C AND 3D

Exponentials and logarithms For a, b > 0 and m, n real:

am an = a m+n a0 = 1 (am ) = a mn
For m an integer and n a positive integer:
n

am mn an = a 1 a n = an (ab)m = am bm

an = a
For a, b, y, m and n positive real and k real:

an = a m = ( a )
m n n

1= a0

loga 1 = 0

y = ax a = a1

loga y = x loga a = 1

loga(mn) = loga(m) + loga(n) log b(m) loga(m) = log (a) (change of base) b

loga(mk) = k loga (m)

If dt = kP, then P = P0 e kt Mathematical reasoning De Moivre's theorem:

dP

(cis )n = (cos + isin )n (cis )n = cos n + isin n z n = z n cis (n) z = z cos

1 q 1 q

+ 2k + 2k + i sin for k an integer. q q

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MATHEMATICS SPECIALIST UNITS 3C AND 3D Measurement

FORMULA SHEET

Circle: C = 2r = D, where C is the circumference, r is the radius and D is the diameter A = r 2, where A is the area Triangle: A = 2 bh, where b is the base and h is the perpendicular height Parallelogram:

A = bh

1 A = 2 (a + b)h, where a and b are the lengths of the parallel sides and h is the perpendicular height
Trapezium: Prism: V = Ah, where V is the volume, A is the area of the base and h is the perpendicular height Pyramid: V = 1 Ah

Cylinder: S = 2 rh + 2 r 2, where S is the total surface area V = r 2h

S = rs + r 2, where s is the slant height V = 1 r 2h 3

Cone: Sphere: S = 4r 2 V = 4 r 3

Note: Any additional formulas identified by the examination panel as necessary will be included in the body of the particular question. See next page