Power Transformers

Three Phase Transformer Connections

Three identical single phase two winding transformers may be connected to form a three phase bank The windings may be connected as: Y-Y Y- -Y -

Three Phase Transformer Connections

Three Phase Transformer Connections

Three Phase Transformer Connections

- Y commonly used as a generator step-up transformer Advantages: 3rd harmonic magnetizing current remains trapped in the winding Y winding provides neutral point for grounding on HV side (has an effect on the insulation requirements of the winding)

Three Phase Transformer Connections

Y - Y seldom used because of harmonics in the magnetising current - has the advantage that one phase can be removed for maintenance while the remaining phases continue to operate as a three phase bank Operation is reduced to 58% of the original bank

Example Exercise 3.36

Three single phase transformers each rated at 25 MVA, 34.5/13.8 kV, are connected to form a three phase - bank. A resistive Y connected load absorbs 75 MW at 13.8 kV. If one of the single phase transformers is removed (resulting in an open connection) and the load is simultaneously reduced to 43.3 MW, determine

Example Exercise 3.36

a) The load voltages Van, Vbn and Vcn b) Load currents Ia, Ib and Ic c) The MVA supplied by each of the two remaining transformers Are balanced voltages still applied to the load? Is the open - transformer overloaded?

Exercise 3.36

Exercise 3.36

Exercise 3.36

Exercise 3.36

Exercise 3.36

Three Phase Transformer Connections

YY
No phase shift for +ve sequence - Y-

HV quantities lead LV quantities by 300 for +ve sequence -Y

Three Phase Transformer

Three Phase Transformer

Three Phase Transformer

All six windings placed on a common core Advantages Cores contains less iron Costs less Weighs less Less space required Slightly higher efficiency Disadvantages Winding failure requires replacement of the transformer

Equivalent Circuit of three phase two winding transformer

Y Y or -

Equivalent Circuit of three phase two winding transformer

Y or - Y

Three Winding Transformers

Three Winding Transformers

Three Winding Transformers

For an ideal three winding transformer: I1pu = I2pu+ I3pu
E1pu = E2pu== E3pu

Three Winding Transformers

Three Winding Transformers

For a practical three winding transformer Open circuit test determines shunt admittance (Gc and Bm)
Short circuit test determines leakage impedances (Z12, Z13 and Z23 ) Z12 = pu leakage impedance measured from winding 1 with winding 2 shorted and winding 3 open Z13 Z23

Three Winding Transformers

Short Circuit Test Z12 = Z1 + Z2 Z13 = Z1 + Z3 Z23 = Z2 + Z3 Series impedances can be calculted from above using
Z1 = Z2 =
1 (Z12 2 1 (Z12 2

+ Z13 - Z23) + Z23 - Z13)

Z3 =

1 (Z 2 13

+ Z23 - Z12)

Exercise 3.51
The ratings of a three phase three winding transformer are: Primary (1): Y connected 66 kV, 15 MVA Secondary (2): Y connected 13.2 kV, 10 MVA Tertiary (3): connected 2.3 kV, 5 MVA Neglecting winding resistances and exciting current, the per unit leakage reactances are X12 = 0.08 on a 15 MVA, 66 kV base X13 = 0.10 on a 15 MVA, 66 kV base X23 = 0.09 on a 10 MVA, 13.2 kV base

Exercise 3.51
(a) Determine the p u reactances X1 , X2 and X3 on a 15 MVA, 66 kV base at the primary terminals (b) Purely resistive loads of 7.5 MW at 13.2 kV and 5 MW at 2.3 kV are connected to the secondary and tertiary sides of the transformer respectively. Draw the per unit impedance diagram, showing the per unit impedances on a 15 MVA, 66 kV base at the primary terminals

Exercise 3.51

Exercise 3.51

Exercise 3.51

Exercise 3.51

Exercise 3.51

Autotransformers
Two windings of a single phase transformer are connected in series. Windings are coupled electrically and magnetically

Autotransformers

Autotransformers
Advantages Smaller leakage impedance Lower losses Lower exciting current Lower cost for small turns ratio Disadvantages Higher short circuit currents Electrical coupling of windings allows transient over-voltages to pass through more easily

Transformers with off nominal turns ratio

Transformers with off nominal turns ratio

A transformer whose rated voltages is not in proportion to the selected base voltages is said to have an off nominal turns ratio.

1 2

1 2

Transformers with off nominal turns ratio

1 = 2

(1)

If the base voltages on either side of the transformer are known the
1 = b 2 (2)

Then equation (1) can be written as 1 = 2

Letting
= b ( ) 2 c = equation

(3)
3 becomes

1 = bc 2

(4)

1 = bc 2 can be represented by two transformers in series as shown below

Transformers with off nominal turns ratio

Per unit equivalent circuit

Transformers with off nominal turns ratio

circuit representation for real c

Transformers with off nominal turns ratio

1 11 = 2 21 12 1 21 2

Transformers with off nominal turns ratio

Parallel connected transformers with different turns ratios Tap changing transformers Voltage regulating transformers Phase angle regulating transformers

Transformers with off nominal turns ratio

Tap changing transformers

Transformers with off nominal turns ratio

Tap changing transformers

Example 3.12

Example 3.12

Example 3.12
Per unit equivalent circuit

Example 3.12

Example 3.12

Example 3.12
Per unit equivalent circuit

Transformers with off nominal turns ratio

Regulating transformers Voltage magnitude Phase angle regulating

Voltage magnitude regulating transformer

Voltage magnitude regulating transformer

Modelling as a off nominal turns ratio transformer

c = (1 + v) for voltage increase at bus abc c = (1 + v)-1 for voltage increase at bus abc

Phase angle regulating transformer

Modelling as a off nominal turns ratio transformer

c = 1 for a phase increase at bus abc

c = 1- for a phase increase at bus a b c

Example 3.13

Example 3.13

Example 3.13

Example 3.13

Example 3.13

Example 3.13

Example 3.13

Tutorial 4 Exercise 3.59

The 2 lines in example 3.13 supply a balanced load with a load current of 1-300. Determine the real and reactive power supplied to the load bus from each parallel line with (a) no regulating transformer (b) the voltage regulating transformer in example 3.13(a), and (c) the phase angle regulating transformer in example 3.13(b), Assume that the voltage at bus abc is adjusted so that the voltage at bus abc remains constant at 1.000 per unit.