06 G-LII 304 Traffic Statistics Analysis-20071205-A-2.0

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Traffic Statistics Analysis

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Reference
31160978-BSC Traffic Statistic Manual Volume I 31033203-BSS Troubleshooting Manual
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Upon completion of this course, you will be able to: Know the traffic statistics system structure Understand some often-used traffic measurement items Locate some problems through the traffic statistics system
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Chapter 1 Brief introduction to BSC traffic statistics Chapter 2 Locate problem through traffic analysis Chapter 3 Case study for traffic statistics
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Brief Introduction to BSC Traffic Statistics Item

TCH Congestion Rate TCH congestion rate (TCH overflow) = Attempted TCH seizures meeting a TCH blocked state / Attempted TCH seizures (all) * 100%
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SDCCH congestion rate (SDCCH overflow) SDCCH congestion rate (SDCCH overflow)= times of attempted seizures meeting an SDCCH blocked state / attempted SDCCH seizures (all) * 100%
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TCH Call Drop Rate TCH Call Drop Rate = TCH Call Drops / Successful TCH Seizures (all) *100% SDCCH Call Drop Rate SDCCH Call Drop Rate = SDCCH call drops / successful SDCCH seizures (all) *100%
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Handover Success Rate Inter cell handover success rate= (Successful incoming internal inter cell handovers + Successful incoming interBSC inter cell handovers + Successful outgoing internal inter cell handovers + Successful outgoing interBSC inter cell handovers) / (Attempted incoming internal inter cell handovers+ Attempted incoming interBSC inter cell handovers + Attempted outgoing internal inter cell handovers + Attempted outgoing interBSC inter cell handovers) *100%
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Handover Success Rate Inter cell radio handover success rate= (Successful incoming internal inter cell handovers + Successful incoming interBSC inter cell handovers + Successful outgoing internal inter cell handovers + Successful outgoing interBSC inter cell handovers) / (Incoming internal inter cell handovers + Inter BSC incoming cell handovers + Outgoing internal inter cell handovers + Inter BSC outgoing cell handovers) * 100%
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TCH interference band measurement The result in each TCH interference band shows the average number of idle TCH within this interference band in the statistic period, which reflects the average interference level. In urban and suburb area, because of different density of base station and the frequency reuse pattern, the acceptable interference level is different.
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Receiving level measurement Receiving level measurement is based on TRX. The receiving level is divided into 6 bands Band 0 : -110~-100dBm Band1 : -100~-95dBm Band 2 : -95~-90dBm Band 3 : -90~-80dBm Band 4 : -80~-70dBm Band 5 : > -70dBm
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Chapter 1 Brief introduction to BSC traffic statistics Chapter 2 Locate problem through traffic analysis Chapter 3 Case study for traffic statistics
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General method for traffic analysis
BSC Measurement Function
High call drop rate
High congestion rate
Low handover success rate
SDCCH performance
Outgoing handover
Incoming handover
TCH performance
TCH performance
TCH performance
Link Balance
Link balance
Link balance
Alarm data
Alarm data
Alarm data
Call drops
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Combine traffic statistics analysis with other optimization method Drive test: simulate common subscribers behavior. Analyze objects Coverage Quality Handover Signaling Others
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Traffic Statistics Analysis-TCH Call Drop

TCH call drop analysis
Cell with high call drop rate
Alarm and hardware fault
Cell performance statistics
Call drop measurement
Handover measurement
Call drop times
Average uplink level at TCH call drops Average down link level at TCH call drop Average uplink quality at TCH call drop Average downlink quality at TCH call drop Average TA value at TCH call drop
Outgoing inter cell handover success rate Incoming inter cell handover success rate
Interference band Causes of call drop
Handover failure and re-establish failure
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Call drop types Edge call drop: low receiving signaling strength, large TA. Short distance call drop: low receiving signal strength and small TA. BQ call drop: high receiving signal strength and poor quality. Sudden call drop: before call drop, the call is normal then call drop happened suddenly.
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Edge call drop Causes MS is out of cells effective coverage area. Island phenomenon caused by over shooting or missing neighbor. Isolated site. Solutions Add new site to guarantee the effective continuous coverage. Add the necessary neighbor. Adjust antenna height and antenna downtilt, use high gain antenna Modify some parameters: SACCH multi-frames, Radio link timeout counter, handover threshold, handover statistic time, etc..
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Short distance call drop Causes Poor coverage caused by complicated terrain or high dense building. Solutions Increase EIRP. Adjust antenna direction and downtilt, make the main lobe point to high traffic area. Adjust parameters related to call drop.
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BQ call drop( high signal strength) Causes High transmission bit error rate (BER). Uplink or downlink interference. Interference caused by repeater. Interference caused by radar or other similar equipment. Interference caused by improper frequency planning. Self-interference caused by BTS. Solutions Try to find the external interference source. Optimize frequency planning. Adjust antenna system, avoid island. Solve the problem of transmission quality.

Overall process for call drop analysis Find out cells with high call drop rate. Classify the call drop according to the character. Analyze the cells traffic load and total call drop times. Analyze the call drop measurement function. Check the interference band.
First of all, we shall know the type of the call drop.
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The main causes for call drop Interference (internal and external). Poor coverage (coverage hole and island). Improper handover (neighbor planning and handover parameter setting). Unbalanced up-down link (TMA, power amplifier, antenna direction). Improper parameter settings ( RLT and SACCH multiframes). Equipment problem (TRX, power amplifier, and TMA).
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Interference analysis process Analyze the appearance period of the interference. Block TRX in turn and monitor the interference measurement results. Calculate the handover caused by poor quality and check the average receiving quality level for each TRX. In call drop measurement function, check the average signal strength and quality of call drops. Through drive test, check the interference and signal quality. Use spectrum analyzer to find the interference source. Dispose equipment fault (such as: TRX self-oscillation, antenna inter-modulation).

Coverage problem analysis Traffic items In power control measurement function, the average uplink or downlink signal strength is too low. In receiving level measurement function, a lot of low signal strength records can be found. In inter-cell handover measurement function, the average receiving signal strength is too low when handover is triggered. In call drop measurement, the signal strength is too low when call drop happens, or the TA value is abnormal. In undefined adjacent cell measurement function, the potential neighbor cells with high average signal strength can be find.

Coverage problem analysis Judgment method In Power Control measurement Check whether the average distance between MS and BTS comply with design. Check whether the maximum distance between MS and BTS is abnormal in several continuous periods. In outgoing inter-cell handover measurement function check whether the handover successful rate to some cells is low. check the number of unsuccessful handover with unsuccessful reversion (call drop caused by handover).

Coverage problem analysis Disposing method Drive test in the suspected poor coverage area. Adjust the following parameters based on the drive test results BTS transmitting power Antenna downtilt and height RXLEVEL_ACCESS_MIN Add site to ensure the continuous coverage.
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Improper handover (neighbor planning and handover parameters Disposing method Check the handover parameters to see whether there are improper parameter settings. In inter-cell handover measurement function, check whether there are many unsuccessful outgoing cell handovers with unsuccessful reversions. In undefined adjacent cell measurement function, check whether the signal strength and the number of measurement reports for the undefined neighbor cell are high.

Imbalanced up-down link (tower amplifier, power amplifier, and antenna directions) Disposing method Analyze up-down link balance measurement function statistics result and confirm whether the uplink and downlink are balanced. In call drop measurement function, analyze the average receiving signal strength and quality for both the uplink and downlink. In power control measurement function, analyze the average receiving signal strength for both the uplink and downlink.

Balance between uplink and downlink Let D= (downlink receiving level uplink receiving level) (MS sensitivity BTS sensitivity). Usually the MS sensitivity is 102 dBm and the BTS sensitivity is 108dBm. The formula can be simplified as D= downlink receiving level uplink receiving level 6dB If D=0, it means uplink and downlink are balanced If D>0, it means downlink is better than uplink If D<0, it means uplink is better than downlink
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Link balance rank 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11

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Range of D -15 -14 ~ -10 -9 ~ -6 -5 ~ -3 -2 ~ 0 0 1~2 3~5 6~9 10 ~ 14 15

Improper radio parameter setting (Radio Link timeout, SACCH multi-frames) Judgment method In system information data, check the radio link timeout In cell property data, check SACCH multi-frames, and the timer for radio link connection (T3105).
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Equipment problem (TRX, power amplifier, tower amplifier, etc.) Judgment method In TCH measure function, many TCH seizure failures due to A interface problem. In call drop measurement function, there are many call drops due to ground links. In TCH measurement function, there are many TCH seizure failures due to equipment failure. Disposing method Monitor transmission and board alarms (FTC board failure, A interface PCM synchronization alarm, LAPD link disconnected, TRX alarm); analyze whether transmission is disconnected or some boards are faulty.
Traffic Statistics Analysis-SDCCH Call Drop

SDCCH call drop
Refer to TCH call drop analysis.
The cause and mechanism of SDCCH call drop are almost the same as TCH.
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Traffic Statistics Analysis-Handover

Handover analysis
Low Handover Success Rate
Alarm (Clock), Hardware Fault
Handover Measurement Function
TCH Measurement Function
Incoming Inter Cell Failure
Outgoing Inter Cell Failure
Cause of Failure in BSC
Incoming Inter cell Handover Measurement Function
Outgoing Inter cell Handover Measurement Function
1.Illegal Channels 2.Illegal Carrier 3.Illegal TA 4.Timer out 5.No available channel 6.Others
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Handover failure analysis Causes of handover failure Improper handover parameters. Hardware fault (TRX board fault). Congestion Interference Coverage Clock fault (Internal clock, external clock)
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Handover failure analysis Disposing method Find out the cells with low handover success rate. Find the out the cells with high handover failures. Compare the incoming cell handover failures and outgoing cell handover failures. Register the task to measure the incoming cell handover and outgoing cell handover. Find out handover failure relation (failure to all the neighbor cells or part of the neighbor cells).
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Improper parameter settings Disposing method Check whether the handover threshold such as TA, BQ and handover function switch are suitable or not. Check whether the successful TCH seizures for handover are much more than successful TCH seizures for call. If handover times divided by call times is larger than 3, then it indicates that there may be ping-pong handover. Check the parameter settings and adjust them (layer setting, layer handover hysteresis, inter cell handover hysteresis, PBGT threshold, etc.). Check whether the average signal strength is low when the handover happens. If so, it indicates the edge handover threshold is too low.

Hardware fault Problem description The target cell has idle channels but when applying for the channels CH_ACT_NACK or TIMEOUT message appears. TCH availability is abnormal. If the call drop rate and congestion rate are both high, the equipment may have some fault.
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Hardware fault Disposing process Monitor transmission and board alarms (FTC board failure, A interface PCM sync alarm, LAPD link disconnected, TRX alarm). Analyze whether the transmission is disconnected or the boards have some fault (for example: the TRX is damaged). Check whether there is clock alarm.
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Congestion Objects needed to be analyzed Cells with low incoming handover success rate. Neighbor of the cell with low incoming handover success rate. Locating the problem In incoming inter cell handover measurement function, check whether many handover failures are caused by congestion. For low incoming handover success rate, check the cells traffic . For low outgoing handover success rate, check the neighbor cells traffic.
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Congestion Disposing process Adjust the cells coverage (adjust BTS transmitting power, RXLEVEL_ACCESS_MIN, RACH access threshold, and the antenna downtilt and height). Adjust parameters (CRO, load handover parameters, cell priority and handover parameters). Expand or adjust TRX configuration between high and low traffic cells.
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Question
The item radio handover success rate is the ratio of successful handovers to handovers. The handovers are counted when sending or receiving HO_CMD or HO_REQ_RSP in the handover process. Please write down the possible reasons that can cause the low radio handover success rate between BSCs.
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Answer
There are two kinds of outgoing handovers. One is intra-BSC handover, and the other is inter-BSC handover. The possible reasons are list as following. For inter-BSC handover: If the uplink signal strength of the target cell is low, the MS cannot access the target cell. Thus the handover fails If the target cell is a wrong cell which has the same BCCH and BSIC as the expected target cell, MS will send access request to a wrong cell. Then MS cannot access. Thus the handover fails. If the CGI is wrong, MSC will send the handover request with wrong CGI. Then MS will send access request to a wrong cell. It has the same effect as the above one.
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Traffic Statistics Analysis-TCH Congestion

TCH congestion Main causes Insufficient system capacity Interference Coverage Antenna and feeder problems Improper parameter setting (system information parameters)
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Insufficient system capacity or traffic imbalanced Judgment method The traffic is high and is imbalanced between cells. There are many channel request rejections due to channel busy. Incoming handover measurement shows that there are too many unsuccessful incoming cell handovers (congestion). Disposing process Expand or adjust the configuration between high and low traffic cells Adjust coverage (adjust BTS transmitting power, antenna direction, downtilt, height, etc.). Adjust parameters (CRO, Rx_Lev_Access_Min, load handover parameters, cell priorities, handover parameters).

Interference (external and internal interference) Problem description Interference brings unacceptable BER which affects the assignment process. Downlink Interference makes MSs DSC decrease to 0, then MS reselects to another cell with low signal strength, and this is a potential reason for TCH seizure failure. If TCH seizure failures (including handover) minus attempted TCH seizures meeting TCH overflow is large, then there may be some interference. Disposing process Refer to TCH call drop caused by interference.

Antenna and feeder problem Disposing process In cell frequency scan measurement function, check the measurement results got from main receiving antenna and diversity receiving antenna. In Up-down link balance measurement function, check the measurement report numbers in each rank. Check antenna direction, downtilt and connection.
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Improper parameter settings Check the relevant parameters such as RXLEV_ACCESS_MIN, CRO, BTS transmitting power, handover threshold etc..
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Coverage Refer to coverage analysis for TCH call drop rate.
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Traffic Statistics Analysis-SDCCH Congestion

SDCCH congestion Main causes Improper parameter settings (system information) Insufficient system capacity Improper LAC planning Interference
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Improper parameter settings Judgment method Successful immediate assignments / immediate assignment transmissions >85%. The above formula shows the ratio between number of EST_IND messages that MS sends to BSC and the immediate assignment commands that BSC sends to BTS. It indicate whether there are some improper parameters in the system information. Disposing process Adjust the access parameters (Random access error threshold, RACH minimum access level, MS Max Retrans, Tx-integer). Adjust the location update related parameters (dual-band network parameters such as CRO, cell reselection hysteresis, T3212).

Insufficient system capacity Problem description Many location updates happen at the border of different location areas. Massive location updates happen simultaneously. Disposing method Properly plan the location area Configure more SDCCHs Use SDCCH dynamic allocation Add more TRX
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Improper LAC planning The border of different location area is the street. The border of different location area is at the high traffic area.
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Interference Problem description RACH minimum access level is low. Interference in the system, which will bring a lot of illusory SDCCH channel requests. Disposing process Properly set the RACH minimum access level Eliminate the interference
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Chapter 1 Brief introduction to BSC traffic statistics Chapter2 Locate problem through traffic analysis Chapter 3 Case study for traffic statistics
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Case Study-One (Handover)

Problem description Handover success rate is always very low because of the congestion (about 70%) In the evening of 3rd. Dec, site D located in urban is expanded from S2/2/2 to S3/3/3. The busy hour handover success rate does not get improved after expansion. Sometimes handover success rate is lower than before. At the same time, lots of subscribers complain about the network quality. Refer to busy hour traffic statistics of 3rd. Dec.
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Traffic statistics for 24th.Nov
Cell Handover success rate Radio handover success rate Intra-BSC incoming handover failures (no channel available) Intra-BSC incoming handover failures (others) TCH congestion
D_1 D_2 D_3 C_3 A_2 A_3 F_2 E_1 E_2 E_3 B_3
53.41% 49.82% 57.67% 61.25% 78.40% 77.14% 76.36% 66.22% 92.73% 83.25% 83.48%
90.02% 93.98% 90.06% 91.67% 89.07% 93.80% 76.36% 88.10% 94.44% 91.91% 95.53%
397 389 314 502 0 0 0 26 0 0 0

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18 2 51 25 33 20 12 63 2 6 5
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47.53% 67.23% 48.31% 40.61% 0 0 0 5.33% 0 0 0.75%

Traffic statistics for 13th.Dec
Cell Handover success rate Radio handover success rate Intra-BSC incoming handover failures (no channel available) Intra-BSC incoming handover failures (others) TCH congestion
D_1 D_2 D_3 C_3 A_2 A_3 F_2 E_1 E_2 E_3 B_3
49.75% 56.48% 65.92% 60.58% 70.55% 68.02% 60.61% 63% 61.77% 50.3% 78.60%
52.95% 58.56% 66.08% 66.3% 71.71% 68.95% 60.61% 64.08% 62.69% 50.3% 82.45%
17 1 0 113 0 0 0 1 0 0 0
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246 161 86 166 0 0 13 55 20 0 11

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5.27% 0.58% 22.37% 0.00% 1.06% 0.00% 0.56% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.34%

Site location
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Analysis Analyzing the traffic statistics before expansion and after expansion, we find that before the expansion the handover failure is caused by congestion and the radio handover success rate is normal. In Urban area many cells radio handover success rate decreased after expansion, therefore we conclude that the cause of handover failure after expansion has been changed. Analyzing the urban site location diagram, we find lots of cells radio handover success rate are low and these cells have handover relationship with site D. Therefore we can suspect that the handover problem may be caused by site D.
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Analysis After checking the hardware of site D through maintenance console, we find the state of TMU board is abnormal and clock is unstable. Finally we affirm the low handover success rate is caused by the wrong setting of switches in TMU board. For sure, the high call drop rate is caused by handover failures. The day after processing, the busy hour handover success rate is higher than 90%. Thus the problem is solved. Refer to busy hour traffic statistics of 17th. Dec.
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Traffic statistics for 17th.Dec
Cell Handover success rate 86.58% 93.09% 95.57% 86.84% 88.43% 92.56% 98.47% 93.69% 93.55% 97.40% 91.80% Radio handover success rate 95.90% 96.88% 96.79% 95.94% 91.51% 94.12% 89.47% 95.59% 93.55% 97.45% 96.89% Intra-BSC incoming handover failures (no channel available) 47 10 0 80 1 0 0 1 0 0 10 Intra-BSC incoming handover failures (others) 10 15 10 7 21 6 1 6 2 1 1 TCH congestion 13.00% 3.40% 0.00% 18.26% 0.48% 0.00% 0.00% 1.44% 0.00% 0.00% 7.92%
D_1 D_2 D_3 C_3 A_2 A_3 F_2 E_1 E_2 E_3 B_3
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Conclusion and suggestion Pay attention to the difference between radio handover success rate and handover success rate because it can help us to locate handover problem efficiently. Handover problem sometimes is accompanied with call drops and others; it is an important clew for locating and solving problems.
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Case Study-Two (Call drop)

Fault description When we analyze the traffic statistics, we find that a cells call drop rate in busy hour is large than 2%. In cell call drop measurement function, we find that the average uplink level of call drop is 1 (-109dBm), while the downlink level is 26 (-84dbm). High call drop rate is caused by imbalance between uplink and downlink. In up-down link balance measurement function: we find one TRX is normal, but there may be some problem with the other one. Result of rank 1 is 0, while that of rank 11 is 5833. It means the downlink is better than uplink.
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Analysis We can exclude the problem of antenna and feeder because only one of the two TRXs is abnormal. Therefore we think that the problem may be caused by the uplink channel of TRX or CDU. After we change the CDU, the problem is solved.
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Conclusion and suggestion To find the cause of call drop, we should register the following useful traffic statistics: TCH measurement function Call drop measurement function Inter cell handover measurement function Up-down link balance measurement function By analyzing the result of the above traffic statistics, we can locate the cause of the call drop (handover, interference, coverage etc.) and then register more detailed traffic measurement tasks. DT also is a effective method to find call drop problem.
Case Study-three (SDCCH congestion)

Fault description In the network, the radio link connection success rate is low. After analyzing the traffic statistics, we find that it caused by SDCCH congestion and the congestion only exists in a few sites. Analyzing traffic statistics we find that in the congested cell, attempted SDCCH seizures are from 300 to 400 in a certain hour. The configuration of all the related BTSs is S1/1/1. Each cell has one SDCCH/8 channel. Normally, it can deal with 300-400 SDCCH seizures. But it is very strange that there are dozens of SDCCH congestions in busy hour.
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Case Study-three (SDCCH congestion)

Analysis Register SDCCH measurement function and analyze the result. We find that most of the SDCCH seizures are used for location update. After we analyze the site distribution, we find that the congested BTSs are located at the border of two location areas along the railway. So we can conclude that SDCCH congestion shall be caused by massive location updates. In SDCCH measurement function, we find that most of the location update happened in a specific 5 minutes. After checking the train timetable, we find that 4 or 5 trains passed by in this period. When the trains pass by, a large amount of location updates happen simultaneously. After adding more fixed SDCCHs and switching on Dynamic SDCCH allocation function, the problem is solved.
Case Study-three (SDCCH blocking)

Conclusion and suggestion For SDCCH congestion, firstly we should register SDCCH measurement function, and then analyze the traffic statistics to find the cause of the problem (Location update, SDCCH handover, call setup etc.). Then check the parameter settings, interference, location area planning etc., to do further analysis. Adding SDCCH channels or enabling dynamic SDCCH allocation function can solve the congestion caused by insufficient capacity. Set the parameter and plan the location area properly to decrease the SDCCH congestion.
Summary
Summary
Traffic statistics system basics Key traffic measurement items Traffic statistics analysis method Some cases
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Thank You
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Traffic Statistics Analysis

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Brief Introduction to BSC Traffic Statistics Item

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Brief Introduction to BSC Traffic Statistics Item

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Brief Introduction to BSC Traffic Statistics Item

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Brief Introduction to BSC Traffic Statistics Item

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Brief Introduction to BSC Traffic Statistics Item

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Brief Introduction to BSC Traffic Statistics Item

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Brief Introduction to BSC Traffic Statistics Item

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Traffic Statistics Analysis

High call drop rate

High congestion rate

Low handover success rate

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Traffic Statistics Analysis

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Traffic Statistics Analysis-TCH Call Drop

Alarm and hardware fault

Cell performance statistics

Call drop measurement

Call drop times

Interference band Causes of call drop

Handover failure and re-establish failure

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Traffic Statistics Analysis-TCH Call Drop

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Traffic Statistics Analysis-TCH Call Drop

Traffic Statistics Analysis-TCH Call Drop

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Traffic Statistics Analysis-TCH Call Drop

Traffic Statistics Analysis-TCH Call Drop

First of all, we shall know the type of the call drop.

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Traffic Statistics Analysis-TCH Call Drop