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The rhyming slang of the junkie

Antonio Lillo
English Today / Volume null / Issue 02 / April 2001, pp 39 - 45 DOI: 10.1017/S026607840100205X, Published online: 10 March 2003

Link to this article: http://journals.cambridge.org/abstract_S026607840100205X How to cite this article: Antonio Lillo (2001). The rhyming slang of the junkie. English Today, null, pp 39-45 doi:10.1017/S026607840100205X Request Permissions : Click here

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The rhyming slang of the junkie

ANTONIO LILLO
A report on, and a glossary of, imaginative usage in the world of drug-taking

SLANG is a badge of distinction in all social milieux, but even more so in those close-knit groups which operate outside the law or on the margins of society, such as inveterate criminals, prostitutes and drug users. In both British and Australian English, a common source of new words within underworld subcultures is rhyming slang (hereafter RS), a word-formation process whereby a word or phrase is used to convey the meaning of another word rhyming with it. For instance, the expression boat-race achieves the meaning of face through the paradigmatic equivalence of the rhymeme1 -ace, as seen in the following example:
He tries to smile, but the fears paralysed his queer face before I grab his scrawny neck and smash that sick boat-race against the dashboard. (I. Welsh [1996] 1997, Ecstasy, p. 139)

the greatest growth-areas of slang in contemporary English, it is my guess that the currency and productivity or atrophy, for that matter of any given word-formative process can be ascertained from the lexical items it has generated in this particular eld. The data collected in the nal part of this article, albeit limited by their heavy reliance on written sources, clearly suggest that RS is indeed making considerable inroads into the language of British drug addicts.

Rhyming slang and dope talk

Originating with the East-Enders of London around the mid-nineteenth century, RS has been quite a fertile source of vivid phraseology in Britain and Australia throughout the twentieth century, whereas in the United States (Maurer and Baker 1944; Mencken 1948: 71011; Franklyn 1961: 1922; Cardozo-Freeman 1978) and South Africa (Freed 1963: 1056; Barnes 1992; cf. Grlach 2000: 1920) it has been practically conned to prison usage. Because of its long history, this process has
ANTONIO LILLO holds a Ph.D. in English Linguistics from the University of Alicante, Spain, where he has been a lecturer in English Language and Linguistics since 1994. He is the author of Aspectos lingsticos de la rima en el argot ingls (Universidad de Alicante, 1995), co-author of Nuevo diccionario de anglicismos (Gredos, 1997), and has published articles on lexicology, etymology and phonetics, with particular reference to Cockney and London English. He is now preparing a monograph on rhyming slang and a textbook in English phonetics for Spanish university students. (antonio.lillo@ua.es)

Doubtless, both the context and the iconic and indexical nature of rhyme render the meaning of the phrase fairly predictable for those who are familiar with this slang.2 Yet the process is more complicated by the fact that the rhyming part of the expression is often, though not always, subject to shortening (boat-race boat). In this way, a new expression arises from a combined process of elongation (face boatrace) and abridgement (boat-race boat), the result of which is a purely symbolic sign (boat face):
But like most tearaways he had not got his name easily, and on his boat there was the marks of many battles. (F. Norman [1959] 1962, Stand on Me, p. 128)

In what follows, I will focus on the specic contribution of this process of verbal juggling to the semantic eld of drugs. This being one of

English Today 66, Vol. 17, No. 2 (April 2001). Printed in the United Kingdom 2001 Cambridge University Press

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always been most productive in a few predictable areas, such as drinking, money, sex and racial relations (Lillo 1996; 2000; forthcoming), but, for whatever reason, up until the 1960s it yielded a minute proportion of drugrelated terms (you know snow, big bloke, Billie Hoke coke, bar of soap dope, sky the wipe hype), all of them being of American origin. Given the huge increase in the use of hard drugs (particularly heroin) among middle- and upper-class British youth since the early 1980s (cf. Croft 1997:187) and the equally great upsurge in the use of RS in Britain within the past few decades (cf. Thorne 1997; Puxley 1998), it would be most surprising if this type of slang had not developed its own strand of drug terminology. Indeed, the glossary below bears evidence that RS, quaint though it may seem to the uninitiated, has recently entrenched itself in the British drug scene. Much of its newness, it will be noted, lies in such sinister personications as Niki Lauda powder (any form of powdered drug), Lou Reed speed (amphetamine) and Gianluca Vialli charlie (cocaine), which show that modern RS is just as innovative and responsive to popular culture as any other form of slang (cf. Ashley 1977). The phrases used in this process need not be allusive, but there are a few items whose rhymes appear to be reinforced, at least in part, by the shared cultural knowledge of their users. As an example, take the expression Damon Hill, from the name of a British motorracing champion, which takes on the slang meaning of pill (an amphetamine capsule) through rhyme and possibly also through the semantic relationship between motor-racing and speed. Billy Straw ten-pound draw (a twogram bag of cannabis) is another case in point. Based on the name of the British Home Secretarys son, William Straw, the expression was reportedly coined after he was tempted into a transaction by a newspaper reporter.3 In other cases, the newness of this slang does not precisely reside in the onomastic make-up of the phrases, but rather in the new target words to which they have been attached. Thus, the well-known slangism Mary Jane for marijuana has now been recycled in British prison usage as the rhyming equivalent for cocaine. This novel sense of the term accounts for the coded expression Is Mary Jane coming out tonight?, which is used, according to Devlin (1996), by drug takers planning to buy.4 Other
40

examples of reworked RS are Vera Lynn gin, Jack and Jill hill; till; bill, Bob Hope soap, King Lear queer and oats and barley Charlie, all of which are now often used in a rather different sense: Veras skins (cigarette rolling papers), Jack and Jill pill, Bob Hope dope, King Lear gear (cannabis), and the shortened forms oats and barley, both meaning Charlie (cocaine).

Some remarks on the glossary

In the glossary below I have attempted to collect a wide range of RS terms used, and probably coined, by dope addicts in Britain and elsewhere to designate different kinds of drugs, as well as the paraphernalia and the activities related to them. Like many other researchers in the eld, I have been almost entirely reliant on printed sources, including dictionaries and glossaries, newspaper articles and works of ction, and it is on these sources that the date of origin or usage period of each item is based.5 Many words lacking a dating label can therefore be assumed to have been current at least at the time of publication of the sources in which they are attested, while others may well be uncommon or nonce formations for which no citational evidence is available. The narrow scope of the glossary has meant the omission of several items which, it seems to me, are not specic of the lingo of drug addicts and peddlers or which, though labelled as RS by some lexicographers, do not really qualify as RS sensu stricto. Accordingly, I have purposely left out some common expressions for tobacco, cigars and cigarettes (e.g., salmon [and trout] snout, la-di-da cigar, oily [rag] fag),6 because most of them, if not all, have long been in use in traditional RS, and thus do not reveal any specic pattern of lexical innovation and productivity in the slang of drug takers. Information about these terms can be found in Lillo (1996: 1417). Likewise, I have excluded those expressions whose RS status seems to me rather doubtful. These include fortuitous rhymes like high as a kite tight (hence intoxicated by a drug), itself an elaboration of the older metaphor high very drunk, intoxicated, and playful remodellings of the type busy bee PCP (phencyclidine). Other supposedly rhyming items that have also been excluded are the American hubba, Im back and half-track crack (both in use since the 1980s [Green 1998]). Although Green (1998) derives them from RS, the likelihood of
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a RS origin is questionable, for today this slang is neither a productive process nor a recognized sort of idiom among the general U.S. population (Lighter, personal communication).7 One would actually be hard put to it to ascertain whether or how far rhyme has inuenced the origin of both these terms, especially in view of the fact that all ve of the earlier American items mentioned above do not enjoy much, if any, currency among drug users or anyone else in the United States. I am aware that all these omissions may render the material presented here somewhat meagre. However, the dates of usage of the words sometimes buttressed by citations strongly suggest a considerable expansion in the British drug addicts rhyming vocabulary in the late twentieth century, thus shattering the widespread belief, even among some Cockney speakers, that RS is denitely moribund (Imber 1995). Notes
1. The term is borrowed from Adams (1973: 142). 2. For a discussion of iconicity and indexicality in RS, see Anttila and Embleton (1989: 16971). 3. The Concise New Labourspeak, New Statesman, London, 1 May 1998. 4. A similarly cryptic expression used in the same context is Has anyone seen Dennis?, in which Dennis is short for Dennis Law draw (hashish or marijuana). 5. I thank Manfred Grlach for bringing Orsman (1999) to my attention and Tony Thorne for providing a copy of Coren and Kossoff (1998). 6. Salmon and trout has been reported in the press as meaning cannabis, but this equivalence is not otherwise supported: Marijuana, hash, grass, weed, pot, dope, gear and, in the East End of London, salmon and trout (cockney rhyming slang for snout) are all names for the same substance: cannabis. (The Independent, 15 Feb 1993, 14). Note that the shortened form salmon is now also used in the sense of cigarette: The desire to play down privileged origins means middle class kids ask one another for a salmon (salmon and trout equals snout in Cockney rhyming slang), and asserting their approval with the phrases pukkah or sweet as a nut. (The Independent on Sunday, 24 Mar 1996, Real Life/3). 7. Green (1998) denes half-track as $125 worth of crack cocaine. Both expressions are also listed in Dickson (1998).

Glossary
barley Charlie (cocaine). British; 1990s (CDS). This word is a shortening of the phrase oats and barley charlie, itself

inspired by the Cockney expression oats and barley Charlie (a male name). Cf. lemon barley cocaine (PP). See . bar of soap Dope. American; since ca. 1940 (DC, DCRS, RPa; also A&T, DRS, cited in Spears 1986). Variant: bars of soap (A, DRS). Beryl Weed (marijuana). British. This term, borrowed from the name of the English comedienne and actress Beryl Reid (19201996), was heard among London youth in 1997. big bloke Coke. American; since ca. 1920 (DC, DRS, ELA, N&S, PD, TD; also DU, DWM, EEL, M&B, W&F, cited in Spears 1986). Thence bloker a user of cocaine (TD). Cf. big boy heroin. Billie Hoke Coke. American; since ca. 1940 (DC, PD, TD; also JES, H&C, cited in Spears 1986). Variant: Billie Hoak (DC, ELA). Thence the adjective billied habituated to cocaine use (ELA; also JES, H&C, cited in Spears 1986). Billy Straw 10-pound draw (a 2-gram bag of cannabis). British. Short form: Billy. Based on the name of the British Home Secretarys son, William Straw. In many parts of London the new word on the streets for a 2-gram bag of cannabis is a Billy. The term is new rhyming slang for Billy Straw, ten pound draw. (The Independent on Sunday, 2 Feb. 1998) A Billy is now a 2g bag of cannabis. The rhyming slang version is: for Billy Straw, ten pound draw. (New Statesman, London, 1 May 1998) Bob Hope Dope (cannabis). British and Australian (CDS, CM, DCS, DD, MBS, PAB, RK, RPa). Short form: Bob (PAB). Based on the famous British-born American comedian (b. 1903). The following quote, though taken from an American source, does not illustrate an established usage in American English. See of . I smoke high-resin Bob Hope in secret by myself down in the Pump Room off the secondary maintenance tunnel. [...] Im saying a real cobweb-blaster with me and Axford after the Fundraiser could help you get some serious perspective, cut the babytalk and sweeping bullshit decisions theres no way you can do and start getting a real handle on how youre going to branch out away from this Bob thing, which I applaud the getting away from the Bob for you, Inc, its not your thing, you were starting to get that look of a guy thatll end up with tits. (D.F. Wallace [1996] 1997, Innite Jest, pp. 782, 1065) bootlace Chase (to smoke heroin).

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British. Short form: boot. Also used in the phrase to have a boot. The verb chase is abstracted from the expression chase the dragon to inhale heated heroin vapours through a tube. This meaning of chase probably accounts for the denition and etymology of boot given by Devlin (1996). According to this author, the term is used in British prison slang as the rhyming equivalent for toot to snort drugs from foil. In prison language, smoking heroin is known as having a boot bootlace being rhyming slang for chase, as in chase the dragon. [...] As you read this article, on the wings and landings of prisons another dabbler [sc. a novice junkie] is about to boot his rst joey [sc. a parcel smuggled into a prison]. (The Guardian, 24 Sep 1997, G2T 29) bottling Concealing drugs in the anus in order to smuggle them into a prison. British (PP). This term derives from bottle anus, which is itself the shortened version of bottle and glass arse. Cf. bottle opener male homosexual and to be on the bottle to be engaged in male prostitution. Once the drug is smuggled into the prison, either by necking (in the mouth or throat) or bottling (inserting the parcel up the anus), it is divided into smaller parcels known as joeys. (The Guardian, 24 Sep 1997, G2T 29) As a woman ofcer says, Male prisoners have orices too. Male prison slang has plenty of words for anal concealment (bottling, chubbing, plugging). (A. Devlin, The Independent, 29 Jun 1998, p. 10) bottle of water Quarter ( oz. of a drug; 7 gr.). British (RPb). See . brace and bit Outt (drug-injection equipment). New Zealand (HO). Damon Hill Pill (an amphetamine capsule). British (RPb). From the name of a well-known British motor-racing driver (b. 1960). Dennis Cannabis (hashish or marijuana). British; since the late 1980s (DCS). The term derives from the expression Dennis Law draw (cannabis), borrowing the name of a Scottish international footballer. dog-and-boned Stoned (intoxicated with marijuana). British (DCS, RPb). Used in the 1960s and early 1970s; now obsolete. Short form: doggo (DCS, RPb). The full form derives from the popular Cockney phrase dog and bone phone, and is associated with the hippy-drug cult. According to Thorne (1997), the abbreviated form doggo is still in use. Gary Abletts Tablets (usually MDMA, ecstasy). British (C&K, PP). Gary Ablett is the name of a British footballer.

These Gary Abletts are very weak. You have to do several of them just to get you going. (Oct 1999, student, age 22, conversation, London) Gianluca Vialli Charlie (cocaine). British; since the late 1990s (C&K, RPb). Based on Chelseas Italian player-manager (b. 1965). Short form: gianluca (CDS), Gianluca. Someone else I vaguely know comes up to the table. Hi, he says. Got any Gianluca? Is he mad? I fear that Chelsea will follow me wherever I go and am bafed and depressed. However, a few minutes contemplation furnishes the correct rhyming slang and I laugh and explain that I havent. (The Guardian, 13 Feb. 1998, p. 16) What about that stuff they call after the footballer? Gianluca. There was a young woman who said she liked Gianluca because it made you feel sharp and clearheaded and interested in everything. I wouldnt mind some of that Gianluca. (New Statesman, 1 Sep 1998, p. 55) hammer and tack Smack (heroin). Australian and New Zealand; since the 1980s (CDS, DD). Short form: hammer (CDS, HO, MBS). Cf. the old Australian expression hammer and tack jail issue tobacco (Baker 1953: 129), which Simes (1993: s.v. hammer, to be on ones) etymologizes as being a development of hammer and tack back (tobacco = bac = back). Harris tweed Speed (amphetamine). British; since the 1980s (DCS, DSUE8). Ike and Mike Spike (a hypodermic needle or syringe). British.The term is not recorded in any of the secondary sources available to me. The old geezer asked me to give him back his Ike and Mike. (18 Aug 1995, male, age ca. 35, security guard, conversation, London) Jack and Jill Pill (a tablet of an illicit drug, especially heroin). British; since the 1960s (CDS, DCS). The plural form Jack-and-Jills pills has also been attested in New Zealand prison slang since 1997 (HO). Cf. jack a heroin tablet, which has been in use since the mid-1960s (TB). Ah should really leave tha jack n jills tae the stomach. Brain and vein are too fragile tae carry that stuff direct. (I. Welsh [1993] 1994, Trainspotting, p. 222) All right, well take some of your Jack and Jills. (Lock, Stock..., Channel 4 TV series, 2000) Jack Flash Hash (hashish). Australian; since the 1960s (CDS, DAS). Janet Street-Porter Quarter (a ounce of a drug; 7 gr.). British; since the 1980s (RPb). Based on a British TV presenter and journalist (b. 1944). Short form: janet (CDS).

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Jimmy Boyle Foil (silver foil used for smoking heroin). British. Short form: jimmy (PP). From the name of a notorious Glaswegian criminal (b. 1944). See . The buyer empties his joey onto a small sheet of jimmy (Jimmy Boyle = silver foil), and lights a taper under it, sucking up the fumes via a pen tube. For the novice junkie or dabbler, in jail jargon this ritual quickly becomes a routine they cannot do without. (The Guardian, 24 Sep 1997, G2T 29) Jimmy Hill(s) Pill(s) (a tablet of an illicit drug); usually plural. British (CDS, DCS, RPa). From Jimmy Hill, wellknown TV sports commentator. See . Jimmy Hix Fix (an injection of drugs). British; since the 1940s (CDS, JM, PT). Variant: Jimmy Hicks (RPb). Short form: jimmy (PP, SM). The short form is erroneously etymologized by Devlin (1996) as a shortening of Jimi Hendrix. Although the rhyming slang expression is only attested in British English, the term jimmy for an injection of drugs is recorded in American slang by De Lannoy and Masterson (1952: 27). Note also the expression Jimmy Hicks the point six on dice, which has been in use in the speech of American dice gamblers since before 1920 (see Maurer 1981: 187, Lighter 1997 and Dalzell 1998: 82). Johnny Cash Hash. Australian; since the 1960s (CDS, DAS, DCS, MBS). Based on the American country music singer (b. 1932). John Selwyn a bad experience of a drug, otherwise called a bum trip. British; 1980s (CDS). From John Selwyn Gummer bummer. Based on a British Conservative politician (b. 1939), the expression was originally used in the meaning a failure, a dud (see DSUE8). According to Thorne (1997), the short form Selwyn an unpleasant and/or disappointing experience was in use among middle-class speakers in 1994. Cf. the related slangism Joe Strummer bummer (an unpleasant experience), recorded in Welsh [1993] 1994, Trainspotting, p. 120. King Lear Gear (cannabis). British (DCS). Thorne (1997) notes that the expression was in use among London students in 1996 and 1997. lamb chop Pop (to inject heroin; an injection of heroin). British (DCRS, DCS, N&S). Short form: lamb (DSUE8, N&S). Lou Reed Speed (amphetamine). British; 1990s (CDS, PP, RPb). Based on the American rock star (b. 1944). Ahm talkin a loaday shite. Its the Lou Reed.

(I. Welsh [1993] 1994, Trainspotting, p. 134) Fuck me, this Lou Reed is hitting the mark quickstyle. (I. Welsh [1996] 1997, Ecstasy, p. 185) Mary-Jane Cocaine. British (PP). The term is more commonly used as a synonym of marijuana. Cf. Mary, used both as a reinterpretation of the initial M of morphine and as a shortening of marijuana. Mick Mills Pills. British; since the late 1990s. Formed on the name of a British footballer. This expression is not recorded in any of the secondary sources available to me. Where are we going to get hold of some Mick Mills [sc. ecstasy tablets]? (Dec 1999, male, age ca. 25, conversation, Portsmouth) Niki Lauda Powder (any form of powdered drug). British; since the late 1990s (C&K, RPb). Short form: Niki. Based on the Austrian motor-racing driver (b. 1949). We should score some Niki [sc. cocaine] before we go out tonight. (9 Jan 1999, male, age ca. 20, conversation, Brighton) oats Cocaine. British; 1990s (CDS). The term is probably a shortened version of the rhyming slang oats and barley charlie. See . olive oil Foil (silver foil used for smoking heroin). British (PP). Short form: olive (PP). See . Oliver Reed 1: Weed (marijuana). 2: Speed (amphetamine). British. Short forms: Oliver (DCS), Olly (DCS, RPa), olly (CDS, PP). The term derives from the name of the British lm actor Oliver Reed (b. 1938), and has been applied to marijuana (RPa) and amphetamines (DCS, PP, RPa) since the 1960s and 1970s respectively. Patsy Cline Line (of cocaine). British (RPb). Based on the American country and western singer (19321963). Pebble Mill Pill (a tablet of an illicit drug). British; 1990s (C&K, RPb). Based on a British TV programme. See (). Salisbury Crag Skag (heroin). British (Scotland only). Based on the crag near Edinburgh. Four weeks n two days since ma last bit ay Salisbury Crag, ken? Countin every second man, countin every second. (I. Welsh [1993] 1994, Trainspotting, p. 121) sky the wipe Hype (a hypodermic needle; a hypodermic syringe and needle). American (DC; also A&T, DRS, M&B, cited in Spears 1986). Thelonius Monk Skunk (marijuana, cannabis). British (C&K). From the name of an American jazz pianist (19171982).

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Tom Mix 1: n Fix (an injection of drugs). 2: v Fix (to inject a drug). British and American; since the 1960s (CDS, DCS, DSUE8, RPa, TB; also EEL, JH, cited in Spears 1986). Short form: Tom (DCS, DSUE8, TB; also EEL, cited in Spears 1986), tom (CDS). From the name of an American lm actor (18801940). According to the attestations, the term is used as a noun in both British and American slang, but the verbal use appears to be exclusively American. See . Uncle Mac Smack (heroin). British; since the late 1970s (CDS, DCS, RPa). Formed on the pattern of such drug terms as Uncle Emil amyl nitrite, Aunt Mary marijuana and Aunt Hazel heroin. Thorne (1997) notes that the original Uncle Mac was a presenter of childrens radio programmes from the 1930s to the 1960s. Veras Cigarette papers. British; since the early 1990s (C&K, DCS). The term is part of the phrase Vera Lynns skins, borrowing the name of the famous English singer Vera Lynn. Puxley (1998) lists the singular form Vera Lynn skin, but adduces no illustrative examples. Has anyone got any Veras? Lovely, ha ha ha ha ha ha A great philosopher once wrote Naughty, naughty, very naughty Ha ha ha ha ha. (Ebenezer Goode, song by The Shamen, in Boss Drum, Mega Records 1992) whistle To inhale a powdered drug, especially cocaine or speed, from foil. British (PP). The term has been interpreted as the shortened version of the rhyming slang phrase whistle and ute toot (to inhale). Yet it could well have been formed on the analogy of the semantically related verbs toot to sound a horn or whistle; to inhale cocaine, horn to sound a horn; to inhale cocaine and blow to whistle; to inhale cocaine. you know Snow (cocaine). American; since ca. 1910 (DC; also DRS, DU, DWM, M&B, cited in Spears 1986).

DU DWM EEL ELA H&C HO JES JH JM M&B MBS N&S PAB PD PP PT RK RPa RPb SM TB TD W&F

Partridge 1949 Maurer 1938 Landy 1971 Abel 1984 Hardy and Cull 1975 Orsman 1999 Schmidt 1959 Homer 1979 Morton 1989 Maurer and Baker 1944 Lambert 1996 Neaman and Silver 1991 Munro 1988 Dickson 1998 Devlin 1996 Tempest 1949 Kray 1989 Puxley 1992 Puxley 1998 McConville 1990 Bewley 1966 Dalzell 1998 Wentworth and Flexner 1967

References
Abel, Ernest L. 1984. A Dictionary of Drug Abuse Terms and Terminology. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press. Adams, Valerie. 1973. An Introduction to Modern English Word-Formation. New York: Longman. Anslinger, Harry J. and William F. Tompkins. 1953. The Trafc in Narcotics. New York: Funk and Wagnalls. Anttila, Raimo and Sheila Embleton. 1989. The Iconic Index. From Sound Change to Rhyming Slang. In Diachronica 6, 2: 15580. Ashley, Leonard R.N. 1977. Rhyme and Reason: the Methods and Meanings of Cockney Rhyming Slang, Illustrated with Some Proper Names and Some Improper Phrases. In Names 25, 3:12454. Aylwin, Bob. 1973. A Load of Cockney Cobblers. London: Johnston & Bacon. Baker, Sidney J. 1953. Australia Speaks. Sydney: Shakespeare Head Press. Barnes, Lawrie. 1992. Rhyming Slang and Other Boop Lingo. In English Usage in Southern Africa 23: 113. Bewley, Thomas. 1966. Recent Changes in the Pattern of Drug Abuse in the United Kingdom. In Bulletin on Narcotics 4: 114. Cardozo-Freeman, Inez. 1978. Rhyming Slang in a Western Prison. In Western Folklore 37: 296305. Coren, Giles and Julian Kossoff. 1998. The New Slang? Its a Glenn Hoddle (Doddle). In The Mail on Sunday, 8 Feb. 1998, 445. Croft, Jo. 1997. Youth Culture and Age. In Mike Storry and Peter Childs, eds., British Cultural Identities. London: Routledge. 163200. Dalzell, Tom. 1998. The Slang of Sin. Springeld, Mass.: Merriam-Webster. De Lannoy, William C. and Elizabeth Masterson. 1952. Teen-Age Hophead Jargon. In American Speech 27: 2331.

Source index with abbreviated titles

A A&T C&K CDS CM DAS DC DCRS DCS DD DRS DSUE8 Aylwin 1973 Anslinger and Tompkins 1953 Coren and Kossoff 1998 Green 1998 Macafee 1994 Meredith 1991 Nash 1993 Plumtree 1992 Thorne 1997 Johansen 1991 Franklyn 1961 Partridge 1989

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