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(lime A) and
Estavol
)
25.25 1.03 68.53 3.29 0.89 1.37 0.09 0.05
Lime B
(Estavol
)
25.46 0.71 68.26 3.55 0.55 0.96 0.07 0.04
a
Percentages related to original dry lime.
b
The methods specified by the European Standard EN-196 were followed for the chemical analyses.
c
R
2
O
3
expresses the percentage of Fe, Al and Ti as oxides.
22
Table 2. Results of X-ray diffraction in aerial limes.
Lime
Portlandite
(Ca(OH)
2
)
ICDD 44-1481
Calcite
(CaCO
3
)
ICDD 05-0586
Lime A ***
a
S
b
Lime B *** S
a
>90%
b
Small amount (5-10%)
23
Table 3. Chemical analysis of the main components of the aggregates
a, b
.
Aggregate I. L. (%) SiO
2
(%) CaO (%) MgO (%) R
2
O
3
b
(%) SO
3
(%) Na
2
O (%) K
2
O (%)
Ag-1 15.06 57.69 19.00 1.53 5.69 0.08 0.36 0.48
Ag-2 9.35 72.29 9.84 1.50 6.00 0.10 0.37 0.50
Ag-3 43.10 0.49 52.83 2.28 1.14 0.57 0.07 0.05
Ag-4 43.14 0.12 52.11 3.05 1.10 0.34 0.06 0.04
a
Percentages related to original dry aggregate.
b
The methods specified by the European Standard EN-196 were followed for the chemical analyses.
c
R
2
O
3
expresses the percentage of Fe, Al and Ti as oxides.
24
Table 4. Results of X-ray diffraction in aggregates.
Aggregate
Calcite
(CaCO
3
)
ICDD 05-0586
-Quartz
(SiO
2
)
ICDD 85-798
Ag-1 *
c
**
b
Ag-2 * **
Ag-3 ***
a
T
d
Ag-4 *** T
a
>90%
b
50-90%
c
10-50%
d
Traces (<5%)
25
Table 5. Equivalences volume proportion/weight proportion
Volume
Proportion
Material
Volume
(L)
Weight
(g)
Weight
Proportion
1:1
Lime 2.00 800
1:3.75
Aggregate
2.00 3000
1:2
Lime 1.33 533.33
1:7.5
Aggregate 2.67 4000
1:3
Lime 1.00 400
1:11.25
Aggregate 3.00 4500
1:4
Lime 0.80 320
1:15
Aggregate 3.20 4800
1:5
Lime 0.67 266.67
1:18.75
Aggregate 3.33 5000
26
Table 6. Results of thermogravimetric analysis in lime B mortars with Ag-4.
B/Ag
Test
day
Portlandite (%)
(Ca(OH)
2
)
Calcite (%)
(CaCO
3
)
B/Ag
Test
day
Portlandite (%)
(Ca(OH)
2
)
Calcite (%)
(CaCO
3
)
1
:
1
3 17.27 80.23
1
:
4
3 3.51 94.54
7 14.22 83.19 7 3.88 94.49
28 14.12 83.65 28 2.93 95.31
91 11.55 86.36 91 1.67 96.61
182 16.97 81.31 182 1.56 97.17
365 4.18 93.90 365 0.99 97.84
1
:
2
3 9.00 89.28
1
:
5
3 2.33 95.76
7 7.81 90.35 7 2.68 95.92
28 6.77 90.84 28 2.12 96.35
91 3.42 94.78 91 0.45 98.21
182 7.96 90.54 182 0.82 97.76
365 1.46 96.86 365 0.43 98.28
1
:
3
3 5.36 93.03
7 5.42 92.90
28 4.31 94.13
91 3.07 95.35
182 2.14 96.25
365 1.30 97.52
27
Table 7. Open porosity (%) in mortars tested after 365 days.
B/Ag Ag-1 Ag-2 Ag-3 Ag-4
L
i
m
e
A
1:1 24.11 27.09 26.05 27.27
1:2 20.51 24.24 22.91 24.25
1:3 19.08 21.72 20.94 21.03
1:4 17.90 19.88 20.26 19.30
1:5 16.51 19.68 18.79 19.35
L
i
m
e
B
1:1 28.42 30.63 29.70 30.45
1:2 23.89 25.41 25.51 26.51
1:3 22.23 23.25 24.50 24.61
1:4 18.40 20.30 21.28 22.72
1:5 19.79 21.06 20.80 21.35
28
Figure 1. Grain size distributions of the aggregates.
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
0.01 0.1 1 10
Grain size (mm)
%
P
a
s
s
i
n
g
Ag-1
Ag-2
Ag-3
Ag-4
29
Figure 2. Strength results in lime A mortars with different aggregates.
Days
A
g
-
1
A
g
-
2
A
g
-
3
A
g
-
4
Days
Compressive Strength (N/mm
2
) Flexural Strength (N/mm
2
)
B/Ag
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400
1:1 1:2
1:3 1:4
1:5
0.00
2.00
4.00
5.00
3.00
1.00
6.00
B/Ag
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400
1:1 1:2
1:3 1:4
1:5
0.00
1.40
1.20
1.00
0.40
0.80
1.60
0.60
0.20
B/Ag
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400
1:1 1:2
1:3 1:4
1:5
0,00
2.00
4.00
5.00
3.00
1.00
6.00
B/Ag
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400
1:1 1:2
1:3 1:4
1:5
0.00
1.40
1.20
1.00
0.40
0.80
1.60
0.60
0.20
B/Ag
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400
1:1 1:2
1:3 1:4
1:5
0,00
2.00
4.00
5.00
3.00
1.00
6.00
B/Ag
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400
1:1 1:2
1:3 1:4
1:5
0.00
1.40
1.20
1.00
0.40
0.80
1.60
0.60
0.20
B/Ag
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400
1:1 1:2
1:3 1:4
1:5
0.00
1.40
1.20
1.00
0.40
0.80
1.60
0.60
0.20
B/Ag
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400
1:1 1:2
1:3 1:4
1:5
0.00
2.00
4.00
5.00
3.00
1.00
6.00
30
Figure 3. Strength results in lime B mortars with different aggregates.
Days
A
g
-
1
A
g
-
2
A
g
-
3
A
g
-
4
Days
Compressive Strength (N/mm
2
) Flexural Strength (N/mm
2
)
B/Ag
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400
1:1 1:2
1:3 1:4
1:5
0,00
2.00
4.00
5.00
3.00
1.00
6.00
B/Ag
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400
1:1 1:2
1:3 1:4
1:5
0.00
1.40
1.20
1.00
0.40
0.80
1.60
0.60
0.20
B/Ag
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400
1:1 1:2
1:3 1:4
1:5
0,00
2.00
4.00
5.00
3.00
1.00
6.00
B/Ag
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400
1:1 1:2
1:3 1:4
1:5
0.00
1.40
1.20
1.00
0.40
0.80
1.60
0.60
0.20
B/Ag
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400
1:1 1:2
1:3 1:4
1:5
0,00
2.00
4.00
5.00
3.00
1.00
6.00
B/Ag
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400
1:1 1:2
1:3 1:4
1:5
0.00
1.40
1.20
1.00
0.40
0.80
1.60
0.60
0.20
B/Ag
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400
1:1 1:2
1:3 1:4
1:5
0,00
2.00
4.00
5.00
3.00
1.00
6.00
B/Ag
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400
1:1 1:2
1:3 1:4
1:5
0.00
1.40
1.20
1.00
0.40
0.80
1.60
0.60
0.20
31
Figure 4. Weight loss vs curing time in lime B mortars with Ag-4.
B/Ag
0.00
2.00
4.00
6.00
8.00
10.00
12.00
14.00
16.00
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400
Days
W
e
i
g
t
h
l
o
s
s
(%)
1:1 1:2
1:3 1:4
1:5
32
Figure 5. Porosity and compressive strength vs percentage of lime in lime A mortars with Ag-3 tested
after 365 days. Binder:aggregate ratios (B/Ag) are expressed on top of points.
100 80 60 40 20 0
2
3
4
5
6
Compressive Strength
C
o
m
p
r
e
s
s
i
v
e
s
t
r
e
n
g
t
h
(
N
/
m
m
2
)
Lime Weigth (%)
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
55
60
Porosity
1:5
1:4
1:3
1:2
1:1
Lime A
P
o
r
o
s
i
t
y
(
%
)
4:1
2:1
33
Figure 6. Pore size distribution (pore diameter) in lime B with Ag-2 mortars tested after 365 days.
B/Ag
0.000
0.005
0.010
0.015
0.020
0.025
0.030
0.035
0.040
0.045
0.050
0.001 0.01 0.1 1 10 100 1000
Di ameter (m)
I
n
t
r
u
s
i
o
n
V
o
l
u
m
e
(
m
L
/
m
g
)
1:1
1:3
1:4
34
Figure 7. Pore size distribution (pore diameter) in lime B with Ag-3 mortars tested after 365 days.
B/Ag
0.000
0.005
0.010
0.015
0.020
0.025
0.030
0.035
0.040
0.001 0.01 0.1 1 10 100 1000
I
n
t
r
u
s
i
o
n
V
o
l
u
m
e
(
m
L
/
m
g
)
1:1
1:3
1:4
Di ameter (m)