THE PERVASIVE ROLE OF BLACK HOLES

From obscure objects, little known and much speculated about, black holes might turn out to be the most abundant type of matter in the universe. That is the lesson learned after examining extensive research concerning the nature of intergalactic space from the present age to the very distant origin of our cycle. Compelling evidence includes the following observations discussed here: Black holes are identified as the probable source of the universes X-ray background radiation Astronomers have discovered considerable interstellar scintillation The alignment of galaxies is distorted as we look into deep space The very early universe appears dominated by black holes. Both theory and observations indicate that strong magnetic fields discovered between galaxies most likely result from black holes.

Other studies have identified free-floating black holes within space. Although some of the observations give evidence only of the clumping of dark matter, regardless of origin, the regeneration theory asserts that the clumping is evidence of both black holes and dead galaxies throughout space The paradoxes within a black hole are as fundamental, and as far reaching in their implications, as the puzzles that confronted Einsteins contemporaries at the beginning of the twentieth century and triggered the development of relativity and the quantum theory.
Martin Rees Before the Beginning Our Universe and Others
Helix Books 1998

To understand the universe it is necessary to understand the dual nature of black holes. In one configuration they are consuming bodies, capable of absorbing an entire galaxys worth of matter. Yet in another configuration they are generating bodies, creating new galaxies from the matter they have absorbed. In these two configurations they are continuously recycling the matter in the universe.

The role of black holes is at the core of the regeneration hypothesis. Black holes and their alter egos, the generative quasars, are the essential elements and dominant influence in the cosmos.

The regeneration hypothesis holds that:

Black holes permeate the universe and the entire cosmos. They comprise the largest proportion of dark matter and even of total matter. They transform the compressive effects of relativity into the expansive effects of quantum mechanics. They convert gravity into propulsion. They convert compressed condensed mass into energy. They recreate the primordial elements out of formless plasma. Although almost invisible, they influence all masses and radiation in their vicinity, changing their orbits and inexorably drawing them to themselves. They seem to inhabit the centers of almost all galaxies. They are the final stage of evolution of the massive stars. All matter is ultimately filtered through them to become regenerated anew Black holes (and their generative quasars) determine the size and shape of galaxies. They create the microwave background radiation and most of the x-rays and gamma rays that permeate the universe. They are most likely responsible for many of the powerful gamma ray bursts we see in the distant past. They send our universe and the cosmos into cycles of expansion and contraction. Through the production of wave energy they help hold the cosmos together. They reverse the entropy of the universe. They reconcile quantum mechanics with general relativity. By regenerating the cosmos they give it eternal life. By these means black holes and their quasars determine much of what we see in the universe. But how dominant are they really? Do observations support the theory? These are the questions we confront throughout the study.

AN ABUNDANCE OF BLACK HOLES Fill the Universe with Radiation

X-Rays

Gamma Rays

Thermal Radiation

Black holes announce their presence with radiation as well as gravitation. Recent evidence suggests that they may also generate a magnetic field. Astronomers have traced the background X-ray radiation to an abundance of black holes, both nearby and in the distant universe. Some have been discovered in the very distant past, beyond the view of optical telescopes The black hole abundance indicates that they are a major presence in the universe. The regeneration theory proposes that they are the major constituent of dark matter

An Abundance of Black Holes

A new telescope and new observing techniques have found black holes throughout the universe, some drifting aimlessly and others at the core of previously unseen and extremely distant galaxies.
Paul Recer Black Holes Found To Be Common
The Associated Press January 13, 2000

also In our galactic neighborhood, the identification of black holes has become almost routineBut these black holes are dim shadows of the quasars that blazed billions of years ago
Robert Irion Black Holes Begin to Lose Their Mystery
Science January 21, 2000

Observations appear to be on their way to confirming a large number of black holes in the universe as was projected in the previous chapter. They announce their presence by radiation of various frequencies and by their strong gravitational influence on the movements of surrounding matter. Gravitational influences are most noted surrounding the supermassive black holes found at the center of most, if not all, galaxies. Radiation and the gravitational lensing of distant luminous objects must be relied upon to discover their presence if the black holes are smaller or if abundant nearby matter is not available to observe gravitational effects. A combination of all these methods is lifting the veil from these elusive objects that otherwise can not be seen.

Black Hole Radiation and Lensing

Since observing it in 1962, astronomers have been puzzled over the source of an X-ray glow that infuses the entire universe. Like the microwave background radiation, it held promise of determining both the constituents and the evolution of the universe. The Chandra X-ray Observatory appears to have solved the problem. An abundance of black holes, both near and in the extreme distance, some associated with unseen galaxies, appear to be the primary cause.

About a third of the X-ray sources are galaxies that do not shine in visible light, but were detected by the X-ray emissions, presumably from massive black holes at their center. Some of the ultra-faint galaxies, shrouded by dust and distance, were estimated to be almost 14 billion light years distant. Supplementing the Chandra study, another team of astronomers searching for lensing events identified two stellar black holes floating freely in space within our galaxy about 3,000 to 6,000 light years away, which is very close by cosmic standards. This was the first ever observation of isolated black holes. Studies previous to this one have indicated that the Milky Way galaxy itself has an X-ray background glow. It has generally been noted that the quasars resulting from the ingestion of matter within nearby galaxies were 1,000 to 100,000 times dimmer than the quasars generated in the distant past, perhaps within a billion years of the beginning of the universe. In accord with current theory, the brighter quasars in the distant past were presumed to result from a greater consumption of matter by the more distant black holes than is presently available in our more mature and stable galaxies. The regeneration theory says these distant quasars are a different breed. These are generative quasars rather than the radiating black holes we see in our vicinity. The results of the black hole surveys were impressive, but hardly indicate the magnitude of the evidence for black holes still to be found.

Interstellar Scintillation
The conclusion is inescapable. It is interstellar scintillation that is at least a major cause of this intraday variability.
David Jauncey Australia Telescope National Facility and

It looks pretty conclusive and comprehensive.

William Junor University of New Mexico Quotations from Knotted Jets and Odd Quasars Reveal Secrets by Radio
Science February 18, 2000

A scintillation study appears to provide additional evidence for the existence of black holes interspersed throughout space. Variability in quasar radio emissions as detected

within interstellar space is frequently of such short duration that some distorting source must be the cause. Astronomers using the Very Large Array of 27 radio telescopes near Socorro, New Mexico and the Australian Telescope Compact Array of six telescopes in Narrabri, New South Wales have determined that the intraday variability of at least one radio source is due to the interstellar medium. Emissions of the source investigated (PKS 0405-385) nearly double in intensity and then fade within an hour. These variations are presently attributed to gas and dust in the interstellar medium. But the degree of variability is so great that the variations most likely are due to some other cause. The cause of the scintillation must be powerful enough to interfere with the radio emissions (analogous to gravitational lensing in visual sightings) yet not be otherwise detectable. Black holes would fill the bill perfectly. Numerous black holes would cause a scintillating effect as they pass between the radio telescopes and the object viewed. If black holes are assumed to be the cause of the interstellar scintillation, then the evidence for black holes as a major source of dark matter would be strengthened.

Weak Lensing of Dark Matter

Never have so many astronomers been so eager to claim they cant see straight. Groups working with three different telescopes have detected weak lensing, a distortion of distant galaxies that reveals dark matter strewn across deep space. The results provide a first direct glimpse of the vast tangle of massive, invisible stuff that astronomers and astrophysicists believe makes up most of the mass of the universe.
Distorted Galaxies Point to Dark Matter
Science March 17, 2000

Three teams of astronomers, working independently but simultaneously, found evidence for the distribution of masses of dark matter within deep space, sufficient to distort the alignment of galaxies within the field of view of their telescopes. A team working with the Canada-France-Hawaii Telescope in Hawaii, another team working with the William Herschel Telescope in the Canary Islands, and a third group working with the Cerro Tololo Inter-American Observatorys Blanco Telescope in Chile all confirmed the findings. By adjusting for local refraction, the astronomers were able to confirm that matter in deep space was responsible for the galaxy misalignments. These findings appear to reinforce the discovery of scintillation in space discovered by other astronomers attempting to

identify the variations in luminosity of distant quasars. There appears to be no question that masses of dark matter exist in deep space. The purpose of the weak lensing studies was to identify the distribution of dark matter only as a first step toward determining the development of the universe after the Big Bang. Contrarily, it has been a clear bonus for the regeneration theory. Its existence provides equal evidence that this invisible matter could just as easily be massive black holes and dead galaxies distributed throughout space. The gravitational impacts would be enormous and their visibility, especially of the black holes, would be minimal. Studies of the very early universe strongly suggest an abundance of black holes even then.

Black Holes in the Very Early Universe

Astronomers looking back in time reported on Tuesday that the early universe was probably dominated by three things: black holes, black holes and black holes
Deborah Zabarenko Black Holes Once Dominated the Universe
Reuters March 13, 2001

Using the Chandra X-ray Observatory to examine the universe approximately 12 billion years ago astronomers discovered evidence that black holes and buried quasars (quasars whose optical brilliance is hidden by dense gas and dust clouds) dominated the period. Core samples were taken in both the northern and southern hemispheres, within the constellation Formax in the south and Ursa Major (the Big Dipper) in the north. The samples showed the same pattern, a large and diverse number of x-ray sources, which can only be attributed to black holes and quasars. It is easy to see how this discovery helps to substantiate the regeneration theory. The regeneration theory proposes that a congestion of black holes and dead galaxies at the bottom of the compression cycle accelerates collisions between them. Consequently, they aggregate abundantly into supermassive black holes of critical size, sufficient to generate the G-type quasars that are the source of new galaxy formation. Also, the huge abundance of dust and gases would be typical of a congested period of intense galaxy formation. Besides being a model of what a regeneration period would look like, the discovery poses another question. What happens to the black holes that did not convert into generative quasars? Large black holes would not die out within 12 billion years. They must infuse our universe today.