DR - Dharshana-Power System Studies Best Practices & International Experiences

Power System Studies Best Practices & International Experiences
Speaker : Dr.Dharshana Muthumuni, PhD, P.Eng Manitoba HVDC Research Centre

1
There are a variety of simulation tools used in power system studies to predict system behaviour. - Load flow - Transient stability - Fault studies - Harmonic analysis - Electromagnetic transient simulations. The fundamental difference between an electromagnetic transient (EMT) type simulation and other types of simulations is in the way the electrical circuit response is mathematically represented. - EMT programs represents the power system response by the respective differential equations. - Other programs represent the power system response by reducing the differential equations to the respective phasor form.
A typical EMT simulation results showing the voltage across the tree phases of a circuit breaker is shown below. This is an illustration of the well known breaker Transient recovery Voltage (TRV). Note the high frequency compnents on the voltage immediately after the current is interrupted. Such details analysis can be done only on EMT platforms.
Transient vs. Steady State
Load Flow / Transient Stability

Each solution based on phasor calculations
Electro-Magnetic Transients
Direct time domain solution of Differential Equations
V ( ) = R I ( ) + j ( L ) I ( )
v(t ) = R i (t ) + L
d i (t ) dt
In addition to solving the complete set of differential equations, the EMT solution allows to include other power system details such as - Non linear effects (iron core saturation for example) - Frequency dependent effects (skin effect in conductors). - Response of associated mechanical systems. - Mechanical equations of rotational inertias of a turbine generator system - Rotational dynamics of wind turbines - Inclusion of the response of complex control systems associated with the power system equipment - Generators controls - Complex controls functions of HVDC schemes - Complex control functions of wind integrations
5
All the above features make EMT the most accurate and detailed simulation method available to power system engineers.
- It should be noted that such level of details is not required for every analysis. As an example, the load flow solution is essentially a 50 Hz, steady state situation. The power system elements can be represented by the corresponding phasor equations to obtain the correct solution.
RRL BRK
Another example of a fast (involves high frequency oscillations) electromagnetic transient event is capacitor switching. Note the very short (relatively) transient period. The short duration over voltage and current could be influenced by one of more of the following: Natural response of the system LRC elements (those near the cap. Bank has the largest impact) Travelling waves in lines/cables near the cap. Bank. Non linear effects such as transformer saturation.
BRK
0.1 [H] 1.0 [uF]
0.1 [H] 1.0 [uF]
C apbank : Graphs 300 200 100 kV 0 -100 -200 -300 2.00 1.50 1.00 0.50 0.00 -0.50 -1.00 -1.50 -2.00 0.100 R LIa R LIb R LIc Vcap
kA
0.150
0.200
0.250
0.300
0.350
0.400
0.450
0.500
... ... ...
Why Do We Study the short Transient period?

Mainly to protect major equipment from insulation failure Ensure that main station equipment are protected from lightning induced voltage surges Ensure satisfactory operation of circuit breakers Design surge arresters Design current/voltage limiting devices (inrush reactors, grading capacitors) Identify the worst case (magnitude and duration of the transient) Identify and design mitigation methods
EMT programs are by no means limited to studding the fast transients associated with switching As described previously, the EMT program represents the power system equipment in accurate detail. Also, we mentioned that complex control functions can be incorporated into the simulation. This is a key factor in HVDC and FACTS simulations. The response of these devices are tightly coupled to how they are controlled (and protected). As such, EMT simulations are readily applicable to the design and integration of HVDC, FACTS and other power electronic based power system devices. In fact, such simulations play a very important role in the design and integration process.
Start-up of an induction motor

Slow Transient (electro-mechanical)
Main : Graphs
Motor starting - With a mehanical load connected to the shaft.

pu
1.0000 0.9960 0.9920 0.9880 0.9840 4.0 2.0 0.0 -2.0 -4.0 0.20
Vrms
BRK 0.0 0 W S TL Tm IM
Timed Breaker Logic Open@t0
Breaker is closed at 0.5s to start the motor.
Ea
Ia BRK Ea
RRL
#1
#2
A V
kV
Ia
RL
kA
0.00 -0.20
2 X
* 0.8
Tm
W
Mechanical load model: Load torque is modeled as being proportiobnal to w^2.
1.00 0.80 0.60 0.40 0.20 0.00 0.20 0.40 0.60 0.80 1.00 1.20 1.40 1.60 1.80 2.00 2.20 ... ... ...
pu
10
EMT programs and their importance in HVDC and other Power electronic based systems.
Design of complex control strategies to meet the system performance objectives. Design protection functions associated with the HVDC/FACTS controls to limit over voltages and other undesirable conditions. Design equipment insulation ratings Study HVDC/FACTS control interactions with other control systems (eg. Excitation control of a nearby thermal generation) and to find solutions to such issues. Sub synchronous torsional interactions involving nearby thermal generators that could damage generator shafts. Other types of sub synchronous (below 60 Hz) resonance issues (becoming a series concern with power electronic controls of wind systems)
11
EMT programs and their importance in HVDC and other Power electronic based systems.
Wind farm fault ride through studies where the fault response has to consider the ratings as well as the protection and control aspects of the wind turbine power electronic converters (Type 3 and Type 4). Research and development related - Study new concepts - Multi terminal HVDC schemes Others..
12
PSCAD implementation of a conventional HVDC inverter valves, the converter transformers and the A side filters.
DCP A V
Ibus
DCIC
AMID GMID
AM GM
Com . Bus
0.0606 [H] #2 AO KB 6 Puls e Bridge #1 167.2 [uF] 15.04 [uF] 116.38 [ohm ] 37.03 [ohm ] 15.04 [uF] 13.23 [ohm ]
inverter 1000M W, 500kV

A O I
0.0061 [H]
7.522 [uF] Com . Bus
AMIS GMIS
AM GM
#2
#1
1 0 0 0 0 0 0 .0[o h m ]
AO TIME 1 KB KBI 6 Puls e Bridge
Tim ed Fault Logic
13
PSCAD implementation of a conventional HVDC inverter controls for thyristor firing pulses.
INVERTER CONTROLS
input current order (pu)
CO
Inverter
current order for rectifier
INVERTER CURRENT CONTROLS

DC Voltage (compensated) G 1 + sT VDCL + F MPVS
1.50 1.00
AC Volts (RMS)
AC Voltage
E D Min CORD CORDER
VDCI
* 0 .0 1
POWER Power F
CMARG
0.1
(pu)
P I BETAIC
dc voltage measured at inverter
voltage compounding
0.50
Voltage Dep. Current Limit Rectifier Current Order
0.00 -0.50 -1.00 -1.50
F CERRI D + CERRIM
CMIC
G 1 + sT
D CMIS Current (filtered)
dc current measured at inverter Angle Order for inverter

B + D Alpha Order
Pi
2.50 2.00 1.50 1.00

(pu)
DC Volts
DC Current
D Max
BETAI
AOI
INVERTER GAMMA CONTROLS
DGEI Delta Gamma Error
F GMES Min in 1 Cycle Gamma GMESS D + + B -0.544 GERRI P D Max GNLG I E BETAIG
0.50 0.00 -0.50 -1.00 x 0.250 0.300 0.350 0.400 0.450 0.500 0.550 0.600
Gamma Angle measured at inverter
0.2618
GMIN
14
Selected Applications in Power Systems

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. Transformer energizing Transmission line and equipment switching Capacitor bank switching Circuit breaker Transient Recovery Voltage (TRV) Overvoltages caused by lightning strikes Motor starting Protection Equipment failure Post event investigations Network resonance and Ferro resonance problems Distributed generation studies Power quality
Many more..
15
Transformer Energizing
7000 6000 5000 4000 3000 2000 1000 0
380 Hz
5.0 4.0
Ia(kA)
|Z+|(ohms)
240 Hz
3.0 2.0 1.0 0.0
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900

x
-1.0 0.40 0.50 0.60 0.70 0.80 0.90 1.00
Frequency [Hz]
Core saturation Inrush current and harmonics

- Voltage dips
Ia
1.0
Network characteristics frequency scans

- Over voltages due to harmonic resonance conditions
0.0
Ia (kA)
[6] 0.00628253
16
Transmission line and Equipment Switching

E1 Minimum: Maximum: Mean: Std Dev: 2% Level: 98% Level: 364.6304 395.8886 379.7837 7.564519 364.248 395.3193 E2 280.1849 352.6374 320.0234 17.03806 285.0315 355.0153 E3 332.9529 413.6732 375.2662 18.64495 336.9741 413.5582 E4 353.4259 383.773 369.2719 7.544283 353.7778 384.7659
Overvoltage magnitudes and equipment insulation levels

Surge arresters
Statistical distribution of overvoltage magnitude Transmission line flash-over rates Investigation of overvoltage mitigation methods
Power System Studies Best Practices & International Experiences 17
Back to back switching
Resonance concerns
- Inrush reactors
Outrush reactors
Capacitor Bank Switching
Cable energizing
Faults
2 40 k 2 60 A = 21 . 326 6 s 10
Inrush Reactor
Capacitor 25 MVars per phase/step
B4 0.000277 [H]
3.76 [uF]
Inrush Reactor
B3
0.000277 [H]
3.76 [uF]
Inrush Reactor
B2
0.000277 [H]
3.76 [uF]
Inrush Reactor
B1
0.000277 [H]
3.76 [uF]

= di dt
allow
18
Circuit breaker Transient Recovery Voltage (TRV)

TRV is the voltage developed across the breaker poles immediately after current interruption
- Fast event - Simulation circuit should consider details of station equipment - Breaker TRV withstand capability limits
TRV 300 250 200 150 100
kV
LEGEND: DS DS1 BRK BRK1
BAY A b1 50MVAr Cap.Bank
sysTRV
Station X2 Station W Station Y2
Station Z2 CAP BANK 1 b1 CAP BANK 2 7500 pF CCVT 50MVAr Cap.Bank
a b1 b1
a b1
a b1
a b1
b1
b1
BAY B
BAY C
BAY D
BAY E
BAY F
REACTOR 1
50 0 -50 -100
a1 a1 b b a1 b a1 b a1 b a1 b 7500 pF CCVT
50MVAr Reactor 50MVAr Cap.Bank
CAP BANK 3
b1
b1
b1
-150 time(s) 0.2450 0.2500 0.2550 0.2600 0.2650 0.2700 0.2750 0.2800 0.2850
REACTOR 2
REACTOR 3
50MVAr Reactor Station X1 Station Y1 Station Z1
50MVAr Reactor
19
Lightning Overvoltages
Lightning overvoltage studies are required to: Determine the required insulation levels of equipment (BIL).
Surge arresters size and location Determine transmission line flashover rates - Very Fast event - Simulation circuit should consider details of station equipment
Lightning overvoltage waveforms 60 Lightning Current
40
How do we represent system equipment

Vstring_1
20
0 1.0k 0.8k 0.5k 0.3k 0.0 x 0.015m 0.020m 0.025m 0.030m 0.035m 0.040m 0.045m
Line segments Towers Insulators Tower footing resistance Flashover mechanism
20
Motor Starting
Voltage dips and flicker caused by frequent starting of large motors at industrial plants is a power quality concern for utilities - Model data to match manufactures T-S and I-S curves - Impact of rotating inertia - Power System impedance characteristics near the interconnection point - Representation of load characteristics and the overall impact.
M otor starting transients 1.010 1.000 0.990 0.980 0.970 0.960 0.950 0.940 1.50 1.00 0.50 0.00 -0.50 -1.00 -1.50 5.0 4.0 3.0 2.0 1.0 0.0 -1.0 1.00 0.80 0.60 0.40 0.20 0.00 0.50 0.75 1.00 1.25 1.50 1.75 2.00 2.25 2.50 2.75 Vrm s
pu
I a
kA
pu
W s
pu
tim e(s)
21
Few Interesting (recent) applications:

.
1) 2) 3) 4)
Transformer Bushing failure in a power plant. System black start restoration studies Fault current limiting devices Protection
22
Transformer Bushing failure in a sub station.

Gas insulated bus-bars connect the GIS to the generator transformers. Number of transformers failed over a period of about 2 years. Perform apparatus inspections and perform engineering studies (simulations) to investigate the causes for the 380 kV transformer bushing failures.
23
Transformer Bushing failure in a Station.

a1 80 [pF] PT E A R T H I N G S W I T C H 25 [pF] 25 [pF] 25 [pF]
D3R_
D3Y_
25 [pF] 25 [pF] 25 [pF]
CB1R_ CB1Y_ CB1B_
Electrical studies: Switching, and temporary over voltages Ferro resonance Harmonic impacts GIS Very Fast Transients.
D I S C O N N E C T O R E A R T H I N G S W I T C H B R E A K E R E A R T H I N G S W I T C H
25 [pF] 25 [pF] 25 [pF]
D1R_
D1Y_
D1B_
2 . 4[ p F ]
2 . 4[ p F ] b1
2 . 4[ p F ] b2
24
Transformer Bushing failure in a Station.

Switching transients
1.50 1.00 0.50 0.00 -0.50 -1.00 -1.50 Tim e ... 0.000 Esov - PP9 Bushing
PU
0.010
0.020
0.030
0.040
0.050
0.060
0.070
0.080
... ... ...
GIS switching related VFT - MHz range

4.0 3.0 2.0 1.0 0.0 -1.0 -2.0 -3.0 -4.0 E_ST3_DER
3.00 2.50 2.00 1.50 1.00 0.50 0.00 -0.50 -1.00 E_GT1_2
25
Transformer Related Issues
Ferro Resonance
Many factors can lead to ferro-resonance situations. Transients simulations are necessary to identify possible problems.
F e r r o r e s o n a n c e C a s e S tu d y 1 .2 5 1 .0 0 0 .7 5 0 .5 0 0 .2 5 0 .0 0 - 0 .2 5 - 0 .5 0 - 0 .7 5 - 1 .0 0 - 1 .2 5 5 .0 4 .0 3 .0 2 .0 1 .0 0 .0 - 1 .0 - 2 .0 - 3 .0 - 4 .0 0 .0 0 V busA V busB V busC
V P r iB
Voltage
0 .1 0
0 .2 0
0 .3 0
0 .4 0
0 .5 0
0 .6 0
0 .7 0
0 .8 0
0 .9 0
... ... ...
26
CT Saturation
Mal-operation of an earth fault relay during transformer energising.
Is
Inrush current caused unequal saturation of the 3 CTs, resulting in a burden current.
Main,CT1 : Graphs 12.0 Ib (A) Ib
PI SECTION
-2.0 2.00 B (T) B1

Timed Fault Logic Ea
ct_3_new _.f
BRK1 COUPLED 1 2 3 0.01 [ohm] Ia BRK2
-0.25 120 Ia (Amps) Ia
Is #1 #2
-20 0.00 0.20 0.40 0.60 0.80 1.00 ... ... ...
27
Fault current limiting devices

RL RRL Ib
M ain : Graphs 600 TR V
400
T _l i ne
200
Iflt Tim ed Fault Logic V a
ABC
TRV B R E A 1
0
30 [pF]
3 0[p F ]
I_ C B 1
Tim ed Breaker Logic Clos ed@t0
3 0[p F ]
BREA1
-200
V b
-400
+ C_LIM 1 3 3 .5[p F ] 2 0 0 0 0 0 .1 0 8 650 [pF] Lim iting Reactor
+ C_LIM 650 [pF]
-600 x 0.180 0.190 0.200 0.210

M ain : Graphs
0.220
0.230
0.240
... ... ...
30 [pF]
800 600 400 200 0 -200
TRV_env_A30
TRV_env_A30
TRV
TRV_env_A60
TRV_env_A60
TRV_env_A100
TRV_env_A100
3 0[p F ]
B R E A 2
3 0[p F ] DS DS1 50 [pF] DS DS2 50 [pF] DS DS3 50 [pF] 50 [pF] SA
-400 -600 -800 800 600 400 200 0 -200 -400 -600 -800 800 TRV_env_C30 TRV_env_C30 TRV TRV_env_C60 TRV_env_C60 TRV_env_C100 TRV_env_C100 TRV_env_B30 TRV_env_B30 TRV TRV_env_B60 TRV_env_B60 TRV_env_B100 TRV_env_B100
16000 [pF]
600 400 200 0

# 1 # 2 1 2 0 0 0[p F ]
250 [nF]
-200
Sub Trans ient Reactance
0 .0 0 0 8 5
R L
3 .5 9 9 e -4
-400 -600 -800 x 0.1980 0.2000 0.2020 0.2040 0.2060 0.2080 0.2100 0.2120 ... ... ...
28
Fault current limiting devices

PSCAD implementation of a Super Conducting Fault Current Limiter
9 4 10 5 11
DC circuit
8 3
DC2
DC1
A1
B DC FCL Reactor Three-limb Three-phase MMF H St I_int
9
2.5
10
11
2.046 [mH]
A2
B1 B2
1.5 B [T]
C1
1
C2
0.5
B USED
0 0 10000 20000 H [A/m] 30000 40000 50000
P+jQ
29
System black start restoration studies

Getting a power system back into operation after black-out- is not an easy task and should be carefully planned (Black start restoration plans) Some issues: -Can we energize lines , transformers and loads through available generating units? - System has very little damping due to low load. Resonance issues.
30

T Line_01_01
26.326 km Eng #1 #2 P+jQ #1 #2 P+jQ
QILWAH
MIKHWAH
Bil Jurs hi E1 E3
Timed Breaker Logic Open@t0
38 km BRKG 53.618 km
TLine_01_02 TLi ne_01_03
TLine_01_a
#1 #1 #2
#2
T Li ne_01_b
#1
#2 P+jQ
Restoration steps are determined and documented step by step. System single line drawings are used to illustrate each step
P+jQ P+jQ BRKG E2

T Li ne_01_04 T Line_02_01 T Li ne_02_02 TLine_01_06 TLine_01_07 T Line_02_03 row1 TLi ne_01_05 row1
Iqunt
AD DUQAH
NAMERA
QUNFUDAH TOWN
Iqunt
Etcps 67 km E1 E2 9 km 95 km 36 km
E3
QUNFUDAH CPS Etcps TCPS
THORYBAN
49 km
TLine_01_08 TLine_01_09 TLine_02_05 T Line_02_05_2
86 km
T Line_02_04
#2 #2 #1 SUFFAH P+jQ
#1 47 km
T Li ne_01_10
Electrical studies are necessary to verify that the selected restoration actions (steps) can be implemented without damaging equipment.
P+jQ
SABTAL JARAJ
68 km
TLi ne_01_12 TLine_01_11 T Line_02_06
72 km
#1
#2 P+jQ
#2 P+jQ
#1
AL BIRK
T Li ne_01_13
TLine_02_07
MAJARDAH 94 km
100 km 82 km
T Li ne_01_15 TLi ne_01_14
TLine_02_08
#2 P+jQ
#1
MUHAIL NORTH
T Li ne_01_17
67 km
44 km
T Line_01_16
T Li ne_02_09
#2 P+jQ
#1
MUHAIL
31

Transform er E nergizing 1.50 1.00 E _49900
Transformer energizing: - Energizing a transformer from the HV side.
0.50
PU
0.00 -0.50 -1.00 -1.50 2.00 1.50 1.00 0.50 Itf
kA
x
0.00 -0.50 -1.00 -1.50 0.00 0.50 1.00 1.50 2.00 2.50 3.00 ... ... ...
Transform er E nergizing 1.50 1.00 0.50 E _49900
PU
0.00 -0.50 -1.00 -1.50 2.00 1.50 1.00 0.50 Itf
kA
x
0.00 -0.50 -1.00 -1.50 0.00 0.10 0.20 0.30 0.40 0.50 0.60 0.70 0.80 0.90 1.00 ... ... ...
32

1.20 1.00 0.80
PU
Vrms_machine
Long line energizing through small generating units Self excitation issues
S/H in out hold S2M Vref0 Vref Vs PSS2B P1 Pw W Exciter (ST4B) VT Ef0 IT 3 Ef If Ef0
0.60 0.40 0.20 0.00 1.50 1.00 0.50 0.00 -0.50 -1.00 -1.50 2.00 1.50 1.00 0.50 0.00 -0.50 -1.00 -1.50 1.50 E sov - PP9 Bushing E a- M achine terminal
3 Ef0 Ef If S Ea Tm w Tm Tm0 TM0 W w Cv Cv w Tm1 B + + F TIME L2N TIME S2M Timed Breaker Logic Closed@t0 Timed Breaker Logic Open@t0 A V #1 #2 BRKG Esov Ia2 A V Ia1 BRKL
TL_SUD_P...
Sudair Bus
Ib1
PU
Ef 1e6 Ib2 BRKG BRKL
Te
E f-M achine field voltage
1.00 0.50
PU
0.00 -0.50 -1.00 -1.50 1.00002 W
Steam Gov 4 Wref 1.0
Steam_Tur_1 Wref Tm2
0.99982 x 1.50 2.00 2.50 3.00 3.50 4.00 4.50 5.00 5.50 ... ... ...
33
Protection and relaying Examples
34
CT Saturation
Apply faults at different inception angles and observe the initial DC exponential In the fault current.
200 km long 230 kV transmission line simulated in two segments to facilitate application of faults at different point on the line.
P + jQ
RRL
Iabc Vabc
T TLine1
T TLine2
75 km long second 230 kV transmission line

Timed Fault Logic Fault at 0.4876s and 0.49167s
T TLine3
RRL
A->G
35
CT Saturation
Discuss the CT model. The dc exponential in the fault current will force the CT core flux to move in one direction. This can lead to saturation and a resultant loss of secondary current to the relay. CT secondary burden influences the saturation of the CT core.
36
CT Saturation
Main : Graphs 200 Vabc
Loss (reduction) of secondary current due to CT core saturation. Saturation is a result of the dc component in the fault current.
V -200 15.0 I sec Ia_sec -30.0 3.0 Iabc I pri -5.0 0.25 Flux den B -2.00 0.400 0.450 0.500 0.550 0.600 0.650 0.700 ... ... ...
37
CT Saturation
CT of phase A saturated during energising of a single phase transformer in a distribution feeder.
Is BRK1 COUPLED PI SECTION
M ain,CT1 : Graphs 12.0 Ib (A) Ib
-2.0 2.00 B (T) B1
ct_3_new _.f
Timed Fault Logic
Ea
-0.25 120 Ia (Amps) Ia
1 2 3
Ia BRK2 #1 0.01 [ohm]
Is
-20 0.00 0.20 0.40 0.60 0.80 1.00 ... ... ...
#2
38
Series compensated line

60.0 V freq RRL A V F Ph P = -103.6 Q = 541.8 Vcua P_CUA Q_CUA P = 269.7 Q = 323 A V Ph freq F V RRL RL freq RL
Station A
Vcua Station E
L1C
L2C ITYL1
System model
T T T PAL2 PAL3 PAL1 T TYL1_a T TYL1_b T YP
L1T
L2T
Bypass breakers Arresters Bypass breaker logic based on fault current level and arrester (parallel with capacitor) energy
ITYL1
P = -394.2 Q = 576.7 A V RRL Station B E1 Timed Breaker Logic Closed@t0
T TYL2_a
T TYL2_b T YA
Ph
T TYL3_a
T TYL3_b
BT3
BY3 P = -63.92 Q = 297 E2 Timed Breaker Logic Closed@t0 A V
RL
freq
freq
freq
Station C Ph
BT3
BY3
RRL RL
Station D F V A V P = 503.9 Q = 153.6
Timed Fault Logic
A->G RRL RL
Ph F V
39
Series compensated line
Discuss protection complexities.

300 E 1 E 1 -300 400 E 2 E 2
-300 25.0 ITY L1 ITYL1
Complex voltage and current waveforms the relays must deal with during a faults close to the capacitors
-20.0 1.00 B a1 signal Ba1
0.0 1.150 1.200 1.250 1.300 1.350 1.400 1.450 ... ... ...
40
Fault current contribution of machines

Detailed emt type simulation is the only way to accurately models the nature of fault current waveforms of different machines. With the increased popularity of Induction generator based wind farms, the accurate estimate of fault contribution of complex induction machine generation concepts has become very important. e.g. Fault contribution of a DFIG is complex to analyse on simple fault analysis programs.
41
Fault current contribution of machines

Induction Machine 80 60 40 20 0 -20 -40 -60 2.40 Isc 2.60 2.80 3.00 3.20 3.40 3.60 3.80 4.00 4.20 ... ... ... I1
Induction Machine - Current decays to zero as the stored energy in windings is dissipated.
Main : Graphs
Fault current
50 40 30 20 y 10 0 -10 -20 0.0
Synchronous Machine -Sustained fault current - Affect of dampers and the field winding transients.
1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0 ... ... ...
42
Realistic waveforms for Relay testing

200 km long 230 kV transmission line simulated in two segments to facilitate application of faults at different point on the line.
P+jQ
RRL V1
I1
T TLine1
T TLine2
75 km long second 230 kV transmission line

T TLine3
RRL
Type1 Timed Fault Logic
Type2 Timed Fault Logic Type3 Timed Fault Logic
Generate and record waveforms under different conditions batch mode simulation Different load conditions (not included in the example case relay_test.psc) Point on wave Location Fault type
Some other instances where EMT type simulations maybe necessary in relay studies
Unbalanced operation of the system and the effect on relay settings (e.g. Unequal units in a three phase transformer bank, open conductor)
Typical fault analysis programs are not able to handle such events.
Harmonics due to non linear loads and the effect on relays. Integration of new technology
Distributed generation Islanding protection Complex wind farm protection requirements
44
Some other instances where EMT type simulations maybe necessary in relay studies
Investigate new relay concepts Complex networks Mechanical resonance issues (SSR)
45
Voltage Flicker Due To Arc Furnace and Motor Loads and Mitigation Strategies
46
Arc Furnace Model of PSCAD
The developed EAF model is based on the nonlinear differential equations as outlined in [1], which models the non-linear characteristics of the electric arc as pictured below. The equations representing the arc voltage (v) to arc current (i) are shown below, where r is the arc radius:
k r
1
dr 2 3 + k2r = k m+2 i dt r
EAF Model V-I Characteristics closely follow field measurements
47
Modeling and Simulation of Harmonic and Flicker

Harmonic and Flicker studies involving arc furnace installations is challenging
- The power system feeding the industrial plant (with arc furnace) must be modeled in adequate detail in an EMT platform. - Correct power flows and fault levels - Detailed representation of lines, cables, transformers and other equipment - Model FACTS devices in the vicinity
48
Network Model Developed For a Recent Study

OPICO ETESAL RRL 1 PI Section RL
MHSAJAPA BRK46_1 3 #1 #2 MHSAJAPA 11 PI Section 20 PI Section 5 10 PI Section PI Section 7 PI Section 8 SITIO NINO 23 - 46kV #1 #2 5 BRK46_2
4 PI Section
PI Section
Arc furnace facility
6 PI Section 15 14 PI Section
BRK Eln
EAF Facility
QUEZALTEPEQUE 46kV #1 #2 CARGA HORNO
Network model developed in PSCAD for a recent eaf flicker mitigation study performed by MHRC engineers.
PI Section
12 QUEZALTEPEQUE 23kV 17 18 PI Section 9
10
PI Section
RRL
RL
SITIO NINO 13 - 46kV 13
MATADEROS
Mataderos Equivalent
PI Section
12 PI Section 14 20 SITIO NINO 23 - 23kV
49
OPICO ETESAL RRL 1
Study Model Must Be Validated Prior To Detailed Investigations

2
MHSAJAPA BRK46_1 3 #1 #2 MHSAJAPA 11 P I S e c ti o n 20 P I S e c ti o n 12 P I S e c ti o n 14 20 SITIO NINO 23 - 23kV 5 10 PI Section P I S e c ti o n 7 P I S e c ti o n 8 SITIO NINO 23 - 46kV #1 #2 5 BRK46_2
The arc furnace absorbs about 25MW and 8.5MVAr from the grid. The voltage at bus 5 drops to 0.98p.u. (45.08kV).
PI Section
P I S e c ti o n 3
RL
PI Section
Arc furnace facility
6 PI Section 15 14 PI Section
BRK Eln
EAF Facili ty
QUEZALTEPEQUE 46kV #1 #2 CARGA HORNO
The arc furnace also causes flicker with an instantaneous flicker level (IFL) of about 16.6 at the POI. The simulated voltage waveform at bus this matches field recordings and measured flicker levels. This validates the study model.
40 30 Vbus 20 10
PI Section
12 QUEZALTEPEQUE 23kV 17 18 P I S e c ti o n 9
10
PI Section
RRL
RL
SITIO NINO 13 - 46kV 13
MATADEROS
Mataderos Equivalent
kV
P I S e c ti o n
0 -10 -20 -30 -40
50
Arc Furnace and Filters Modeled in PSCAD

Carga Carga Horno Horno 25 46 [kV] / 0.58 [kV] A V #1 0.0348 13.14 Ohm s - 0.0348 H #2 Varc 1 . 0 e 9[o h m ] Ia Ext. 1 . 0 Ig Ib Ic
4HP
3P
1 1 0 . 5[ m H ]
1 4 8 . 7[ m H ]
1 4 8 8
The electrical network of the industrial plant must also be modeled in adequate detail - EAF characteristics are represented by the detailed model available in PSCAD - Filters - SVC and FACTS devices if present - Transformers, lines, cables, other loads - Motor loads with appropriate load characteristic representation to capture their contribution to voltage fluctuations
4 .1 2
5 .4 4
51
Model Validation
Model validation and setting up the arc furnace model to replicate the field measurements in terms of the follows is very important before mitigation methods can be studied - Flicker levels should closely follow field measurements - Power and reactive power should closely follow field measurements - Voltage profiles should closely follow field measurements Achieving the above is challenging and requires special expertise. This is due to the highly non linear and sporadic nature of the eaf load. - It is important to note that it is impossible to get a simulation case to match the observed results perfectly due to the nature of the problem. The important thing is to capture the essential features and the trends of a practical arc furnace.
52
STATCOM as a Possible Mitigation Option

igrid iPCS
ifurnace
There are a number of possible solution to the harmonic and flicker problems encountered at industrial plants with arc furnace loads. - Passive filters - SVC - STATCOM - Equipment upgrades
STATCOM with special auxiliary control loops targeting flicker mitigation is a viable mitigation method. This principle was used in a recent study for the arc furnace flicker mitigation performed by MHRC.
53
STATCOM as a Possible Mitigation Option

igrid
iPCS
ifurnace
Simulation studies are necessary to develop the special control techniques that should be introduced in addition to standard FACTS controls. Simulation studies can determine the ratings of equipment required to lower the flicker levels to acceptable range The equipment ratings depend on (among other factors) - Existing flicker levels - The target flicker level (need only be lowered to acceptable levels as specified in relevant standards).
54
STATCOM as a possible Mitigation Option

DCP
Q GG1 2
Q GG3 2
Q GG5 2
D 6000
P = -0.5274 P = -0.5281 2 [MVA] Q = 0.9126 Q = 0.9862 V = 45.86 46 [kV] / 0.48 [kV] V = 0.4574 + SrcLV Is_LV A A #1 #2 ABC V ELV V Lf F = 4 5 0 [H z ]
V_dc
6000
Q GG4 2
Q GG6 2
Q GG2 2
DCM
STATCOM model implemented in PSCAD
55
Typical STATCOM Control Functions

iq B iqref D + In id B PI Antiwind-up Rst Rst A MinVq + F wL id * wLf iq vq1 Tid1 wL * wLf Kpd1 Kpd Tid vd D + F Out idref D + In PI Antiwind-up Rs t Rs t A vd1 vd1 Out 0.395 MaxVd [kV] -0.395 MinVd [kV] MaxVd MinVd MaxVq
0.395 MaxVq [kV] -0.395 MinVq [kV]
Kpq Kpq1 Tiq1 Tiq
Modulation references
Refa3 B D + Refa
Edc X vd1 vq1 Y Y P
* 0.5 M X P phase M N
D N/D M MagInv PhaseInv * 57.2958 P X Y P X Y 0.0 M D Q 0 A B C
+ B Refa3
Refb
+ B Refa3
Refc
MagInv * 3
* 0.16
M Magh3 P Phaseh3 Y P
X M X 0.0 Y
D Q 0
A B C
Refa3 Refb3 Refc3
PhaseInv
Angle Res olver
Theta
* 3
Angle Resolver Theta3
56
Special STATCOM Control Functions to Address Voltage Flicker

id B D 0 .0 + B idref Err_d * Ifurd_err vd wL iq * 377 * L
iq B D + Ifurq_err * B Err_q vq D Vref P + B VmagPU Vpcc I id * -1 * 377 wL * L D + F vq1 vq1 iqref D + I P q PI out
D + I
P d PI out
id Regulator
A D ++ vd1 vd1
A B Ib_ac C Ic_ac Ia_ac
D Q 0
id id iq iq
A B Ifurb C Ifurc Ifura
D Ifurd Q 0 Ifurq
X1
Mag1 (7) FFT
id furnace Ifurd iq furnace

X2 Ifurq
Mag2 D (7) + Ph1 Ifurd (7) B Ifurd_dc Ph2 D (7) Ifurq + dc2 B Ifurq_dc Ifurq_dc
Ifurd_err
Calculate d & q components of the ac-side current.
Calculate d & q components of the furnace current.
F = 10 [Hz] dc1
Ifurq_err
Ifurd_dc
iq regulator
57
Simulation Results
E AF_Facility 40 30 20 10 0 -10 -20 -30 -40 1.0000 0.9950 0.9900 0.9850 0.9800 0.9750 0.9700 0.9650 0.9600 tim e (s) Vbus_rm s Vbus
40 30 20 10 0 -10 -20 -30 -40
Vbus
kV
kV
3.900
3.950
4.000
4.050
4.100
POI voltage waveform (instantaneous and rms)
kV
POI voltage waveform (Zoomed view)
58
Flicker Due to Cyclic Motor Loads
59
Flicker Due to Cyclic Motor Loads
Variable motor (cyclic) loads such as those of large compressors can give rise to flicker problems at weak interconnection points. MHRC has provided FACTS based solutions (SVC etc) through emt simulation studies.
60
Flicker Due To Cyclic Motor Loads
Bus 1 Bus 2 P = 24.65 Q = -10.58 V = 118.1 A V
#1
#2
T TLine_02
T TLine_01
Ia 45 km line
#1
#2
Compressor Motors
RRL
100 km line
345 kv 'Weak system
RL
Ea
System Model and the Synchronous motors driving the compressor load.
61

pu Tm1 Torque1 1 sT Clear 1 Average Torque = 0.82 pu (approx) 6 units are pulsating as one Zero Detector F 360.0 + D Degrees Torque1.dat * -1.0 6 - 6000 HP Compressor Motors 327.27273 rpm - 22 Pole machine G 1 + sT
The compressor characteristics are stored in a data file.
Actual load torque characteristics (torque vs rotor angular position) is stored in a look- up table and fed into the study model to get realistic simulation waveforms, replicating flicker measured in the field.
62

M ain : Graphs 98.0 97.0 96.0 95.0 94.0 93.0 92.0 91.0 90.0 0.30 0.20 0.10 0.00 -0.10 -0.20 -0.30 120.0 119.0 118.0 117.0 116.0 115.0 114.0 113.0 30 20 10 0 -10 -20 -30 6.50 E a
Ia
Simulation results compared closely with field measurements, thus validating the study model for investigating mitigation options. After investigating a number of options (system and equipment upgrades), a SVC based solution was recommended and eventually implemented.
Q1
Vrm s
P 1
7.00
7.50
8.00
8.50
9.00
9.50
10.00
... ... ...
63
Control interaction issues
64
The single line diagram show a transmission system with significant wind interconnection. The network is characterized by a number of long over-head 345 kV lines. The system is relatively weak.
Gray Whitedeer 64 km 176 km Tesla a1 147.04 km Whitedeer
CTT _WD_... CT T _GR_...
TLine_11
P = 632.8 Q = -219.9 V = 0.9485
4.81 7.40 a2
GEN
TLine_8
A V
Hereford
E1 3.16 [H] ABC->G
Timed Fault Logic
68 km
CT T_ST_T...
Series Caps b a
68 km
CT T_ST _T...
Bus 1
52.8 km
T Line_12
121.6 km 76.8 km
Sh_WD_ST
Rieley 102.4 km
ET T_T S_...
P = 2190 Q = 796.8 V = 1.067 A V RRL RL
T Line_9
P = 805.3 Q = -366.3 V = 0.9888
67.2 km a1 Silverton A V a2 a3
ETT _T S_...
Thermal Gen
99101 NAZARETH
7.42 b 70.2 km
ET T_RL_...
Ea 250
a SVC Edith Clarke 100.8 km

Sh_ST _CW
7.41
121.2 km
ET T_EC_...
SVC
Cottonwood P = 798.5 Q = -369.3 V = 1.055 RRL A V 3.16 [H]
65
Response of the system following a fault (cleared in normal time) is shown below for the two scenarios that were studied. In the strong connection case, the system seems better damped than in the weak connection case. The SVC keeps oscillating between its minimum and maximum Q limits. This is unacceptable control performance. Such issues should be identified at the design stage. Control parameters may be re- tuned to mitigate the issues.
SVC_Page : Graphs 1.20 Vpu
SVC_Page : Graphs 1.20 Vpu
1.00
1.00
0.80
0.80
y (pu)
y (pu)
0.60
0.60 0.40 0.20
0.40
0.20
0.00 250 200 150 100 Qsvc
Strong system response
0.00 300 200 100 Qsvc
Weak system response
y (MVAR)
50 0 -50 -100 -150 -200 x 0.0 2.0 4.0 6.0 8.0 10.0 12.0
y (MVAR)
0 -100 -200 -300 x 0.0 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0
66
Distributed Generation Applications Control interaction issues E - Control and protection - Energy storage - Power quality
67
Control interaction issues E
HVDC and FACTS
68
HVDC Transmission A Brief discussion
69
Introduction
There are a number of different HVDC converter technology that is in use world wide Line commutated (or conventional) HVDC (LCC)
Based on Thyristors
Capacitor commutated converter based HVDC (CCC)

Based on Thyristors
Voltage source converters (VSC)

Based on IGBTs
LCC is the most mature as well as the widely used technology for large scale HVDC power transmission.
70
Introduction
A typical LCC - HVDC Scheme Power flow is from the rectifier to the Inverter side
0.5968 [H] 2.5 [ohm] 2.5 [ohm] 0.5968 [H]
R bus Ibus
Inverter_AC
Rectifier_AC
26.0 [uF]
A V
A V
Rectifier
Inverter
Rectifier 1.50 1.00 V o lta g e (p u ) AC Voltage
Rectifier 2.00 1.50

V o lt a g e (p u )
Rectifier
DC Volts
DC Current
1.50 1.00 0.50 0.00 -0.50 -1.00 -1.50
AC Voltage
0.50 0.00 -0.50 -1.00 -1.50 -2.00 1.660 1.680 1.700 1.720 1.740 1.760 1.780 1.800 ... ... ...
(p u )
1.00 0.50 0.00 1.660 1.680 1.700 1.720 1.740 1.760 1.780 1.800 ... ... ...
-2.00 1.660 1.680 1.700 1.720 1.740 1.760 1.780 1.800 ... ... ...
71
Introduction
Rectifier
Id 1
Power
Inverter
+
Vd or Ed
7 3 4
2
1 Valve group 2 AC Filter 3 Converter transformer 4 DC filter 5 Ground/sea electrode or metallic 6 Receiving ac system 7 Sending ac system
Id
72
Introduction
The basic building block of a LCC converter a six pulse Thyristor bridge.
It is important to note that the thyristors (the switch) can be turned ON with a firing pulse but cannot be forced to turn OFF. The turn off should happen naturally when certain ac system conditions are satisfied (more details on this later !)
Think of the LCC - HVDC bridge as a frequency converter F => +/- 50 Hz

Introduction
12 pulse bridge The harmonics are reduced compared to the 6 pulse bridge.
Introduction
12 pulse bridge Mono pole system
75
Introduction
Bi-pole system, 1- 12 pulse valve group per pole
76
Introduction
Apart from the converter itself, there are a number of other aspects that should be given due consideration when designing HVDC systems.
Nature of the AC system feeding the HVDC system at both ends.

LCC HVDC absolutely needs a AC system. Passive loads cannot be supplied through LCC HVDC The strength (short circuit capacity or the system impedance as seen from the converter bus) impacts HVDC operation The AC system characteristic under credible operating contingency conditions should be considered to avoid operational problems.
77
Introduction
The AC system characteristic is its (steady state) impedance vs frequency plot. This is an important consideration.
Gray Whitedeer 64 km 176 km Tesla a1 147.04 km
CTT_WD_... CTT_GR_...
W h i te d e e r
TLine_11
P = 6 3 2 .8 Q = -2 1 9 .9 V = 0 .9 4 8 5 A V
4.81 7.40
Hereford
a2
GEN
TLine_8
E1 3 .1 6 [H ] ABC->G
Timed Fault Logic
68 km
CTT_ST_T...
Series Caps b a
68 km
CTT_ST_T...
121.6 km 52.8 km 76.8 km

TLine_12 ETT_TS_... Sh_WD_ST
Rieley 102.4 km
P = 2190 Q = 796.8 V = 1.067 A RRL V RL
TLine_9
P = 8 0 5 .3 Q = - 3 6 6 .3 V = 0 .9 8 8 8 A V
67.2 km a1 Silverton a2 a3
ETT_TS_...
99101 NAZARETH
7.42 b 70.2 km
ETT_RL_...
Ea 250 a SVC
Edith Clarke 100.8 km

Sh_ST_CW
7.41
121.2 km
ETT_EC_...
Cottonwood P = 798.5 Q = -369.3 V = 1.055 RRL A V
3 .1 6 [H ]
78
Introduction
- HVDC Controls.
-The converter valve firing controls -Protection -Measurements (current, voltage, firing angles .)
INVERTER CONTROLS
input current order (pu)
CO
INVERTER CURRENT CONTROLS

DC Voltage (compensated) G 1 + sT VDCL MPVS D
current order for rectifier

E Min CORD CORDER
VDCI
D + + F
* 0.01
dc voltage measured at inverter
voltage compounding
* POWER Power
Voltage Dep. Current Limit
Rectifier Current Order
CMARG
0.1
F CMIC G 1 + sT D CMIS Current (filtered) + CERRI D + -
F CERRIM I P BETAIC
dc current measured at inverter
PSCAD implementation of a conventional HVDC inverter controls for thyristor firing pulses.
Pi B + D -
Angle Order for inverter
Max E
BETAI
AOI
INVERTER GAMMA CONTROLS
DGEI Delta Gamma Error
Alpha Order
F GMES Min in 1 Cycle Gamma GMESS D + + B -0.544 GERRI D E P Max GNLG I BETAIG
Gamma Angle measured at inverter
0.2618
GMIN
79
Line Commutated HVDC systems Basic concepts Commutation Harmonics Reactive power and filtering Basic HVDC equation Control concepts Impact of AC systems strength Impact of AC System Characteristics
80
Ia R=0
Main : Graphs 10.0 7.5 5.0 2.5 0.0 -2.5 -5.0 -7.5 -10.0 4.0 3.0 2.0 1.0 0.0 -1.0 -2.0 -3.0 -4.0 1.00 0.90 0.80 0.70 0.60 0.50 0.40 0.30 0.20 0.10 0.00 Vas
Vas FP T Ea T FP
7.03 kV rms (l-n)
Voltage (kV)
0.00393 [H]
Load cur
33 MVAR (Max)
C urrent (kA)
Ia_
4.0
FP1
F iring pulse
0.1700
0.1750
0.1800
0.1850
0.1900
0.1950
0.2000
0.2050
0.2100
... ... ...
0.0
[1] 2.30468
81
Thyristor Characteristics
M ain : Graphs
Ia Ea
Ia 1.00
T1
R=0 E1
g1 T
T3
g1 T
y
g1 T T g1
0.50
T4
T2
0.00 200 150 100 50 0 y -50 -100 E 1 E a
Firing angle (alpha) = 30 deg
-150 -200 2.0550 2.0600 2.0650 2.0700 2.0750 2.0800 2.0850 2.0900 ... ... ...
82
Thyristor Characteristics
M ain : G raphs
Ia Ea
Ia 1.00
g1 T T
g1
R=0
E1
y
g1 T T g1
0.50
0.00 200 150 E 1 E a
Firing angle (alpha) = 90 deg Average dc voltage is zero Half cycle for thyristor to turn OFF
y
100 50 0 -50 -100 -150 -200 2.0550 2.0600 2.0650 2.0700 2.0750 2.0800 2.0850 2.0900 ... ... ...
83
Single Phase Bridge

Inverter:
Ia Ea
M ain : G raphs Ia 1.00
g1 T T
g1
y
R=0 E1 g1 T T g1
0.50
0.00 200 E 1 E a
Firing angle (alpha) = 135 deg Average dc voltage is now negative

y
150 100 50 0 -50
Very small time for thyristor to turn OFF
-100 -150 -200 2.0550 2.0600 2.0650 2.0700 2.0750 2.0800 2.0850 2.0900 ... ... ...
84
Single Phase Bridge

M ain : G raphs
Ia Ea IT1 IT2
Ia 1.00
g1 T T
g1
0.50
0.05 1e6
E1
y
g1 T T g1
0.00 200 150 100 50 0 -50 -100 -150 -200 1.20 1.00 0.80 0.60 0.40 0.20 0.00 -0.20 E 1 E a
Effect of AC system reactance Over-lap angle (period)
IT 1
IT 2
2.0550
2.0600
2.0650
2.0700
2.0750
2.0800
2.0850
2.0900
... ... ...
85
DC Equations
Rectifier
3 Vd = 1.35 * Ell * cos( ) Xc * Id
Inverter
3 Vd = 1.35 * Ell * cos( ) Xc * Id
86
87
Reactive Power Requirements

Both rectifier and inverter consumes reactive power.
Sources of reactive power
AC Filters Shunt Capacitors Synchronous Condensers Static Var Compensators (SVC) STATCOM
Filters and shunt devices must be carefully designed to allow for successful HVDC system operation under all credible operating conditions over the planned life time of the system.
Harmonics and Filtering AC Current Harmonics

kP+/-1 k=1,2 Magnitude 1/k
DC Harmonics
kP k=1,2,3
08/12/2013 Professional Power System Simulation Power System Studies Best Practices & International Experiences
89 89
AC system impact
Short Circuit Ratio Short Circuit Level MVA/ DC Power ESCR Short Circuit Level (Shunt Caps + AC Filters) DC Power
2 < Extremely Low ESCR 2< Low ESCR < 3 3 > High (Strong) SCR
90
Problems with weak systems

1. Decreasing control system stability, sluggish control performance, slower fault recovery rate 2. Increased capacitive compensation to support system voltage 3. Expensive SVC may need to be applied 4. Resonance concerns. 5. During dc or ac fault, excessive reactive power can result in temporary overvoltages
08/12/2013 Professional Power System Simulation Power System Studies Best Practices & International Experiences
91 91
HVDC integration and design study requirements Basic load flow studies and fault studies Transient Stability studies Frequency scans Detailed Electromagnetic Transient Studies Temporary over voltages Communication failure Harmonic resonance problems Insulation coordination Sub synchronous resonance screening Control interaction & related Problems Other
92
HVDC integration and design study requirements Basic load flow studies and fault studies Load flow studies to determine - ac system upgrade requirements - Critical contingencies for voltage and thermal violations - Must consider different operating conditions - Low and high load conditions - Consideration of future load/generation scenarios - Credible contingencies Fault studies - Determine fault levels - Determine SCR and ESCR at the HVDC bus - Screening for SSTI concerns with thermal generators in the ac system.
93
HVDC integration and design study requirements Transient Stability studies - How do we represent the HVDC system ? - Typical representation Vs specific models with realistic control system representation (obtained from vendor)
94
HVDC integration and design study requirements Frequency scans - AC system must be adequately represented in order to get accurate results - HVDC vendor will use the information to design filters (as well as fine tune control systems as necessary ?). - Both positive sequence and negative sequence impedances should be analyzed. - Note that under unbalanced voltage conditions, the HVDC converters will produce non characteristic harmonics (other than k.p +/- 1)
95
HVDC integration and design study requirements Detailed Electromagnetic Transient Studies Temporary over voltages
Due to DC load rejection, faults Filters and capacitors must be adequately staged to avoid excessive TOV that could damage equipment.
Communication failure
Recovery from various ac system faults, particularly if they occur when the ac system is operating at contingencies resulting in very low short circuit capacity at the connecting ac bus-bar of the dc link
96
HVDC integration and design study requirements Detailed Electromagnetic Transient Studies Harmonic resonance problems Due to transformer saturation and related harmonics Due to harmonic from the converter resulting from unbalanced ac voltage at the ac bus AC-DC coupling effects due to lines on the same right of way. Due to interactions with the exponential (dc) current components during ac faults, reactor switching etc Switching of filters
97
HVDC integration and design study requirements Detailed Electromagnetic Transient Studies Insulation coordination
System level insulation coordination studies Valve level studies are typically done by the HVDC vendor
Sub synchronous resonance screening

Any steam turbine and generator will have mechanical torsional oscillations on the shaft, particularly because a nearby ac system fault and its clearing. A nearby dc link and its controls may add some positive or negative damping to those oscillations. If the damping is negative, the oscillations will take longer to fade away. This can reduce the lifetime of the turbine shaft. It is best if the dc link controls are designed to provide positive damping to the shaft torsional oscillations. Unit Interaction factor as a screening method
Control interaction & related Problems

Control instability and control interactions with other ac voltage controllers such as FACTS, other dc links and nearby generators with high gain static exciters
Other Issues
98
HVDC integration and design study requirements Detailed Electromagnetic Transient Studies Other Issues/investigations
If the ac frequencies each side of the dc link are of similar but different frequencies, frequency interactions may transfer from one side to the other and result in oscillations. Performance of control system during faults Discharge of trapped charge in the DC line during ac side faults.
99
100

DR - Dharshana-Power System Studies Best Practices & International Experiences

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

DR - Dharshana-Power System Studies Best Practices & International Experiences

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Power System Studies Best Practices & International Experiences

Speaker : Dr.Dharshana Muthumuni, PhD, P.Eng Manitoba HVDC Research Centre

Power System Studies Best Practices & International Experiences

Power System Studies Best Practices & International Experiences

Transient vs. Steady State

Load Flow / Transient Stability

Power System Studies Best Practices & International Experiences

Power System Studies Best Practices & International Experiences

Power System Studies Best Practices & International Experiences

0.1 [H] 1.0 [uF]

0.1 [H] 1.0 [uF]

... ... ...

Power System Studies Best Practices & International Experiences

Why Do We Study the short Transient period?

Power System Studies Best Practices & International Experiences

Power System Studies Best Practices & International Experiences

Start-up of an induction motor

Motor starting - With a mehanical load connected to the shaft.

Timed Breaker Logic Open@t0

Breaker is closed at 0.5s to start the motor.

Power System Studies Best Practices & International Experiences

Power System Studies Best Practices & International Experiences

Power System Studies Best Practices & International Experiences

inverter 1000M W, 500kV

7.522 [uF] Com . Bus

AO TIME 1 KB KBI 6 Puls e Bridge

Tim ed Fault Logic

Power System Studies Best Practices & International Experiences

INVERTER CURRENT CONTROLS

E D Min CORD CORDER

dc voltage measured at inverter

0.00 -0.50 -1.00 -1.50

D CMIS Current (filtered)

dc current measured at inverter Angle Order for inverter

2.50 2.00 1.50 1.00

INVERTER GAMMA CONTROLS

DGEI Delta Gamma Error

Gamma Angle measured at inverter

Power System Studies Best Practices & International Experiences

Selected Applications in Power Systems

Power System Studies Best Practices & International Experiences

3.0 2.0 1.0 0.0

0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900

-1.0 0.40 0.50 0.60 0.70 0.80 0.90 1.00

Core saturation Inrush current and harmonics

Network characteristics frequency scans

Power System Studies Best Practices & International Experiences

Transmission line and Equipment Switching

Overvoltage magnitudes and equipment insulation levels

Back to back switching

Capacitor Bank Switching

Capacitor 25 MVars per phase/step

Capacitor 25 MVars per phase/step

Capacitor 25 MVars per phase/step

Capacitor 25 MVars per phase/step

Power System Studies Best Practices & International Experiences

Circuit breaker Transient Recovery Voltage (TRV)

Station Z2 CAP BANK 1 b1 CAP BANK 2 7500 pF CCVT 50MVAr Cap.Bank

50MVAr Reactor 50MVAr Cap.Bank

50MVAr Reactor Station X1 Station Y1 Station Z1

Power System Studies Best Practices & International Experiences

How do we represent system equipment

Line segments Towers Insulators Tower footing resistance Flashover mechanism