ENM 314

Mechanical Vibrations
Lecture 1: Introduction

Dr. Nouby M. Ghazaly Mechanical Engineering Dept., Faculty of Engineering, South Valley University, Qena-83523, Egypt. Email: noubyluxor@gmail.com
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Outline of Presentation
1. Introduction
2. Basic concepts of vibration

3. Importance of the study of vibration

4. Sources of vibration 5. Modeling of vibration systems 6. Machinery problems that cause vibration 7. Classification of vibrations
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Basic concepts of vibration

DEFINITION OF VIBRATION?
Vibration can be defined as simply the cyclic or oscillating motion of a machine or machine component from its position of rest. Any motion that repeats itself after an interval of time
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Introduction
Vibration: Any motion that repeats itself after an interval of time. Vibratory System Storing potential energy (spring) Storing kinetic energy (mass) Energy dissipation (damper) Our heart beat, our lungs oscillate, we hear because our ear drum vibrates The light waves which permit us to see & sound waves through which we hear entail vibration, We move by oscillating our legs. Washing Machine, Mechanical Shakers, Mixers, etc. Musical Instruments, Clocks, Watches Medical Field Massagers, 3/8/2014 4 Dr.etc. Nouby M. Ghazaly

Goals and Study Areas

Goals of Vibration Engineering: Suppress/eliminate bad vibrations Generate desired forms and levels of good vibration
Areas of Study in Vibration: 1.Modeling and Analysis 2.Design and Modification 3.Instrumentation 4.Monitoring and Experimentation 5.Control
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Applicable Engineering Fields

Aerospace Engineering: Design and development of aircraft and space craft (analyze and avoid excitation of resonances by engine, atmospheric, control surface excitations, etc.). Proper vibration isolation and control (active and passive methods) Civil Engineering: Design of bridges and buildings (modal analysis); Dynamic stability (avoid catastrophic self-excited vibration) Electrical Engineering: Hardware degrade/malfunction faster (e.g., components in PCs and control devices) Analysis and testing during design and development stages, for proper vibration performance Vibration testing during production (for quality control)
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Applicable Engineering Fields

Manufacturing Engineering: Machine tool vibration Degrades product quality; increases rate of wear and tear, frequency of malfunction, tool breakage and repair (increased frequency/cost of maintenance); creates noise and operator discomfort Proper design of machine tools and components Incorporation of vibration control, isolation, and proper mounting practices Mechanical Engineering: Reduced vehicle vibration Improved performance, ride quality and comfort; reduced maintenance and repair Suspension design, engine balancing, active and passive control, body design
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Importance of studying vibration

RESONANCE like Tacoma Narrows Bridge Similar problems in machine tools, vehicles, turbines, pumps, compressors, buildings, aircraft & spacecraft systems Excessive vibration leads to loosening on parts, noise & eventual failure Effects of vibration on human body: Discomfort, noisy. Fatigue, Loss of Efficiency , Sound quality in products

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IMPORTANCE OF STUDYING VIBRATION

Benefits of considering vibration analysis
1. 2. 3. 4. Higher Speeds Greater Flexibility Lighter Weight Larger Excitation Forces

Machine speeds doubled during the past fifty years Vibration-excitation forces due to unbalances, non-symmetries, misalignments, etc. would increase without proper measures Material optimization, energy efficiency, and compact modern designs of machinery (light-weight) and structures: Thin members; high flexibility; complex modes of vibration; high amplitudes. Increased power levels of modern machinery Stronger vibration excitations, if no measures taken
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Good & Bad Vibrations

Good Vibrations (Serve a Useful Purpose):
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Shakers in parts of machines. Vibration medical aid Jack hammer vibration necessary for the task Musical instrument vibration Polishers, finishers, and mixers.

Bad Vibrations (Unpleasant or Harmful):

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Seismic destruction Wind induced vibration Vibration in machine tools Vehicle vibrations (due to road disturbances, engine, etc.) Noise-generating vibrations Vibration in electrical components (e.g., relays).
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SOURCES OF VIBRATION
Vibrations can be introduced into a product through a wide variety of sources such as:
1. Impact loads due to shipping and handling or due to accidental drops 2. Sinusoidal loads due to rotating equipment 3. Random loads from transportation over rough roads in trucks or aerodynamic loads in aircraft/spacecraft or rail loads in rail transportation 4. Seismic loads during earthquakes

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Effect of force on machine

Forces generated within the machine cause vibration. These forces may: 1. Change in direction with time, such as the force generated by a rotating unbalance. 2. Change in amplitude or intensity with time, such as the unbalanced magnetic forces generated in an induction motor due to unequal air gap between the motor armature and stator (field). 3. Result in friction between rotating and stationary machine components in much the same way that friction from a rosined bow causes a violin string to vibrate. 4. Cause impacts, such as gear tooth contacts or the impacts generated by the rolling elements of a bearing passing over flaws in the bearing raceways. 5. Cause randomly generated forces such as flow turbulence in fluid-handling devices such as fans, blowers and pumps; or combustion turbulence in gas turbines or boilers.

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Machinery problems that cause vibration

The most common machinery problems that cause vibration: 1. Misalignment of couplings, bearings and gears 2. Unbalance of rotating components 3. Looseness 4. impairment of rolling-element bearings 5. Gear wear 6. Rubbing 7. Aerodynamic/hydraulic problems in fans, blowers and pumps 8. Electrical problems (unbalance magnetic forces) in motors 9. Resonance 10. Eccentricity of rotating components such as "V" belt pulleys or 3/8/2014 13 Dr. Nouby M. Ghazaly gears

Modeling of vibration systems

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Modeling example

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Quarter bus/truck/car model

ms ks mu kt cs xu xs

u = road profile input kt = tire spring constant mu = unsprung mass xu = displacement of unsprung mass
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ks = suspension spring constant cs = suspension damping constant ms = sprung mass xs = displacement of sprung mass
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Resonance Frequency Ranges of Human body sections

Eyeball, Intraocular Structure (20-90 Hz) Head (axial mode) (20-30 Hz) Shoulder Girdle (4-5 Hz) Chest wall (50-100 Hz) Arm (5-10 Hz) Hand (30-50 Hz) Abdominal Mass (4-8 Hz) Spinal column (axial mode) (10-12 Hz) It may be noted that the abdominal mass mode (around 5 Hz) makes us nauseating and is avoided in automotive design. Top gun pilots had problem with a particular maneuver when the eyeball socket went into resonance.
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Resonance

A vibration of large amplitude Occurs when an object is forced near its natural frequency
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Object
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Model
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Classification of Vibrations
Free Vibrations: No forcing excitation (representative of natural dynamics; needs two forms of energy storage and interchange) Forced Vibrations: Forced by a repetitive excitation (generated internally or transmitted from an external source). When the frictional dissipation of energy is neglected, the motion is said to be undamped. Actually, all vibrations are damped to some degree.

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Questions?

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