Chapter 14 Answers Section A Multiple-choice questions (10 m, 1 m each) 1 B 2 A 3 A 4 D 5 D 6 A Section 1 a Con!

entional questions (20 m) Water softens the seed coat and makes the cotyledons swell. This reaks the seed coat so that the radicle can emer!e. " 1m Water acti#ates en$ymes in the seed. The en$ymes con#ert insol% le food reser#es into sim&ler form. This &ro#ides n%trients for the !rowth of the em ryo. " 1m Water acts as a sol#ent to trans&ort sol% le food to the !rowin! re!ions of the em ryo. (Any two) 1m The len!th of the &l%m%le " radicle " fresh mass of the seedlin! 1m '( 'hloem " )econdary &hloem 1m *( +ylem " )econdary ,ylem 1m A meristem is a !ro%& of %ndifferentiated cells which are a le to di#ide y mitotic cell di#ision thro%!ho%t the &lant-s life. 2m .rowth in a&ical meristem in shoot and root ti&s increases the len!th of the &lant while !rowth in lateral meristem shown in the dia!ram increases the thickness of the &lant. " .rowth in a&ical meristem ca%ses &rimary !rowth while !rowth in lateral meristem ca%ses secondary !rowth. 2m The tree was / years old. 1m 0ee& the &otato in an o#en at sli!htly a o#e 100C %ntil a constant mass is o tained. This constant mass is the dry mass of the &otato. The food reser#es in the &otatoes are roken down into sol% le n%trients for the !rowth of the shoots. Before day /1, the !rowth of the shoot de&ends on the food stored in the &otato. The food stored is in relati#ely small amo%nt and th%s the !rowth of the shoot is slow. At day /1, the first leaf of the &otato &lant de#elo&ed. The leaf carried o%t &hotosynthesis to make food. The shoot !rew ra&idly. 2resh mass is less acc%rate eca%se it is affected y the water content of the &lant. $i%her or#er thin&in% question (1 m) 2m 1m 2m 1m 1m 1m 1m 1m 7 D 8 D 9 C 10 B

" 2 a " c

# 3 a " c

Section C 4 a i

"

The dry mass to #ol%me ratio decreases eca%se the cells a sor water and elon!ate. This increases the #ol%me of the cell witho%t increasin! the dry mass. 2m ii The dry mass to #ol%me ratio remains %nchan!ed eca%se the cells are differentiatin!. .rowth and elon!ation of the cells sto&. Both the dry mass and the #ol%me of the cells do not chan!e. 2m 1 mm 1m

Chapter 15 Answers Section A Multiple-choice questions (10 m, 1 m each) 1 C 2 D 3 C 4 A 5 D 6 Section 1 a Con!entional questions (20 m) 3o#ement and orientation of head 1m )tr%ct%re . (semicirc%lar canals) is res&onsi le for the detection of the mo#ement and orientation of the head. 1m )tr%ct%re 4 transmits ner#e im&%lses from the cochlea and the semicirc%lar canals to the rain for inter&retation. 1m 5%stachian t% e 1m 6t is connected to the &haryn, " throat. 1m )hoot A !rows #ertically %&wards 1m )hoots B and C end towards li!ht 1m The ti& of shoot A is screened from li!ht. A%,in in the re!ion of elon!ation of shoot A is e#enly distri %ted. 1m All sides of the shoot !row at the same rate. 1m The shoot ti& is sensiti#e to li!ht. 1m When li!ht rays from o 7ects foc%s on the yellow s&ot of the retina, we can see thin!s most clearly. 1m Accordin! to fi!%re a, the li!ht8ada&ted eye has the hi!hest ac%ity of #ision at the yellow s&ot. 1m Therefore, the li!ht8ada&ted eye allows the &erson to read more clearly. 1m The darkened area re&resents the lind s&ot. 1m This is eca%se there are no rod cells and cone cells in that area (as shown in fi!%re ) 1m and we cannot see anythin! when li!ht rays are foc%sed on this area (ac%ity of #ision is 0 as shown in fi!%re a). 1m The dark8ada&ted eye has a hi!her #is%al ac%ity than the li!ht8ada&ted eye. 1m This shows that &at + is more sensiti#e to li!ht in dim li!ht eca%se &art + contains more rod cells than cone cells. 1m Cone cells are im&ortant for ac%te #ision. 1m Cone cells are im&ortant for ri!ht8li!ht #ision 1m D 7 D 8 C 9 B 10 D

" c

a "

c 3 a

"

Section C $i%her or#er thin&in% question (1 m) 4 a Ciliary m%scles contract, 1m tension in the s%s&ensory li!aments is red%ced. 1m 5lasticity of the lens ca%ses it to ecome thicker " more con#e, to refract li!ht more. 1m " 'lastic lens lacks elasticity and cannot chan!e sha&e." 'lastic lens is not con#e, eno%!h for near #ision. 1m 9i!ht rays from near o 7ects ha#e to e con#er!ed %sin! s&ectacles made of con#e, lens efore enterin! the eye. 1m

Chapter 16 Answers Section A Multiple-choice questions (10 m, 1 m each) 1 A 2 D 3 B 4 A 5 B 6 D Section 1 a Con!entional questions (20 m) When a ner#e im&%lse reaches the endin! of an a,on, it stim%lates the endin! to release ne%rotransmitters. 1m The ne%rotransmitters diff%se across the syna&se and stim%late the endin! of dendron of the ad7acent ne%rone to !enerate a ner#e im&%lse. This contin%es the transmission of the ner#e im&%lse. 1m The ner#e im&%lses transmitted alon! the ner#e fi res are electrical si!nals, 1m while the ne%rotransmitters diff%sin! across the syna&ses are chemical messen!ers. 1m 7 C 8 D 9 C 10 C

"

2 c

sensory neurone

Correct &osition of ne%rones Correct la els

2m 2m

interneurone

motor neurone

" c

A refle, arc :efle, actions &rotect %s from dan!er " hel& re!%late some #ital &rocesses.

1m 1m

a " c

'hotorece&tors on the retina ; sensory ne%rone ; interne%rone (to the cere r%m) ; interne%rone (from the cere r%m) ; motor ne%rone (in the s&inal cord) ; m%scles of the le! <m The s&inal cord relays ner#e im&%lses etween the rain and the le!s. 1m i 'art +( recei#es ner#e im&%lses from &hotorece&tors of the eyes " sends o%t ner#e im&%lses to the m%scles of the le!s to rin! a o%t mo#ement " inte!rates information and relates the information to &ast e,&erience to reco!ni$e 'eter " makes decision to r%n to 'eter 1m 'art 4( coordinates m%sc%lar mo#ement so as to maintain ody alance d%rin! r%nnin! 1m 'art =( controls the rate of reathin! " heart eat d%rin! r%nnin! 1m ii The o%ter layer of &art 4 is made %& of !rey matter and the inner layer is made %& of white matter. 1m The o%ter layer of &art = is made %& of white matter and the inner layer is made %& of !rey matter. 1m 1m 1m 1m 1m 1m

Section C $i%her or#er thin&in% question (1 m) 4 a i 'ancreas secretes &ancreatic 7%ice thro%!h the &ancreatic d%cts into the small intestine. ii 'ancreas secretes ins%lin and !l%ca!on for the re!%lation of lood !l%cose le#el. " The lood #essels s%&&ly n%trients to and carry away meta olic wastes from &ancreas. They also carry ins%lin and !l%ca!on secreted y the &ancreas to the li#er and the ody cells. c 'it%itary !land " thyroid !land " adrenal !land " o#aries " testis