The Bus Impedance Matrix

Definition

1 Z bus = Ybus

Direct formation of the matrix

inversion of the bus admittance matrix is a n3 effort for small and medium size networks, direct building of the matrix is less effort for large size networks, sparse matrix programming with gaussian elimination technique is preferred

Power Systems I

Forming the Bus Impedance Matrix

Graph theory techniques helps explain the building process

bus node = graph vertex line branch = edge 0 1 2 4 3

j0.4 j0.4

0 1 2 5 1 3 4 5 2 2

j0.2

j 0.4

j0.8

3 selected tree

extending tree branch

loop closing co-tree branch

Power Systems I

Forming the Bus Impedance Matrix

Basic construction of the network and the matrix

1 2 i j 0 Reference

Partial Network
m bus

Vbus = Z bus I bus

Power Systems I

Adding a Line

1 2 p m q Partial Network

1 2 p m

Partial Network

Z
0 Reference

m bus

m bus

0 Reference

Vq = V p + z qp I q

Vq = 0 + z q 0 I q

Power Systems I

Adding a Line to an Existing Line

Z 21 Z 22 M Z p2 M Z m2 = Z p2 O M O M L Z mp L Z mm L = Z pp L = Z pm

V1 Z11 V Z 2 21 M M V p = Z p1 M M Vm Z m1 V = Z p1 q L L O L Z1 p Z2 p M Z pp Z1m Z 2m M Z pm L L O L

I1 I 2 M I p M M = Z mp I m I = Z pp + z pq q

= Z1 p = Z2 p M = Z pp

Power Systems I

Adding a Line from Reference

Z 21 Z 22 M Z p 2 L Z pp L Z pm M O M O M Z m 2 L Z mp L Z mm =0 L =0 L =0 L Z1 p L Z1m L Z 2 p L Z 2m O M O M I1 I 2 M = 0 I p M M = 0 I m I = z0 q q =0 =0 M

V1 Z11 V Z 2 21 M M V p = Z p1 M M Vm Z m1 V = 0 q

Power Systems I

Closing a Loop
1 p q m Partial Network 1 p i m 0 Reference

Partial Network

Z
0 Reference

m bus

m bus

z pq I l = V p Vq

z p0 Il = Vp 0 z p0 Il Vp = 0

z pq I l + Vq V p = 0

Power Systems I

Kron Reduction

Eliminating a node from the system

old Vbus [1n ] Z bus [ nn ] 0 = Z T [ n1]

Vbus [1n ]
T [ n1] bus [1n ]

Z[1n ] I bus [1n ] Z ll [11] I l old = Z bus [ nn ] I bus [1n ] + Z [1n ] I l + Z ll [11] I l Z[1n ]Z T [ n1] Z ll Z T [ n1] Il = I bus [1n ] Z ll I bus [1n ] old ZZ T = Z bus I bus Z ll

0 = Z I

old Vbus [1n ] = Z bus [ nn ] I bus [1n ]

Power Systems I

Adding a Line between two Lines

L Z1 p M Z pp Z qp M Z mp Z mq L Z qq M L O Z pq O Z pm Z qm M Z mm M L M Z1q Z1m O L L O L L Z qp Z pp

V1 Z11 M M V p Z p1 Vq = Z q1 M M Vm Z m1 0 Z q1Z p1 Z qq Z pq L Z qm Z pm Z ll = z pq + Z pp + Z qq 2 Z pq

Z1q Z1 p I1 M M Z pq Z pp I p Z qq Z qp I q M M Z mq Z mp I m I Z ll l

Then execute Kron reduction on Zll

Power Systems I

Adding a Line from a Line to Reference

L O L L Z1 p M Z pp Z ip M O M Z mi L Z mm Z pi L Z pm Z1i M Z pi Z ii Z1m M Z pm Z im O M L Z mp L Z pp L L O L Z1 p I 1 M M Z pp I p Z ip I q M M Z mp I m I Z ll l

V1 Z11 M M V p Z p1 Vi = Z i1 M M Vm Z m1 0 Z p1 Z ll = z p 0 + Z pp

Then execute Kron reduction on Zll

Power Systems I

Kron Reduction

Kron reduction removes an axis (row & column) from a matrix while retaining the axiss numerical influence

L Z1 p Z1i M Z pi Z ii O Z pm L Z im M O M Z mi L Z mm Z li L Z lm =Z Z
new jk old jk

L Z1m L M

M L Z pp L Z ip M L Z mp L Z lp O

V1 Z11 M M V p Z p1 Vi = Z i1 M M Vm Z m1 0 Z l1 O Z jl Z lk Z ll

Z1l I1 M M Z pl I p Z il I q M M Z ml I m I Z ll l

Power Systems I

Z-Bus Building Rules

Rule 1: Addition of a branch to the reference

start with existing network matrix [m m] create a new network matrix [(m+1) (m+1)] with

the new off-diagonal row and column filled with (0) the diagonal element (m+1),(m+1) filled with the element impedance

zq0

Power Systems I

Z-Bus Building Rules

Rule 2: Addition of a branch to an existing bus

connecting to existing bus p start with existing network matrix [m m] create a new network matrix [(m+1) (m+1)] with

the new off-diagonal row and column filled with a copy of row p and column p the diagonal element (m+1),(m+1) filled with the element impedance zpq plus the diagonal impedance Zpp

Power Systems I

Z-Bus Building Rules

Rule 3: Addition of a linking branch

connecting to existing buses p and q start with existing network matrix [m m] create a new network matrix [(m+1) (m+1)] with

the new off-diagonal row and column filled with a copy of row q minus row p and column q minus column p the diagonal element (m+1),(m+1) filled with

zpq + Zpp + Zqq - 2 Zpq perform Kron reduction on the m+1 row and column

Power Systems I

Z-Bus Building Rules

Rule 4: Addition of a linking branch

connecting to existing bus p and reference start with existing network matrix [m m] create a new network matrix [(m+1) (m+1)] with

the new off-diagonal row and column filled with a copy of the negative of row p and the negative of column p the diagonal element (m+1),(m+1) filled with zp0 + Zpp

perform Kron reduction on the m+1 row and column

Power Systems I

Example
0
j0.4

j0.2

1 1 2 3 4

2 2 5

1
j0.4

j 0.4

j0.8

3 Network

3 Graph

Line adding order: 1-0, 2-0, 1-3, 1-2, then 2-3

Power Systems I

Example
j 0.2 0 j 0.2 0 j 0.4 4. j 0.2 0 j 0.2 j 0.4

0. 1. 0 j 0. 4 0 j 0. 4 0 j 0.2 0 j 0.6

[] [ j 0.2]

j 0.2 j 0.4 0 j 0.6 j 0.2 j 0.2 j1.4 ( j 0.2 )( j 0.2) = j 0.17 Z11 = j 0.2 j1.4 j 0.057 0.285 j 0.057 j 0.171 j 0.057 j 0.571

j 0.2 2. 0 j 0.2 3. 0 j 0.2

j 0.171 j 0.057 j 0.171

Power Systems I

Example
j 0.114 j 0.285 j 0.057 j 0.228 j 0.057 j 0.571 j 0.514 j1.14 j 0.228 j 0.514 j 0.08 j 0.12 j 0.24 j 0.16 j 0.16 j 0.34 j 0.057 j 0.171

j 0.171 j 0.057 5. j 0.171 j 0.114 j 0.16 j 0.08 j 0.12

Power Systems I