UMTS Indoor RF Design Guideline

UMTS INDOOR RF DESIGN GUIDELINE
Document number: Document issue: Document status: Date: UMT/DCL/APP/035536 4.1 / EN Standard 21/JUL/2011
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CONTENTS
1 1.1 1.2 1.3 2 2.1 2.2 3 3.1 3.2 4 4.1 INTRODUCTION............................................................................................................................5 INDOOR RF COVERAGE GUIDELINE..................................................................................5 SCOPE OF THIS DOCUMENT .......................................................................................................5 AUDIENCE FOR THIS DOCUMENT ................................................................................................5 GENERALITIES ABOUT INDOOR ...............................................................................................6 INDOOR SPECIFICITIES ..............................................................................................................6 INDOOR DESCRIPTION........................................................................................................8 SAFETY NORMS...........................................................................................................................9 PRINCIPLE ................................................................................................................................9 MINIMUM DISTANCE REQUIREMENT ..........................................................................................10 OEM AND PRODUCTS SOLUTIONS .........................................................................................11
DISTRIBUTED ANTENNA SYSTEM (DAS) ....................................................................................11
4.1.1 Passive distribution .......................................................................................................11 4.1.2 Active.............................................................................................................................13 4.1.2.1 Bi-directional amplifiers (BDA) ........................................................................................................13 4.1.2.2 In building fiber optic and/or electrical extension..............................................................................14 4.1.2.2.1 Fiber optic system........................................................................................................................14 4.1.2.2.2 electrical system ..........................................................................................................................15 4.1.2.2.3 Example of existing system: Unison system from LGCWireless................................................16 4.2 REPEATER..............................................................................................................................17 4.2.1 4.2.2 4.3 4.3.1 5 5.1 5.2 5.3 RF Repeaters solution ..................................................................................................17 Optical repeaters...........................................................................................................18 INDOOR SMALL CELL-CELL NODE-B ...........................................................................................20 Noise figure ...................................................................................................................20
RADIO DESIGN METHODOLOGY .............................................................................................21 PRINCIPLE & CONSTRAINTS .....................................................................................................21 DIMENSIONING SERVICE & TRAFFIC ASSUMPTIONS ...................................................................22 LB ANALYSIS ..........................................................................................................................23 5.3.1 5.3.1.1 5.3.1.2 5.3.1.3 5.3.2 5.3.3 Engineering margins .....................................................................................................23 Shadow margin calculation for QoC ..................................................................................................23 DAS losses .........................................................................................................................................23 Obstacles losses..................................................................................................................................24 UPlink parameters.........................................................................................................24 DOWNLINK BUDGET...................................................................................................24 CPICH power calculation ....................................................................................................................25 Common Channels power setting .......................................................................................................25 Other parameters .................................................................................................................................26 RF DESIGN TARGETS ........................................................................................................26
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Minimum attenuation required and Total EIRP recommended.....................................27 Coverage target ............................................................................................................27 Shared carrier configuration...............................................................................................................27 3rd floor and highest .............................................................................................................................27 2nd, 1st & ground floors,.......................................................................................................................28 RF recommendations for distance between antenna and nearest window ......................................28 5.4.2.2 Dedicated carrier configuration..........................................................................................................29 5.4.3 Interference criteria .......................................................................................................29 5.4.3.1 Ec/I0 targets .......................................................................................................................................29 5.4.3.2 Polluted area & overlap analysis...........................................................................................................30 5.4.4 Neighboring plan / Scrambling Code plan ....................................................................30 5.5 OPTIMIZATION ....................................................................................................................31 5.5.1 Methodology..................................................................................................................31 5.5.2 Optimization phases......................................................................................................31 5.5.2.1 Optimization and validation based on RF field analysis ....................................................................31 5.6 UMTS VS OTHER TECHNOLOGIES INDOOR NETWORK COEXISTENCE ..........................................33 5.6.1 Separated frequency band............................................................................................33 5.6.2 UMTS shared same frequency band with CDMA /UMTS/GSM....................................33 5.6.2.1 UMTS & GSM...................................................................................................................................34 5.6.2.2 UMTS & CDMA................................................................................................................................36 5.6.2.3 UMTS & UMTS ................................................................................................................................36 5.7 HSXPA DESIGN CONTRAINTS AND DEPLOYMENT STRATEGY ......................................................37 5.7.1 5.7.1.1 5.7.1.2 5.7.1.3 6 6.1 HSDPA ..........................................................................................................................37 UL impact on R99 Eb/No .................................................................................................................37 DL HS-SCCH.....................................................................................................................................38 HSUPA DL common channels impact...............................................................................................38 5.4.1 5.4.2 5.4.2.1
ANALYSIS OF EACH RF INDOOR SOLUTIONS ......................................................................40 NATURAL INDOOR PENETRATION ..............................................................................................40 6.1.1 6.1.2 6.2 Description ....................................................................................................................40 advantages & drawbacks ..............................................................................................41 Advantages: ..........................................................................................................................................41 Drawbacks: ...........................................................................................................................................41 MASSIVE PUBLIC NETWORK INDOOR DEPLOYMENT ...................................................................41
Interference analysis in Shared carrier configuration ...................................................41 best server between Indoor small cell vs macro-cell..........................................................................41 indoor small cell interfers macro network users.................................................................................43 Dedicated carrier...........................................................................................................44 Number of scrambling code allocated to indoor small cell network ..............................44 Worst case study ...................................................................................................................................45 Recommendations for standard cases ................................................................................................47 6.2.4 Conclusion on strategy between shared carrier and dedicated carrier configuration...47 6.3 DAS DEPLOYMENT .................................................................................................................47 6.3.1 Power transmitted per antenna port and minimum attenuation required between RRH connector and antenna port .........................................................................................................48 6.3.2 Field analysis ................................................................................................................49 6.3.2.1 Site survey..........................................................................................................................................49 6.3.2.1.1 Pre requisite:................................................................................................................................49 6.3.2.1.2 Equipment needed: ......................................................................................................................49 6.3.2.1.3 Deliverables.................................................................................................................................49 6.3.2.1.4 Site classification.........................................................................................................................51 6.3.2.2 RF measurements ...............................................................................................................................51 6.3.2.2.1 CW calibration measurements.....................................................................................................52 6.3.2.2.2 Penetration factor determination: ................................................................................................52
6.2.1 6.2.1.1 6.2.1.2 6.2.2 6.2.3
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6.3.2.2.3 Ceiling/floor penetration: ............................................................................................................52 6.3.2.2.4 Indoor propagation for structure studies......................................................................................53 6.3.2.2.5 Equipment used ...........................................................................................................................53 6.3.2.2.5.1 Transmission.........................................................................................................................54 6.3.2.2.5.2 Reception part.......................................................................................................................54 6.3.2.2.5.3 Process & key points ............................................................................................................54 6.3.3 RF indoor Design solutions ...........................................................................................57 6.3.3.1 Indoor design with repeater and passive DAS....................................................................................57 6.3.3.1.1 RF repeater ..................................................................................................................................57 6.3.3.1.1.1 usage.....................................................................................................................................57 6.3.3.1.1.2 RF recommendations............................................................................................................59 6.3.3.1.1.3 ADVANTAGES & DRAWBACKS ....................................................................................60 6.3.3.1.2 Optical Repeater ..........................................................................................................................61 6.3.3.1.2.1 USAGE.................................................................................................................................61 6.3.3.1.2.2 RF Recommendations...........................................................................................................62 6.3.3.1.2.3 Advantages & drawbacks .....................................................................................................62 6.3.3.2 Indoor dedicated Macro Node-B (or RRH) with das .........................................................................63 6.3.3.2.1 Link budget..................................................................................................................................63 6.3.3.2.2 Using ...........................................................................................................................................64 6.3.3.2.3 advantages & drawbacks .............................................................................................................65 6.3.4 Distributed antenna system installation ........................................................................65 6.3.4.1 Type of DAS recommendations .........................................................................................................65 6.3.4.1.1 Coaxial cables..............................................................................................................................65 6.3.4.1.2 Optical fibber...............................................................................................................................66 6.3.4.1.3 comparison of different DAS solutions .......................................................................................67 6.3.4.2 Radiating elements recommendations................................................................................................68 6.3.4.2.1 Antennas......................................................................................................................................68 6.3.4.2.2 Radiating cables...........................................................................................................................69 6.3.4.2.3 Mixed termination: ......................................................................................................................71 6.3.4.2.4 Combiners ...................................................................................................................................72 7 SUMMARY OF INDOOR SOLUTIONS .......................................................................................73
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1 INTRODUCTION
One of the most important challenges today is the provision of reliable, seamless indoor coverage for wireless mobile communications. In fact, subscribers from mobile and Internet markets are merging into one single market and the term hotspots is more and more met everywhere.
3G introduction leads to new services, introducing higher traffic and therefore higher capacity needs, but also higher revenue opportunities. Indoor users are the most likely to use these services. However, users will only accept to change to UMTS if the network quality is at least as good as the 2G networks, especially indoors. A better indoor coverage penetration can be interesting, essential concern are corporate services offer and company traffic capture. To realize a good indoor Design, minimum of radio knowledge must be essential. Three axes must be exploited. Customer needs Sites physical environment, Possible solutions with their equipments This document can be help to organize, present and realize good indoor RF Design.
1.1 INDOOR RF COVERAGE GUIDELINE

This document describes with more or less information the main methodology required to follow to Design RF inside the building. It is a direct and actualized complement to UMTS indoor RF design guidelines.
1.2 SCOPE OF THIS DOCUMENT

The scope of this document is to support RF Engineer during Indoor RF Design & deployment, In particular on On field activities. Engineers in charge of these activities can found inside the main activities that must be conduct and some key points to succeed it.
1.3 AUDIENCE FOR THIS DOCUMENT

This document is internal only. Its audience is all RF Designers in charge of Indoor RF Design and deployment.
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2 GENERALITIES ABOUT INDOOR

In UMTS, Indoor coverage is an important target for operators. In fact after external coverage (macro-cells & micro-cells) the best way is to cover the main buildings specifically. Public and private or corporate services can be deployed which can draw in strong revenue for operators. That applies buildings as airports, main stations, high shopping centers, hotels, or strong offices & headquarters. But to be a success this system need to perform homogeneous coverage with high level of quality and to dimension equipments linked to expected traffic in term of capacity and allocated services. The deployment needs high control level due to in building constraints, public safety risk & limitation, and co-sitting constraints with other systems In second hand to follow the market and despite the strong in-building constraints, Design and deployment must be realized in order to reduce implementation cost. These constraints impose good organization and on-site activities.
2.1 INDOOR SPECIFICITIES

Indoor Design needs to take in account the indoor specificities. Indoor area is close area with three dimensions, where walls and specific areas, as lift, limit the coverage. Inside the building, two types of main area can be described: Free area as open space, atrium and Hall, Close area as offices, corridors and passages or lift pipes. External/internal walls and ceiling/floors necessitate particular analysis due to windows, steel and false level using. Each structure has its proper absorption and reflecting coefficient. These parameters limit RF propagation. Inside building there are numerous installation constraints as cable road, installation and fixation inside false ceiling, antenna visual impact, distance to respect for RF blocking control and public safety. Each building has its own propagation conditions and environment; however it is possible to classify the main building and to generalize offered solution class by class. Due to corporate aspect, if we need to deploy indoor system, radios Designer need to implement high level quality of communications. Actually, for good level of use indoor system must be better than outdoor efficiency. In case of specific private or corporate services the waves confinement is necessary. To limit outdoor leakage specific Design must be apply on first levels. In term of traffic, users and traffic used are not homogeneous, it is possible to find inside the same building some hot areas with high traffic density and high capacity demand (as offices areas) and others areas more dedicated to speech communication areas as corridors, or life area (restaurant,).
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On the other side, the solution proposed must take into account the deployment constraints imposed by the customer, and the building owner: a distribute antenna system solution is sometimes too heavy solution the roll out planning: indoor mass deployment solutions are many times required price
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2.2 INDOOR DESCRIPTION

The following scheme and pictures show the main indoor characteristics. There are not exhaustive and other environments can be found.
Figure 1: Indoor structure
Figure 2: view in construction
Figure3: Final view live
Figure 4: Indoor Views

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3 SAFETY NORMS
3.1 PRINCIPLE
Safety normalization is very complicate. The aim of this part is to provide the basic rule, to respect the principal ones. International safety norm The international safety norm is ICNIRP. This is the less constraining one. For countries where there are no specific constraints, ICNIRP values must be respected. The values specified by ICNIRP correspond to the max power allowed for a permanent exposition whatever the distance from Tx antenna is.
ICNIRP Frequency range Network Type PMR 400MHz to 2GHz GSM DCS PCS 2GHz to 300GHz UMTS/DVB-SH LTE/ WiMAX E (V/m) 28 41,2 58,3 60 61 61 Power received (dBm) 19,7 16 13 12,8 12 9
Figure 5: ICNIRP recommendations
Generally countries norms are more constraining than ICNIRP. Below an example of safety norm specified by countries or group of countries:
European safety norm For European community, there is a minimum safety norm which must be respected in all its countries; whatever the distance from Tx antenna is.
CENELEC (European community norm) Frequency range Network Type PMR 400MHz to 2GHz GSM DCS PCS 2GHz to 300GHz UMTS/DVB-SH WiMAX 2,5-3,5 E (V/m 2,8 4 6 6 6 6 Power received (dBm) -0,3 -4,3 -6,8 -7,2 -8,1 -11
Figure 6: European community safety recommendations

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Paris city safety norm More constraining than European norm, cities can specify also their own safety norms. Below the values specified for Paris.
Paris city norm Frequency range Network Type PMR 400MHz to 2GHz GSM DCS PCS 2GHz to 300GHz UMTS/DVB-SH WiMAX 2,5GHz-3,5GHz E (V/m 2 2 2 2 2 2 Power received (dBm) -3,24 -10,3 -16,3 -16,8 -17,6 -20
Figure 7: Paris safety recommendations
For all these norms, a permanent exposition is considered to the sum of all the radiation. It means that if a GSM and UMTS network are deployed, the equipment used to verify if the safety norm is respected, combines the both radiations.
3.2 MINIMUM DISTANCE REQUIREMENT

The aim of this part is to show the most constraining scenario between the different frequencies. Assumptions: Propagation conditions: free space
Frequency range Network Type PMR 400MHz to 2GHz GSM DCS PCS 2GHz to 300GHz UMTS/DVB-SH WiMAX 2,5GHz-3,5GHz Network Type PMR 400MHz to 2GHz GSM DCS PCS 2GHz to 300GHz UMTS/DVB-SH WiMAX 2,5GHz-3,5GHz European norm Minimum distance(meter) from Tx antenna for max EIRP=32dBm 2,46 1,73 1,15 1,15 1,15 1,12 Paris city norm Minimum distance( meter) for Tx EIRP=32dBm 3,5 3,5 3,45 3,46 3,43 3,16 Minimum distance( meter) from Tx antenna for max EIRP=12dBm 0,25 0,17 0,12 0,12 0,12 0,11 Minimum distance( meter) for EIRP=12dBm 0,35 0,35 0,35 0,35 0,34 0,32 Tx
Frequency range
Figure 8: Minimum distance required from Tx antenna specified by safety norms

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4 OEM AND PRODUCTS SOLUTIONS

4.1 DISTRIBUTED ANTENNA SYSTEM (DAS)
In order to provide the required coverage, several antennas connected to one base station/Node B are distributed throughout the building by means of 3 possible distribution systems: Passive distribution Hybrid distribution Active distribution
4.1.1
PASSIVE DISTRIBUTION
Passive DAS, three main systems of terminations are available. Efficiency and cost are different. They use the same standard equipments to feed different types of radiating elements. The systems are: DAS with antennas termination That necessitate some pre-studies to optimize type and orientation of antennas used. Omni antennas: Used for large open space as atrium or to cover open space area after the first levels. On first level it is difficult to confine wave inside the building and that can increase indoor coverage leakage outside the building (risk of external users captures). The gain of these antennas is classically 2 dBi and it is possible to find some real multi-bands antennas. Directive antennas: Used to apply specific coverage or to limit the indoor coverage leakage For a directive aperture of 70 to 90 in vertical and horizontal the gain is around 6 to 8 dBi. DAS with leaky feeder and load termination Radiating cable is the best solution for indoor coverage in particular in confined or difficult to access area. It can radiate homogeneously and be installed everywhere due to its suppleness. Due to ceiling/floor mask, radiating cable must be used floor by floor. This solution is interesting in particular when the network is private or corporate and the service is selective and with charge for admission. Externally, it is as RF cable and ensures its function of feeding. But by its constitution it can also ensure coupling with the mobile. Specifics holes or slot are realized on the outer conductor of coaxial cable to ensure the radiating function. For good efficiency the radiating cable needs specific installation. The minimum distance between cable and obstacle as wall is around five centimeters. It is possible to use it
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UMTS INDOOR RF DESIGN GUIDELINE under false ceiling but if the false ceiling is metallic, due to mask effect, leaky cable is unworkable. DAS with mixed termination Through distributive antennas concept it is possible to use radiating cable. Use of this equipment is similar to standard cable. Due to indoor constraints it is interesting to complete the radiating cable coverage with antennas as some areas could not be well covered if only one method is used. Completing the radiation system used, the power attenuation through the tapers, couplers, or other passive elements must be well managed in order to have a sufficient radiated power which ensure a sufficient coverage.
Completing the radiation system used, the power attenuation through the tapers, couplers, or other passive elements must be well managed in order to have a sufficient radiated power which ensure a sufficient coverage. The main elements used are the following ones. Combiners are used to combine different output of the Node B in the same band or several operators. Directional couplers are used to split the power unequally in two branches. Diplexers are used to combine signal from different bands (GSM/UMTS) or (DCS/UMTS). Triplexers can also be used in case the system has to support GSM, DCS and UMTS. Splitter (to distribute the power) Loads Coaxial cables
Figure 9: passive distribution systems

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Advantages of passive distribution All the equipments used are most generally broadband equipments. As indoor DAS are deployed for high frequency bands existing DAS which supports GSM have been deployed in 1800MHz band, and antenna installed support also UMTS band. Then in case of existing 2G indoor systems with sufficient coverage, the same infrastructure of cables, antennas and splitters can be used for the 3G indoor system with only addition of diplexer at the output of BTS and Node B. Low cost equipments compared to any active system. Limitations of passive distribution Installation is quite difficult and costly especially for high buildings, also the existence of important installation constraints (for example: acceptance of the building owner). Increased number of antennas leads to more cable + splitter losses, and hence low EIRP at each antenna. For high building or buildings requiring high number of antennas, these losses are quite high. In this case, the choice of another distribution system (active or semi active) becomes mandatory.
4.1.2 ACTIVE
A distribution is considered Hybrid when it includes a combination of active and passive system and when the antenna system is passive. The two main systems used for hybrid distribution are: Bi-directional amplifier In-building fiber optic and/or electrical extension
They are detailed in the following parts
4.1.2.1
BI-DIRECTIONAL AMPLIFIERS (BDA)
Bi-directional amplifiers are used in order to compensate the cable and coupling losses when the passive distribution alone cannot provide enough coverage. The main drawback of this system is: chaining amplifiers induces the noise figure of the system increase. The following equation shows the total noise figure calculation of a BDA chain:
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Figure 10: Schema of TX/RX chain with BDA
NF (total ) = 10 x log[ f 1 +
f 2 1 f 3 1 f 4 1 + + + .....] g1 ( g1) x( g 2) ( g1) x( g 2) x( g 3)
With
f the noise figure for both the amplifiers and for the cables linking the cascaded
amplifiers
g the gain of both of them

4.1.2.2
IN BUILDING FIBER OPTIC AND/OR ELECTRICAL EXTENSION
Two types of system link are generally used. Fiber optic Electrical cable Fiber optic system is used to cover big areas in order to minimize losses. Electrical system is used in order to facilitate the installation. These two systems are detailed in the parts below.
4.1.2.2.1 FIBER OPTIC SYSTEM

The system consists of two main units, the master unit and the remote unit. The master unit is the unit connected to the Node B, RRH or repeater. It converts the RF signal in optical one. A master unit supports up to 16 remote units. The remote unit is generally connected close to the antenna, or a passive distributed antenna system. It receives the optic signal and converts it in RF one.
Master Unit Fiber Extension Node B
Remote Unit Coaxial cable & Passive system
Figure 11: Schema of Optical fibber system usage

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The optical extension, allows covering a building with a Node B based in another building, or covering the upper floors of a tower while the Node B is located in its basement. The output power depends on the used band as well as on the number of carriers. The table below shows the maximum carrier level based on available IP3 level and maximum tolerated spurious emission of -13/-30/-36 dBm.
IP3 level # of carriers 2 4 8 16
Max. carrier level (dBm) based on IP3 level and max. spurious emmission of -13/-30/-36 dBm 54 dBm 50 dBm 44 dBm 40 dBm 27 dBm 32/26/24 dBm 29/23/21 dBm 26/20/18 dBm 24/18/16 dBm 29/23/21 dBm 26/20/18 dBm 23/17/15 dBm 21/15/13 dBm 25/19/17 dBm 22/16/14 dBm 19/13/11 dBm 17/11/9 dBm 22/16/14 dBm 19/13/11 dBm 16/10/8 dBm 14/8/6 dBm 14/8/6 dBm 11/5/3 dBm 8/2/0 dBm 6/0/-2 dBm
Figure 12: IP3 level and max spurious emission supported
4.1.2.2.2
ELECTRICAL SYSTEM
It is composed of two types of components: a Hub that connects via Cat-5 to up to eight Remote Access Units (RAUs). The Hub receives its radio frequency (RF) signal from a Node B or a repeater. The Hub electrically distributes the signal to the RAUs via twisted pair cabling. Each RAU is connected to antenna and ensures conversions from electrical signal to RF signal, and from RF signal to electrical signal.
Figure 13: Electrical system DAS
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UMTS INDOOR RF DESIGN GUIDELINE It is used for small to medium buildings such as office buildings, regional distribution facilities and small conference centers. The main limitation of this system is due to the cable distance between Hub and RAU should not exceed 100 meters.
4.1.2.2.3
System Architecture
EXAMPLE OF EXISTING SYSTEM: UNISON SYSTEM FROM LGCWIRELESS
The Unison system is composed of the following main components: Main Hub Expansion Hub Remote Access Unit (RAU) Main Hub: The Main Hub is the primary block in the Unison system and functions as the interface between the Node B or repeater and the indoor network. It receives the RF signal and distributes it to the expansion hubs through optical fiber medium. The optical link between the Main and Expansion Hubs can reach up to 6 Km by using single mode fiber. Each Main Hub supports up to 4 Expansion Hubs. For larger indoor designs, several main hubs may be required. Expansion Hub: The Expansion Hub is the intermediate unit between the Main Hub and the Remote Access Unit (RAU). It converts the received optical into electrical signal which is transmitted to the RAU over standard CAT 5 twisted pair cables (ScTP). The distance between the Expansion Hub and RAUs is limited to the recommended 100 meters, after which signal quality would be affected. Each Expansion Hub can support up to 8 RAUs.
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UMTS INDOOR RF DESIGN GUIDELINE Remote Access Unit (RAU): The Remote Access unit is Located closest to the radiating point. It converts the electric signal from the expansion hub into RF and feeds it to the antenna, and reverse.
Figure 14: Unison system architecture
The Unison system is mono band system. The frequency range of UMTS Unison system is 35 MHz. In case of several operators, they must be operating with 35 MHz bandwidth; otherwise at least two Unison systems will be installed. The cost of active equipment is high comparative to passive system.
4.2 REPEATER
Two main types of repeaters are available: RF repeater and the Optical Fibber repeater
4.2.1 RF REPEATERS SOLUTION

Classical RF Repeater is bi-directional amplifier with advanced function as AGC (automatic gain control) and special filtering function. It reduces path loss between BTS (particular cell called donor) and terminal element (radiating cable or antennas). It is used when coverage is decisive.
The main uses are: Increase coverage for specific area, (tunnel or specific hot spot in limit or outside the cell coverage) Holes elimination, Indoor capture & distribution to transfer to donor BTS (Cell that cover the building area) This repeater type is composed of two antennas: Donor Antenna between the repeater and the Node-B: Highly directive antenna Serving Antenna between the users and the repeater
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UMTS INDOOR RF DESIGN GUIDELINE It amplifies the signal both in the UL and in the DL independently or equally depending on the repeater type. The amplification concerns useful signal and all type of interferences
BAND
Repeater
Connector A
Connector B
CHANNEL Figure 15: Repeater description
The main characteristics are: Frequency band: single or multi-band, wide or narrow band Frequency range (divides in uplink and downlink) Number of channel: up to 3 carrier UL gain: tunable by users ( one gain per carrier, for multi-carrier cases) DL gain: tunable by users ( one gain per carrier, for multi-carrier cases) AGC value AGD (absolute group delay), Inter-modulation level, Global noise figure.
4.2.2 OPTICAL REPEATERS

Fiber optical repeater is a repeater conceived to transport useful information on long distance. It uses characteristics of optical fiber. But it needs to convert RF energy to compatible optical energy/. This type of repeater is really expensive and must be used only for very long tunnels or high and large indoor coverage necessity. If the concept is the same it is possible to find two main architectures. The first apply cable and close antennas (As Incell from Andrew) for punctual radiating point: in building using The second apply remote unit including transceiver and power amplifier (for distribution) tunnel or DAS in building.
Constitution:
Optical repeater is composed of several boxes. The main box called main hub, master unit or central distribution unit is fed by BTS directly through RF cable or by antenna (donor antenna). Terminal unit called remote unit (RU) for amplified unit or Remote antenna unit (RAU) for low power unit (as Andrew InCell) can apply distributed system or only one antenna.
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Transceiver system is including in these box that cans convert RF to Optical carriers or optical to RF carrier. Depending on carried available frequency bandwidth it is possible or not to transport wide W-CDMA. This transceiver uses laser and thats why the cost is high. These systems are managed and alarm controlled by management software.
Fiber Link Figure 16: Optical repeater principle (1)
Two concept of optical fiber repeater system can be used. Depending on the choice, the price can be modified (in general due to laser use the equipment price is high Opex (Capex) price is function of terminal concept used). System presentation: Optical repeater with remote unit powered.
Figure 17: Optical repeater principle (2) Optical Repeater with frequency band sharing:
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Figure 18: Optical repeater with frequency band sharing
About optical repeater installation: If optical fiber is easy to install due to its feeble dimension and its high suppleness, dont forget to control optical connections. Optical Connectors are fragile and they are really the hard point of optical installation. Often it is possible to use existing optical fiber in particular if the building is new building (Refer to the survey). In general, Optical equipment as MCU or RU needs soft installation (laser adjustment).
4.3 INDOOR SMALL CELL-CELL NODE-B

Small cells are auto-configurable products including a sniffer module, which allows analyzing macro network RSCP at small cell position, and then deduce the max Tx power allowed in order not to disturb macro network. Main part of information when the call has been established is deduced from UE measurements. Two small cell versions are available today: Home cell: o Max power: 13dBm (20mW) Max power: 20dBm (100mW) Enterprise cell:
o
4.3.1 NOISE FIGURE

The typical noise figure is 10.5 dB.
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5 RADIO DESIGN METHODOLOGY

5.1 PRINCIPLE & CONSTRAINTS
Indoor Design is complex to realize. It needs to take in account the third dimension. Volume replaces traditional surface to cover. Indoor specificities are important and can modify RF design; the main ones are detailed below: The design contributors: Different contributors intervene during the Design phase. The customers are operators but building owner intervenes for installation constraints, visual impact limitation or public safety. Installation constraints: Indoor is not an open area many structures can limit or block the waves passing. Visual impact and public safety can limit too the design. Radio propagation: In addition to walls and structures limitation, wave need to be confined inside the building area and external leakages must but limited. Co-sitting constraints: A new network must be implemented taking into account the existing networks deployed. Interference must be well managed. Indoor dimensioning Services: New technologies can introduce new services or specific services as corporate networks, data transmission or internet mobile. This plays a role on Design and needs to improve coverage quality and traffic capacity. Through these constraints and based on experiment results and building surveys, on one hand and on RF Process on the other hand the following item must be realized during the Design phase: Design constraints identification (co-sitting effect, forbidden area, traffic concentration,) Traffic model qualification, Technical choice (equipments, solutions, dimensioning) Impact on cells performances and traffic capacity, Deployment strategy and associated cost study, Solutions and associated link budget, Results presentation for customer agreement,
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5.2 DIMENSIONING SERVICE & TRAFFIC ASSUMPTIONS

The process of the design is based on the coverage requirements of the worst link budget between UL and DL. This depends on the product solution selected. Dimensioning must be done to support DL PS384 service at cell edge 400kbps HSDPA throughput at cell edge when surrounded cells have 75% traffic load PS64 and/or CS64 at cell edge with 75% UL load. 75% UL load is the recommendation for new indoor network deployed. For existing indoor network designed with 50% UL load, the design is not changed, but UL load increase due to HSUPA introduction must be considered (see 6.5.3.3.1). The available path loss has been calculated in the LB with the parameter settings validated with the customer.
TRAFFIC ASSUMPTIONS Below the service and traffic information necessary to complete an UMTS design are presented. Traffic assumption has a large impact on the cell count and radio planning results. They should thus be detailed for each of the required services.
The traffic assumptions can be defined by different ways: A % of traffic load is specified: o 75% of traffic load including common channels and shared power are usually considered according to the customer this value can change.
Mixed traffic provided by the customer: o This mixed traffic is based on a user call profile which contains each service activity and their duration or data volume transmitted during a busy hour. First it is necessary to determine exhaustively all the services the network will have to support. A service is the conjunction of a data type (voice or data), a transport mode (circuit switched or packet switched), and a data rate.
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The services which can commonly be met on projects are the following: Conversational Speech 12.2 CS64 PS64 PS128 PS384 HSDPA HSUPA For each building; traffic is defined per service.
5.3 LB ANALYSIS
5.3.1 ENGINEERING MARGINS 5.3.1.1
SHADOW MARGIN CALCULATION FOR QOC
Alcatel-Lucent Networks considers in indoor only the log normal fading of the indoor propagation, and power control variation due to fast fading effect. Then, according to statistical laws, a global standard deviation is calculated which characterizes the whole propagation channel:
Tot = indoor
With
indoor : STD for indoor shadowing
5.3.1.2 DAS LOSSES

This parameter is applied only for indoor solutions which include distributed antenna system, not for stand alone solutions. Distribution system losses are also considered, losses of cables, splitters, and combiners. Average losses value is obtained while calculating the EIRP of each antenna in the building. The standard value considered for passive DAS loss per floor is 25dB. This value must be updated, during the roll out phase when the real attenuation values are known.
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UMTS INDOOR RF DESIGN GUIDELINE For active DAS loss, there is no default values, UL DAS loss and DL DAS loss must be specified separately as some UL & DL gain can be tuned independently with optical fibber products.
5.3.1.3 OBSTACLES LOSSES

The different obstacles loss values are detailed in the table below,
Obstacle
Penetration Loss [dB] UMTS Frequency Band: 1700, 1900, 2100MHz
External concrete wall Inside wall Window Door
15 5 to 10 3 5
Figure 19: Indoor obstacles loss @2100MHz
5.3.2
UPLINK PARAMETERS
The table hereafter presents main UL parameters.

Uplink load with R99 only HSUPA) (with 50% (75%) Pedestrian A 21dBm (24dBm) 3 km/h Deep indoor 95% (86%)
Modeling Channel for C/I performance Mobile power (HSPA) Mobile speed Coverage type % of QoC for area reliability (equivalence in cell edge reliability)
Figure 20: Environment global parameters
5.3.3
DOWNLINK BUDGET
UMTS downlink budgets are always built the same way. In fact there are two downlink budgets, first one deal with pilot dimensioning and second one with service dimensioning. The pilot dimensioning phase allows as well fixing common channels contribution as their power is relative to pilot one.
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CPICH power calculation The aim is to determine the minimum CPICH power ratio to insure a certain pilot quality at cell edge. The max allowable path loss is fixed by the uplink budget and usually based on the dimensioning service. Pilot quality is estimated by the ratio of energy chip over interference Ec/Io. The recommended CPICH power ratio is between 8% and 12% with a default value equal to 10%: 8% for Dense urban, urban and some suburban areas which are interference limited 12% Suburban and rural zones essentially noise limited
These values have been deduced considering Pilot Ec/Io target = -15dB in full traffic load conditions.
Under such value; mobile pilot detection is problematic. Extra-cell interference has been evaluated to DL Ie/Ii= 200% compared to intra-cell, considering two neighboring macro-cells received with the same RSCP than the serving cell pilot ratio is the same for the serving cell and the two neighbors serving cells and the two neighbors have the same traffic load In order to estimate the Io value at cell edge, in addition of the path loss, the following inputs are required:
Mobile noise figure and antenna gain are used to determine the noise floor
Common Channels power setting Common channels are always fixed relatively to pilot power. The table below contains common channel power settings recommended.
Common Channels Power Distribution DL Ie/Ii Target for AR=90% CPICH Ec/I0 Target [dB] CPICH Power Ratio [%] 200% -15.0 dB Between 8% and 12% Power rel. to CPICH [dB] P-CPICH P-SCH S-SCH -5.0 dB -5.0 dB Time multiplexed 100% of time -------
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P-CCPCH S-CCPCH PICH AICH Common Control Channels Power Ratio [%] Shared Power reserved for R'99 Traffic [%] -2.0 dB -1.0 dB -5.0 dB -7.0 dB 100% of time 30% of time 100% of time 100% of time 22% 10.00%
Figure 21: Common channels power settings
As mentioned in the table above the recommended % of CPICH power ratio is 8% to 12%. 8% for Dense urban, urban and some suburban areas which are interference limited 12% Suburban and rural zones essentially noise limited
Some of ALU customers have different recommendations and can use 5% CPICH power ratio, in that case ALU will use these recommendations, but the Ec/Io target should change too. For instance with 5% CPICH power ratio the Ec /Io target value for 80% network traffic load should be -18dB instead of -15dB with ALU recommended power settings
Other parameters
2100MHz Thermal Noise MS noise figure MS antenna gain Interference factor @ cell edge CPICH Ec/Io target Orthogonality factor (0 no orthogonality) (3,84 MHz) -108 dBm 8 dB 0 dBi 2 (Ie=2*Ii) -15 dB 0.06 in indoor(@3km/h
Figure 22: DL budget parameter
5.4 RF DESIGN TARGETS

Based on dimensioning service and traffic assumptions, the RF design can be completed and optimized. The first step is then to select the correct candidate sites in order to fulfill the required QoC and QoS per area. During the design, it is important to keep in mind that a W-CDMA network is an interference limited system, and that in such cases, the sites should be positioned so as to limit inter site interference. In order to ensure a good network, the following criteria must be completed.
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5.4.1 MINIMUM ATTENUATION REQUIRED AND TOTAL EIRP RECOMMENDED

In order to be sure that we respect the safety limit everywhere, one of our constraints is to ensure a minimum attenuation between the power amplifier and the antenna connector, in order to achieve a 10dBm total power EIRP per antenna. 10dBm total power EIRP answer to two constraints, first one is safety limit as with such EIRP one of the most constraining values is respected after 1 m distance from the antenna. The second constraint is 10dBm total power EIRP per antenna induces to have at least 20dB attenuation between RRH and Node-B cabinet and antenna connector, as minimum power which can be radiated by RRH is 27dBm.
5.4.2 COVERAGE TARGET

The different design targets are the following ones:
5.4.2.1 SHARED CARRIER CONFIGURATION

The main aspect here is to manage correctly the interference with outdoor network. The indoor network is deployed where an outdoor one already exist, so the main rule is to not decrease existing outdoor network quality and capacity with an interference increase on the outdoor areas. Indoor dedicated Node-B can not be deployed without distributed antenna system solution. This latest one required a heavy and long deployment, as cables must be positioned inside false ceiling; even for hybrid fiber optic DAS cables between RAU and antenna are required. Based on outdoor measurements, and indoor penetration measurement, the outdoor cells RSCP on each side of the building are well known; also the outdoor macro-cells RSCP values in front of windows inside the buildings. With such information, completed by floor plan and indoor measurements, the antenna positioning can be done in order to have on ground floor and first floor; indoor cell best server inside the building; and outdoor cells best server outside the building.
The RF criteria to support such recommendation are the following ones:
3rd floor and highest Requirements are: Guarantee a good coverage and capacity over the building floor. Guarantee an enough signal strength to ensure Indoor cell CIPCH RSCP = Outdoor macro cell CPICH RSCP+3dB everywhere over the area which should be covered
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UMTS INDOOR RF DESIGN GUIDELINE 2nd, 1st & ground floors, Two outdoor coverage cases must be considered Case1: Hole of coverage or poor coverage of the existing outdoor network Macro-cell RSCP -95dBm No specific problems as indoor cells can cover part of the street in order to ensure better quality than outdoor network RSCP target depends on the following criteria Indoor RSCP must be equals to -98dBm at 10m outside the building, CPICH power ratio is considered around 10%
Case2: Good Outdoor coverage Outdoor Macro-cell RSCP >-80dBm The macro-cell outdoor network should not be disturbed by indoor implementation Indoor cell CPICH RSCP must be set in order to ensure that Indoor cell CIPCH RSCP = Outdoor macro cell CPICH RSCP +/- 2dB in front of the windows, store, building entrance, shopping mall entrance. cells
With such criteria, interferences between indoor cells and Macro cells are not too high
RF recommendations for distance between antenna and nearest window Assumptions Standard indoor propagation area obstacles between 1m to 1,8m height Outdoor macro-cell RSCP: -80dBm Aim: to be best server in indoor and no to interfere outdoor network outside the building
CPICH EIRP with 10% CPICH power ratio Distance from the nearest window and/or entrance Distance from the nearest external wall
-10dBm 5m 0m
0dBm 20m 0m
10dBm 30m 5m
Figure 23: Minimum distance required for Indoor small cell
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5.4.2.2 DEDICATED CARRIER CONFIGURATION

Compare to the shared carrier solution, there is no more neighboring and interference impact on outdoor network. Anyway in order not to support over a too long distance indoor to outdoor users, it is recommended to realize the indoor design in order to support an indoor RSCP level equals to -95dBm at 20m outside the building .
5.4.3 INTERFERENCE CRITERIA 5.4.3.1 EC/I0 TARGETS

The Ec/Io target value depends on the traffic load and the level of extra-cell interference. The values detailed below considers CPICH power ratio between 8% to 12%; if CPICH ratio is out of this range then Ec/Io target should be modified in consequence (5% CPICH ratio induce a 3dB decrease on the target values detailed below)
When Ie/Ii = 200% o o 95% of the design area should have a Ec/I0 value higher than the target (-15dB), with 90% DL load 95% of the design area should have a Ec/I0 value higher than the target (-14dB), with 75% DL load
When Ie/Ii = 100% o o 95% of the design area should have a Ec/I0 value higher than the target (-13dB), with 90% DL load 95% of the design area should have a Ec/I0 value higher than the target (-12dB), with 75% DL load
Such Ec/Io criteria allow managing interferences in order to obtain a RF network design able to support PS384 service at cell edge when surrounded cells have 50% traffic load or PS128 at cell edge when surrounded cells have 75% traffic load. 400kbps HSDPA throughput at cell edge when surrounded cells have 75% traffic load 400kbps HSUPA throughput at cell edge with UE category 12.
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5.4.3.2
POLLUTED AREA & OVERLAP ANALYSIS
This part concerns indoor design done with micro-cells or pico-cells, as the number of cells is more important than when indoor design is done macro-Node-B Polluted area criterion: Done to evaluate the number of scrambling in a 6dB interval from the best server The number of scrambling code should not exceed 3, and the % of covered area with 3 scrambling code should be lower than 5%. High signal level overlap criterion: It consists in increasing the design threshold 10dB, and based on this design threshold to analyze the number of server. In this analysis, the % of 2 servers in the design area should not exceed 15%. The optimization method to reach these targets is detailed in the part below.
5.4.4 NEIGHBORING PLAN / SCRAMBLING CODE PLAN

This can be a critical aspect of indoor network deployment. Currently Alcatel-Lucent RNC supports 32 intra-frequency neighbors declared 32 inter-frequency neighbors declared Intra-cells neighbors + inter-cells neighbors 48 ( 64 in UA6.0)
The radio criterion for neighbor and scrambling code plans is: Considering two cells cell A and cell B, on the same frequency carrier using the same cell ID, the distance between those must satisfy the following criteria:
RSCP At cell A edge (RSCPcellA -95dBm): RSCPcellA RSCPcellB + 10dB At cell B edge (RSCPcellB -95dBm): RSCPcellB RSCPcellA + 10dB The field feedback from existing outdoor networks is: Around 20 intra-frequency neighbors are declared The number of inter-frequency neighbors declared depends on the operator approach. Currently only co-localized cell is declared, but it can go up to the same number of intra-frequency neighbors declared.
Based on such analysis, the outdoor network neighboring plan must be carefully analyzed in order to see the added number of neighboring cells which can be declared. Considering that only the ground floor indoor cells are declared as neighbors for outdoor cells; the limit of neighbors declared will be reached if there are more than 12 indoor networks buildings
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UMTS INDOOR RF DESIGN GUIDELINE deployed in the same cell, even if just one scrambling code is considered to cover the ground floor.
5.5 OPTIMIZATION
5.5.1 METHODOLOGY
The main interference aspect which should be correctly managed is between outdoor network and indoor network. To reduce interferences, two major tuning can be done: Azimuth optimization Max power reduction or CPICH increase.
Electrical tilts are not available for indoor antennas. These methods are identical in all radio system in order to limit inter cell interference, or to improve the QOC. Based on these information, and with some KPI targets values like RSCP level, QOS target Ec/I0 target, GOS target, Pollution window, Active set size,
5.5.2
OPTIMIZATION PHASES
The optimization phase is done simultaneously or just after the coverage study. The aim is done to reach and improve all the RF design targets defined in the previous part. This optimization phase contains several steps:
5.5.2.1 OPTIMIZATION AND VALIDATION BASED ON RF FIELD ANALYSIS

This part describes the field measurement process used to finalize and validate the RF parameters in order to obtain the best network performances. A test measurement campaign using RF measurement scanners for step 0 to step 2 test mobiles, is done for the other optimization steps.
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UMTS INDOOR RF DESIGN GUIDELINE The services analyzed are voice, visio 64kbps for CS services, and 384kbps and HSDPA for PS services. Step 0: Following the site report, the installation will be performed. If any modification in cable path or length is implemented, the installation team should inform the radio design team. Before the Node B commissioning and once the installation is totally finished, validation of installation of the antenna system. This will include: Loss measurement generated by splitters and coaxial cable distribution. These tests mainly consist of measuring the received power at each antenna connector. The visual inspections of the splitter connection to avoid any cross cabling.
Hereafter is presented a brief description of the measurement process: Step1: Done to verify and validate the pre-optimization efficiency compare to the results obtained in step 0. Based on these measurements, the aim is also to correct some radio parameters in order to improve the coverage and radio quality, and to identify some neighboring problems which required an update of the neighboring plan. In place of the Node B, a transmitter is installed, providing a precise and known power to the whole installation. At each antenna connector, an appropriate power meter with the required sensitivity is to be used.
Step 2: Validation of the radio optimization Step 3 and others Done to optimize UTRAN parameters in order to maximize the CS and PS performances Ec/Io values reached the target ones QoC corresponds to the target one Neighboring plan is the best one
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5.6 UMTS VS OTHER TECHNOLOGIES INDOOR NETWORK COEXISTENCE

5.6.1 SEPARATED FREQUENCY BAND
As for outdoor, an indoor UMTS network deployed must not interfere or be interfered by existing GSM network. Depending on product performances; isolation is required. The isolation recommended by ALU is based on a maximum of 0,5dB sensitivity degradation; or a maximum of 5% capacity decrease. . Warning! Some configurations are very difficult to manage, and it is quite impossible to have a not degraded network. It occurs when UL band of one technology is adjacent to the DL band of the other one. The main configurations are the following ones: Co-existence between GSM850 or CDMA 850 with UMTS900 Co-existence between GSM1900 or CDMA 1900 with UMTS2100
Do not forget to verify, the following aspects before deployment Radiating element frequency bandwidth Cable or DAS frequency bandwidth Dimension correctly the diplexer used to couple the two systems. Check particularly the rejection level from one frequency band to the other.
5.6.2 UMTS SHARED SAME FREQUENCY BAND WITH CDMA /UMTS/GSM

When UMTS is implemented on the same frequency band than GSM or CDMA the isolation rules detailed below must be respected. In order to avoid sensitivity degradation due to interference created by one of the following cases: DL interference from UMTS Node-B to CDMA (GSM) UE UL interference from CDMA (GSM) UE to UMTS Node-B DL interference from CDMA (GSM) BTS to UMTS UE UL interference from UMTS UE to CDMA (GSM) BTS
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5.6.2.1 UMTS & GSM
Figure 24: Frequency spacing rule between an UMTS carrier and TDMA band
For both case analyzed below the degradation target is to have a sensitivity degradation less than 0,5dB or a capacity loss lower than 5%. Recommendations below have been done considering hopping TCH as GSM adjacent channels of UMTS900 band.
Below two cases are analyzed case where GSM and UMTS are co-localized on a same site and case where they are not and so the worst configuration then is when GSM cell edge is close to UMTS site We have now two types of filters in our product, Standard filter whose attenuation starts at 2.2MHz offset from center frequency which provides an attenuation higher than 50dB after 2.4MHz frequency offset from center frequency Reduced filter whose attenuation starts at 2.0MHz offset from frequency band center and provides more than 50dB attenuation after 2.2MHz frequency offset from frequency band center. The impact reduced filter in DL is negligible
None co-located case: Standard filter ALU recommendation is to have 2,6MHz frequency offset This implies that 5MHz must be free in upper or lower edge of the operator GSM frequency band. Reduced filter ALU recommendation is to have 2,4MHz frequency offset This implies that 4.6MHz must be free in upper or lower edge of the operator GSM frequency band.
Co-located case:
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UMTS INDOOR RF DESIGN GUIDELINE Standard filter used in NodeB Frequency hopping is done over less than 10 frequencies ALU recommendation is to have 2,4MHz frequency offset This implies that 4.6MHz must be free in the GSM frequency band on the area where UMTS is deployed. For the surrounded area of UMTS900/GSM900 cluster where only GSM900 is deployed, a 2.2MHz frequency offset is sufficient; this induces to free 4.2MHz.
GSM uses all 900MHz band
Figure 25: Illustration of the buffer zone
Frequency hopping is done over more than 10 frequencies ALU recommendation is to have 2,2MHz frequency offset This implies that 4.2MHz must be free in upper or lower edge of the operator GSM frequency band.
Reduced filter used in NodeB ALU recommendation is to have 2,2MHz frequency offset without any frequency hopping constraint This implies that 4.2MHz must be free in the GSM frequency band on the area where UMTS is deployed.
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UMTS INDOOR RF DESIGN GUIDELINE In order to avoid interferences between GSM900 area where all operator 900MHz band is used and UMTS900 cluster, it is necessary to have a dead zone around UMTS900 cluster where only channels which respect the previous recommendations are used. This dead zone is not homogeneous because generally environment is not homogeneous, as sites can be positioned on a small mountain, so they have more coverage impact than those in city center. For this reason the rule to respect to define sites where all 900MHz band of an operator can be used without impact UMTS900 cluster is the following one: Lets consider cell A as a UMTS900 cell of a UMTS 900MHz cluster, and cell B a GSM900 cell to re-use channels inside UMTS900 band. BCCH cell B must respect For RSCPcellA -100dBm: DL Rxlev_cellB RSCPcellA -10dB
5.6.2.2 UMTS & CDMA

3.385MHz frequency spacing should be respected between UMTS and CDMA frequency band
3.385MHz
270kHz Figure 26: Frequency spacing rule between an UMTS carrier and a CDMA carrier
5.6.2.3 UMTS & UMTS

5MHz frequency spacing should be respected between two UMTS frequency band
Figure 27: Frequency spacing rule between two UMTS carriers
The following curves have been established considering the Tx filter and Rx filter of ALU product. They show the capacity loss vs. the frequency offset between two adjacent UMTS frequency bands.
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Figure 28: UMTS capacity vs. adjacent UMTS interferer spacing (MHz) for co-located case (doted line) and not co-located
5.7 HSXPA DESIGN CONTRAINTS AND DEPLOYMENT STRATEGY

5.7.1 HSDPA 5.7.1.1 UL IMPACT ON R99 EB/NO
HSDPA introduces new common channels HS-DPCCH in UL and HS-SCCH in DL. The Eb/No loss values calculated for each UL R99 service are the following ones. These losses must be added UL Eb/No values for only HSDPA users in the cell and not all the cell users.
Eb/No loss (dB) PS64 PS128 PS384 1.9 1 0.4
Figure 29: HS-DPCCH impact on UL iCEM Eb/No
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Eb/No loss (dB) PS64 PS128 PS384 0.9 0.5 0.3
Figure 30: HS-DPCCH impact on UL xCEM Eb/No
5.7.1.2 DL HS-SCCH
HS-SCCH is power controlled. In the LB, it is calculated, based on an iterative process using the table below.
CQI 17 89 10 12 13 30 Power relative to CPICH Power (dB) 0 -3 -5 -8
Figure 31: HS-SCCH Power Control
After many simulations, the HS-SCCH Ec/No target value which provides realistic results in term of cell throughput, throughput distribution, and area where HSDPA is supported is the following one. Ec/Nt= -13dB
5.7.1.3 HSUPA DL COMMON CHANNELS IMPACT

The general approach is to assign a lower priority to HSUPA service than to the R99 ones. HSUPA is only available on carriers where HSDPA is supported. HSUPA introduces new channels E-DPCCH in UL, UL dedicated traffic channel: E-DPDCH E-AGCH (Absolute Grant Channel), E-HICH (HARQ Indicator Channel) and E-RGCH (Relative Grant Channel) in DL This part analyzes the impact of these channels and the throughput calculation method
1 E-AGCH is enough for early deployment. In case there are two users, 2 TTI will be necessary to grant both users. 1 E-RGCH is enough (up 15 signatures). The E-RGCH power is negligible, it carries one bit.
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UMTS INDOOR RF DESIGN GUIDELINE The activity factor of the E-AGCH should be low in early E-DCH deployment. The E-AGCH is not transmitted all the time (as for the HS-SCCH). Once the user is granted, E-AGCH is not transmitted again. A fix power is reserve at the RNC level for DL E-DCH channels. This power is preempted from HSDPA max power and is taken into account in the R99 RNC CAC.
Power rel. to CPICH [dB] E-AGCH E-HICH -2.5 dB -8.0 dB
Figure 32: HSUPA DL power settings
The maximum HSDPA power signaled to the Node-B will be reduced. The R99 CAC will reject R99 calls earlier than before in case of highly loaded cell.
2100MHz Node-B 45W PA Speech 30 m cable + 0.4dB jumper Without HSUPA DL CCH impact With HSUPA DL CCH impact DL capacity decrease due to HSUPA 273kbps 246.7kbps -9.6% 565.8kbps 511.2kbps -9.6% 604.9kbps 546.4kbps -9.6% 681.5kbps 615.6kbps -9.6% 840.4kbps 759.1kbps -9.6% CS 64 PS 64 PS 128 PS 384
Figure 33: DL capacity loss due to HSUPA
9.6% capacity is a worst case, as it takes into account cells full loaded all the time. Around 5% capacity loss can be expected, in standard case.
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ANALYSIS OF EACH RF INDOOR SOLUTIONS
6.1 NATURAL INDOOR PENETRATION

6.1.1 DESCRIPTION
This is the natural outdoor to indoor penetration. It must be taken into account during the outdoor macro-cell network roll out phase. The indoor penetration considered has a direct impact on the number of sites required to cover an area, so the number of cells, tilts, azimuth
The Alcatel-lucent recommendation is to consider the following indoor penetration losses:
Environment
Penetration Loss [dB] UMTS Frequency Band: 1700, 1900, 2100MHz
Dense Urban Urban Suburban
20 17 14
Figure 34: outdoor to indoor penetration loss
These values allow supporting UL dimensioning service until indoor daylight environment. It corresponds to indoor areas far from window (>10m) with potentially some obstacles (like cupboards) between UE and window, but no wall. Anyway to have a good indoor penetration which means ensuring coverage in major part of deep indoor areas, these values must be increased by 3dB.
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6.1.2 ADVANTAGES & DRAWBACKS

Advantages: No indoor network to deploy Less expensive than deploying outdoor network+indoor network
Drawbacks: Must be anticipated since the beginning of the outdoor network deployment Can not be updated after deployment without impacting all the network optimization
6.2 MASSIVE PUBLIC NETWORK INDOOR DEPLOYMENT

It concerns a massive roll out phase with extremely short delay requirement, like 2 days to deploy an indoor network inside a ten floors building. This type of requirement can not be supported with DAS, as it takes too many times for deployment. The indoor products use is essentially indoor small cell.
6.2.1 INTERFERENCE ANALYSIS IN SHARED CARRIER CONFIGURATION 6.2.1.1 BEST SERVER BETWEEN INDOOR SMALL CELL VS MACRO-CELL
For all the remarks done in the parts below, it has been considered that Indoor small cell is able to evaluate correctly the different SC used and the RSCP received of all its neighbors, whatever the measurement method used Measurement perform by indoor small cell UE measurements
SC selection and power auto-configuration efficiency depend on these measurements. An inaccurate evaluation of the neighboring cells (macro + other indoor small cells) characteristics will highly increase Interferences on the outdoor existing network worst HSxPA performances Probability of having bad performances on indoor small cell service area
Based on indoor coverage simulations, and field analysis. With simulation results, an indoor small cell is able to ensure a 10m cell radius with 95% of area reliability@ -70dBm; with 3dBm pilot EIRP.
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UMTS INDOOR RF DESIGN GUIDELINE Assumptions 5dB indoor penetration for front window case; 15dB indoor penetration for indoor penetration including wall Ec/Io pilot target is -15dB @cell edge when indoor small cell is totally load with macro RSCP is 3dB higher than indoor small cell. Indoor small cell pilot EIRP is 3dBm
Indoor small cell can be best server in all indoor when outdoor macro-cell RSCP -60dBm For a macro-cell -50dBm > outdoor RSCP > -60dBm, Macro-cell risk to be best server in a part of the indoor area, if such RSCP level is in front window. In case of wall penetration indoor small cell, will stay best server
For a macro-cell outdoor RSCP -50dBm, Macro-cell risk to be best server in indoor area, if such RSCP level is in front window. Even if wall penetration isolates more indoor small cell from macro with such outdoor RSCP level macro is best server in major part of indoor area.
Based on the RSCP distribution, RSCP -50dBm, represents more than 4% of cases, where indoor small cell risk to be non efficient Considering macro-cell RSCP estimation, it can be a problem in case of shared carrier configuration Indoor small cell placed near a window at firs floor, or ground floor of a building Indoor small cell receives a good macro-cell RSCP signal Based on its own model Indoor small cell estimates a very high macro-cell signal at its cell edge Indoor small cell increases its power, to have at its cell edge the same signal than macro-cell In reality macro-cell outdoor RSCP is quite the same than the one measured by Indoor small cell. So indoor small cell signal is too high, and can be best server in the street, which will generate interferences I shared carrier configuration
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6.2.1.2 INDOOR SMALL CELL INTERFERS MACRO NETWORK USERS

A UE at macro-cell edge and near indoor small cell edge, will transmit at max power which will generate high UL interferences for indoor small cell UL performances decrease in indoor small cell service area In this configuration the indoor small cells placed in the flat 6 and 8, are best server in their own indoor area. The flat7 risk to be highly interfered by indoor small cells, so performances decrease compared to configuration without indoor small cells Macro RSCP around -90dBm in flat1 to flat4, due to diffraction on buildings Flat6 indoor small cell can be best server in flat1 and flat 2 indoor areas: NOT GOOD! Flat8 indoor small cell can be best server in flat 3 and flat4 indoor areas. NOT GOOD!
Figure 35: Type of interferences which can occurs with indoor small cell
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There are other cases where indoor small cell have many risk to interfere macro network users; like:
Positioning indoor small cell near a window; then indoor small cell will extrapolate a too high Tx power required to fight against macro, and then street macro users will be interfered. 20mW indoor small cell will not have enough power to fight against macro when air path loss is lower than 105 dB which represents more than 4% of cases in a real network, if we consider only street measurements. This % increase considering higher floor cases, where macro RSCP is higher.
6.2.2 DEDICATED CARRIER

Main problems mentioned previously are resolved. Very constraining in term of frequency resource Does an operator is able to provide a carrier which will never be used for outdoor network in the area where it is deployed in indoor, during all the 3G network life? Currently ALU is supporting 3 carriers solutions, for macro-cells, so having a dedicated carrier for indoor seems to be very difficult, except if a new frequency band is free by authorities.
6.2.3 NUMBER OF SCRAMBLING CODE ALLOCATED TO INDOOR SMALL CELL NETWORK

Macro-cell can support 32 SC for neighbors in its list; if 16 SC are reserved for indoor small cell, 16 SC remain for macro-cells which risk being not enough!!! For intra-frequency mobility (shared carrier case), only 16 SC for macro-cells neighboring list is not enough. Seen in the past when only 16 SC can be supported in the neighboring list For inter-frequency mobility (dedicated carrier case), if 16 SC are reserved for indoor small cell, it remains 16 for macro-cells For mobility in idle mode, 48 neighbors can be supported which summarize intra-freq, inter-freq, and inter-RAT, reducing the number of this list by 16 for macro neighbors, is too important!!
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UMTS INDOOR RF DESIGN GUIDELINE Worst case study Assumptions Two cells cell A and cell B, cell B can re-use cell A scrambling code if: RSCPcellB RSCPcellA + 10dB everywhere in the cell 100% of flat have a indoor small cell of a same operator SC can be reused each three floor level Floor penetration is around 12dB, Mean Flat dimensions: height:3m; width:5m; length:10m Wall penetration is 10dB Window penetration: 2dB Door penetration: 4dB A indoor small cell is able to cover 90m with a RSCP -78dBm in area with obstacles and 15dB wall penetration Indoor small cell are in the centre of each flat Propagation models considered for air path loss are: o o For facing flats on the same floor : 38,5+ 20*LOG (d) For non facing flats or flats on different floors: 38,5+20*LOG(d) +10
Based on previous assumptions, the aim is to define a SC number which guarantees that RSCPcellA -88dBm
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Figure 36: Worst case study for scrambling code reservation
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UMTS INDOOR RF DESIGN GUIDELINE Maximum of 12 SC seems to be sufficient

On a same floor level: SC can be reused each three flat Inter floor levels: SC series can be re-used each 2 floors, but a same SC is re-used at the same flat position each four floor This is illustrated in the two previous figures, where a square formed by 8 floor buildings has been considered, taking also into account building across the street
Recommendations for standard cases Based on the worst case analysis, considering 100% of users have an indoor small cell a minimum of two operators per country can be considered, which will support around 50% of indoor small cell users each, the number of 12 SC can be reduced to 10.
Based on the worst case analysis, considering 20% of users have an indoor small cell a minimum of two operators per country can be considered, which will support around 50% of indoor small cell users each (one operator supports 10% of users with indoor small cell) the number of 12 SC can be reduced to 6.
6.2.4 CONCLUSION ON STRATEGY BETWEEN SHARED CARRIER AND DEDICATED CARRIER CONFIGURATION
A mass deployment is a very constraining scenario, and do not allow time for macro network audit. Based on that, the best case in order to avoid 95% of interference problems is to use a dedicated carrier for indoor network. This recommendation is particularly important for indoor small cell network implementation, as it is impossible to manage where to position indoor small cell Node-B.
6.3 DAS DEPLOYMENT

Specific deployments concerns essentially indoor design where DAS must be deployed. As DAS required a heavy deployment it is important to minimize the risk of error in the antenna or radiating cable positioning. Based on such analysis field activities are required to manage this risk correctly.
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UMTS INDOOR RF DESIGN GUIDELINE These field activities are not linked to technology but depend essentially on frequency and bandwidth. The main physical On site activities are realized to find possibilities and constraints offered by the building and to find good penetration factor and best solutions for use. These activities are: The building survey, The penetration factor measurement, The ceiling/ floor penetration factor, Environment propagation conditions, Antennas vs. environment behavior Building survey can be optimized by the creation of building classes associated to specifics radio penetration factor. For difficult areas the best way is to test and validate adapted solutions linked with macro environment. Measurements and survey necessitate high accuracy and control. It is the guarantee to realize good Design in minimum of time and maximum QOS. Equipments and team profile are really important. Experienced RF Engineers is mandatory to understand the main issues of these activities.
6.3.1 POWER TRANSMITTED PER ANTENNA PORT AND MINIMUM ATTENUATION

REQUIRED BETWEEN RRH CONNECTOR AND ANTENNA PORT A good power setting in indoor cells can be a solution to resolve the following problems: UL RSSI interference In order to avoid UL RSSI huge increase at RRH or eNode-B level due to a UE placed at 1 meter from the antenna, a minimum of 20dB attenuation should be applied between RRH connector and antenna port, then even if a UE transmitting at -50dBm placed at 1 meter from the antenna, its signal at RRH connector will be around -108dBm. Safety Limit respect Also these 20dB attenuation are also compliant with safety limit constraints in any countries, as we recommend to have a maximum total channel EIRP= 10dBm per antenna port and per carrier. Considering the minimum RRH transmitted power is 26dBm, 20dB attenuation allow to reduce this value to 6dBm at antenna connector and with antenna gain the EIRP is between 8 to 10dBm/ carrier. This approach avoids any UL RSSI and safety limit issue but required to have more antennas on a given DAS. This allow to better homogeneous coverage. Another major point which can be resolved with a correct power setting is Handover with outdoor cell.
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UMTS INDOOR RF DESIGN GUIDELINE To avoid UL interference a RRH indoor deployed which has to support HHO with outdoor macro-cell, the power settings must have less than 3dB delta between indoor and outdoor cells. So based on this recommendation, RRH or Node-B used in indoor network which have to support HO with outdoor macro-cells used all PA power or at least half of PA power. Then to still be compliant with 10dBm channel EIRP per carrier, some added attenuation (with attenuator implementation) must be applied on the DAS. If the delta is higher than 5dB then a UE connected on macro-cell DL best server but with a path loss lower with indoor cell increase significantly indoor cell UL RSSI.
6.3.2 FIELD ANALYSIS 6.3.2.1 SITE SURVEY 6.3.2.1.1 PRE REQUISITE:

The aim is to define the main physical characteristics of building (Structure, area to be cover, constraints and hot spot). When the contract concerns numerous building, the best way is to classify the building by type. Building survey can be helping greatly this activity. Building floor plan is necessary to realize a correct survey (ask customer, owner, or use commercial plan or escape route).All information must be writing on it. Make a complete external building picture to present external aspect of the building.
6.3.2.1.2 EQUIPMENT NEEDED:

The equipment set is close to standard site survey equipment. Compass (to show building orientation), Digital camera to take picture of indoor environment, main information and constraints, Decameter or sonic meter to measure wide distance; Tape measure for false ceiling, false floor or small aperture and distance, If necessary GPS handset to find building position (measured on the roof) Floor plan to note everything.
6.3.2.1.3 DELIVERABLES
Collected information must be: Wall and aperture dimension and structure, Ceiling and floor structure, Indoor environment description (in particular deep indoor particularities as stair or lift area), Hot spot description, Existing system description,
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UMTS INDOOR RF DESIGN GUIDELINE Installation flexibility, Technical room description, Transmission or link available to transport information, Cable path description.
Figure 37: Type of information and floor plan collected after a site survey
Figure 38: Type of photos collected after a site survey
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6.3.2.1.4 SITE CLASSIFICATION

In indoor deployment, a building classification is necessary to realize a good design. This classification must be applied to major part of buildings according to several criteria. The principal criteria used are: Construction criteria: Dimensions: width, length, height Type of construction (concrete platform, column and glass or brick and supporting wall ) Type and size of aperture, Type of floor / ceiling
Internal layout: Open space or close office, Large atrium, or corridors and wall Opening area as commercial mall or small shops Transfer area as in airport and railways stations, Some or numerous shadowed area, Large stairs or mechanical stairs or staircase and lift Density of furniture and type (wood, metal)
Penetration factor values (wall and ceiling)
These criteria must be used to classify the building or to classify in-building environments they need to be attached with specific solutions. When the classification is realized, major part of buildings could be identified and insert in a class. Then, it is possible to apply solutions found for this class. If the building is too complex the best way is to apply solution per environment type. At least, some building particularly difficult cant be classified. These buildings necessitate specific on field analysis and solutions can be apply case by case.
6.3.2.2 RF MEASUREMENTS
Indoor RF measurements are essentially done to find the outdoor to indoor penetration factor, internal wall losses and ceiling/floor level loss. These measurements are really important to determine the indoor design approach.
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6.3.2.2.1 CW CALIBRATION MEASUREMENTS

CW measurements must be done very precisely, as these measurements are reference to tune a propagation model. They must be done following some essential Advanced RF competence center recommendation in order to guarantee a good accuracy in the signal strength measured, and also a very precise geo positioning of the samples on the database used, whatever the database precision is.
6.3.2.2.2 PENETRATION FACTOR DETERMINATION:

Building penetration factor (BPF) knowledge allows defining a sufficient indoor network RSCP in order to have indoor cells best server inside the building and outdoor cells best server outside the building. Penetration factor is depending on wall structure and windows type and dimensions. Before penetration factor determination, the first step consists to search, qualify and validate the reference field used.
Figure 39: Outdoor to indoor penetration factor measurement
6.3.2.2.3 CEILING/FLOOR PENETRATION:

A good knowledge of ceiling/ floor loss allows defining if antenna installed on a floor can provide a sufficient coverage on the upper one. It is a way to reduce the number of equipments. The number of storey which can be covered by radiating equipments can go from 1 to 3. On other hand if the service offer is private, it is interesting to know which type of equipment allows the better confinement.
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Figure 40: Ceiling penetration factor measurement
6.3.2.2.4 INDOOR PROPAGATION FOR STRUCTURE

STUDIES These measurements are complementary to the last one. It is used to define the penetration factor of horizontal structure inside the building. It is used to characterize the deep indoor. For all these measurements, transmission must be constant and at the good level
Figure 41: Indoor structures penetration factor measurement
6.3.2.2.5 EQUIPMENT USED

As a high accuracy is required, equipments used are strongly important. The following equipments are designed to satisfy efficiency and accuracy. They are studied for all classical type of networks (Including UMTS).
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UMTS INDOOR RF DESIGN GUIDELINE 6.3.2.2.5.1 TRANSMISSION Low power amplifier (up to 2 or 4 watts) Synthesizer able to transmit the good frequency and shape, Power meter as NRZ from Rhode & Schwarz, Set of RF cables, Directive (6 to 8 dB gain) and omni (2dBi) antennas
Figure 42: Transmission part & Analog measurement system
6.3.2.2.5.2 RECEPTION PART Analog receiver used as GPR 44xx from Chase/Willtek. Digital receiver as Agilent Viper or Anritsu ML8720B, Cable, antenna and PC with the pilot software Distance transducer or positioning system on floor plan
Figure 43: Digital measurement system
6.3.2.2.5.3 PROCESS & KEY POINTS Measurement configuration is essential to succeed the studies. Particular control can be realized to position the measures. Floor plan must be informed in real time and the link between environment and measures must be permanent. 2 specifics position must be used to find indoor propagation inside building: Antenna at 1.7m inside corridors and passages, Antenna at 1.4m inside offices and desk
Example of measurements configuration:

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Figure 44: Free space and Corridor measurement !! Warning to the body loss during measurement
Figure 45: Office measurement
In order to realize good measurements and to apply statistics on results, Measurements need to follow the Lee criterion. Minimum of one hundred uncorrelated samples are mandatory for Indistance measurements and more than 150 uncorrelated samples averaged on one square meter are necessary to realize punctual measurement (statistical static value). Measurements are realized with permanent transmission (no with W-CDMA or W- W-CDMA real transmission on open networks), Numerous measurements must be realized twice to control measurement chain efficiency. Indoor environment and measurement must be linked. These measurements are comparative and reference field must be realized before each penetration measurement. Indoor Measurement with field strength level coming from roof site on same building isnt usable for penetration factor calculation. Penetration factor research needs to compare the indoor signal level measured to the external one at the same floor level like illustrated below:
Figure 46: Measurement principle
Deliverables Set of Raw data.

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Positioned Data (based on floor plan); Level of penetration factor by structure, Set of pictures realized (as equipment installation or measurement environment). Others useful information (). Following pictures presents the main picture needed included in the report to have complete view of indoor behavior and organization.
Measurement part:
Figure 47: Measurement organization and realization
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6.3.3 RF INDOOR DESIGN SOLUTIONS 6.3.3.1 INDOOR DESIGN WITH REPEATER AND PASSIVE DAS 6.3.3.1.1 RF REPEATER
The RF repeater concept is presented below. It allows to transport and transfer RF carriers to extend cell coverage. 6.3.3.1.1.1 USAGE The RF repeater concept is presented below. It allows extending cell coverage. Warning!! if the cell coverage can be optimize, the cell capacity reminds the same. Only interferences limitation can be found due essentially to limitation of Uplink used power. The main usage is to extend outdoor coverage to indoor areas where outdoor to indoor penetration is too important to have a sufficient UL & DL coverage. RF repeater is a single box with RF in/out access called donor entrance, RF in/out access to end user and power supply. It can be fed by cable or antenna (donor antenna) depending on use. Beneficial effect of repeaters on W-CDMA networks: In W-CDMA repeater can be optimize the uplink signal powered by mobile. Due to proximity between repeater and mobile, the mobile reduce its power with beneficial effect by interference level reduction on other neighbors BTS. In fact, this will be reducing requirement for link capacity with the base station. Repetition of an outdoor signal for indoor coverage purpose for low cost indoor coverage as shown by the following drawing:
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Figure 48: RF repeater usage inside a building
Amplification of the signal in very high towers, spread building or campus when capacity is not the key point. Here is an example of campus coverage
Figure 49: RF repeater usage over a campus
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UMTS INDOOR RF DESIGN GUIDELINE 6.3.3.1.1.2 RF RECOMMENDATIONS There are three major constraints in the RF repeater usage LOS conditions required Requires good isolation between donor and serving antenna RF noise amplification in UL and DL LOS conditions required Repeater donor antenna must be placed in LOS conditions from the Base station. This is the only way to ensure a constant quality of the signal. NLOS conditions can induce some big signal variation due to multi-path effects, and it is not possible to ensure a good repeater setting in such conditions.
Antenna isolation Good Isolation is required to avoid inter-modulation or blocking problems between the donor and serving repeater antennas.
Antenna isolation Isolation Margin + Max (Repeater UL gain, Repeater Downlink gain). Should be better than 100dB Solutions to improve antenna isolation are: horizontal and vertical antenna separation, azimuth tuning.
RF noise amplification in UL and DL The gain setting is very important for a repeater; extra noise is created by the repeater at the Node-B for the uplink:
NF Node B _ with _ repeater = NF Node B _ without _ repeater +
NF repeater * Gain UL _ repeater Coupling _ loss node B _ repeater
In the downlink too, the noise level captured by the users may be increased, however the signal level is high and compensates this drawback.
Coupling Loss = Power measured at the TX connector output Power measured at the RX connector input Noise Device = Thermal Noise + Band Noise + Noise Figure Device
The most critical noise effect is in UL as all users UL signals can be interfered.
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UMTS INDOOR RF DESIGN GUIDELINE Two parameters will lead to a noise rise at the Node-B, and in the worst case to a desensitization of the Node-B The Noise figure of the repeater The uplink gain setting of the repeater Noise rise at the Node-B increases with repeater uplink gains rise and with the number of repeaters linked to the Node-B. Increasing Uplink and Downlink repeater gains will result in a better repeated cell in terms of coverage, but will degrade the initial cell/sector coverage quality UL repeater gain increase risks decreasing Node B sensitivity
RF repeater UL gain must be set in order to have:
NFNode B _ with _ repeater NFNode B _ without _ repeater 0,5dB

This ensures less than 0,5dB degradation on Node-B sensitivity; whose impact is negligible on capacity. A repeater placed far from the Node B needs to have a high UL gain in order to be able to transmit and receive signal. The aim is to find the best compromise in order to extend coverage enough and ensure UL transmission with an UL repeater gain which respects the previous recommendation. The repeater should be placed not at cell border but before: leads to better signal for users at cell border (TX Power saved) and reduces desensitization effect If the RF characteristics as number of channel, Gain, group delay, selectivity or Noise figure are important for Design and efficiency, the mechanical proportions and the power supply can be also important due to system positioning inside building or tunnel. For example backup of power supply would be interesting if building has power failure. 6.3.3.1.1.3 ADVANTAGES & DRAWBACKS Main advantages: Group delay is limited (ex: 7 s for complete system CDU fiber & RAU on Andrew Incell) Possibility to share different networks on fiber optical repeaters and specifics remote units. Can be used in area where fiber optics are not easily available ( like campus in rural area) No distance limitation due to propagation delay LOS conditions necessary
Main drawbacks: Only coverage improvement, no capacity improvement Repeat all interferences, not only useful signal
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UMTS INDOOR RF DESIGN GUIDELINE Technology and installation supervision often is depending on main suppliers without control.
6.3.3.1.2 OPTICAL REPEATER

6.3.3.1.2.1 USAGE The optical repeaters are used for long distance to avoid huge losses in the link that occurs with RF feeders. They can be used in spread building, tunnel or campus. The complete system is composed of a Master Unit and a remote unit that can address several antenna systems. The master unit can be connected up to 8 remote units. The drawback of the optical repeater is the cost that is very high.
Figure 50: Optical repeater usage over a campus
The optical repeater is large band system, so it is possible to carry several frequency range or several carriers.
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6.3.3.1.2.2 RF RECOMMENDATIONS Like with RF repeater the main aspect is to manage precisely the UL repeater gain, in order to avoid an important noise figure increase at the Node-B level. The difference with RF repeater solution is the repeater position doesnt have any impact, as the link is done by fiber optic and not by radio link. The gain setting is very important for a repeater; extra noise is created by the repeater at the Node-B for the uplink:
NF Node B _ with _ repeater = NF Node B _ without _ repeater +
NF repeater * Gain UL _ repeater Coupling _ loss node B _ repeater
Coupling Loss = Power measured at the TX connector output Power measured at the RX connector input Noise Device = Thermal Noise + Band Noise + Noise Figure Device
The most critical noise effect is in UL as all users UL signals can be interfered. Two parameters will lead to a noise rise at the Node-B, and in the worst case to a desensitization of the Node-B The Noise figure of the repeater The uplink gain setting of the repeater Noise rise at the Node-B increases with repeater uplink gains rise and with the number of repeaters linked to the Node-B. Increasing Uplink and Downlink repeater gains will result in a better repeated cell in terms of coverage, but will degrade the initial cell/sector coverage quality UL repeater gain increase risks of Node B sensitivity degradation
RF repeater UL gain must be set in order to have:
NFNode B _ with _ repeater NFNode B _ without _ repeater 0,5dB

This ensures less than 0,5dB degradation on Node-B sensitivity; whose impact is negligible on capacity. 6.3.3.1.2.3 ADVANTAGES & DRAWBACKS Main advantages:
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Long distance transportation can be applied without loss. Group delay is limited (ex: 1 s for complete system CDU fiber & RAU on Andrew Incell) Possibility to share different networks on fiber optical repeaters and specifics remote units. The main new buildings are often already cabled with optical fiber and this resource can be available for our application.
Main drawbacks: Only coverage improvement, no capacity improvement The cost: Global system can be very expensive, Technology and installation supervision often is depending on main suppliers without control. Propagation delay in optical fibber limits the distance between the remote unit and the Node-B Very difficult to optimize
6.3.3.2 INDOOR DEDICATED MACRO NODE-B (OR RRH) WITH DAS 6.3.3.2.1 LINK BUDGET
The configuration Node-B (or RRH) with DAS is UL limited. Considering safety international norm, the maximum radiation allowed in indoor, is 4v/m at 1m distance from the antenna. This field level corresponds to 27dBm maw power transmitted at the antenna port. So the minimum attenuation imposes by the norm between TX/Rx cabinet connector and antenna port is 18dB; considering 45dBm max cabinet output power.
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Figure 51: LB for macro Node-B (RRH) +DAS
6.3.3.2.2 USING
The main interest of using indoor dedicated Node-B is to support an important number of users, which can not be done with repeaters. The indoor area is then not an extension of the outdoor macro-cell Node-B.
Figure 52: Example of Node-B+DAS solution over a building combined with GSM
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The main usage is to ensure good indoor coverage and capacity, inside big business buildings situated in dense urban or urban areas where the outdoor macro-cells capacity is mainly absorbed by outdoor users. For all areas where indoor coverage must be improved, and the outdoor macro-cell capacity is already mainly absorbed by the existing traffic; indoor dedicated node-B must be deployed.
6.3.3.2.3 ADVANTAGES & DRAWBACKS

Main advantages: Improve coverage and capacity RRH and Node-B are as expensive as optical repeaters, but provide higher improvement RRH allows to locate digital node-B in one building room; but to deploy RRU in different buildings. Node-B and RRH can be updated in xCEM Node-B and RRH hardware are compliant with LTE
Main drawbacks: Can not be used without DAS; which induce a heavy deployment Dedicated room is required Hard negotiation to install DAS inside a building
6.3.4 DISTRIBUTED ANTENNA SYSTEM INSTALLATION
6.3.4.1 TYPE OF DAS RECOMMENDATIONS

As it has been detailed previously; there is different type of equipments which can be used for a DAS.
6.3.4.1.1 COAXIAL CABLES

This is the classical DAS; and the chipper one. Inside a building cables can only be deployed and placed in specific ways and inside false ceilings, this increases significantly the cable length required between two points compared to the straight line. In order to be able to follow the specific cable ways inside a building, a minimum bending radius is required in order not to damage cable performances. The standard cables used for indoor deployment over one floor are 3/8 and standard or super flexible.
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UMTS INDOOR RF DESIGN GUIDELINE The cables used between several floors are 7/8 or 1-1/4. Based on this information, and considering combiners usage, the maximum cable length recommended between Tx/Rx connector and antenna connector must be lower than 200m. For cable length higher than 200m, some bi-directional amplifier must be used. The bi-directional amplifier usage with coaxial cable is a good solution applicable for cable length between 200m to 400m.
The table below presents some examples of cables used for indoor deployment.
Figure 53: Example of indoor coaxial cables
6.3.4.1.2 OPTICAL FIBBER

This system is generally used to cover big areas like campus or high buildings. It allows distributing all the antenna system with low cable losses. The maximum distance supported between the Node-B and the remote unit is around 6km, which allows positioning in the same room several Node-B which cover different buildings Optical fibber must be used when cable length exceed 300m between Tx/Rx connector and the antenna connector. The figure below shows an example of application where fiber optic can be used
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Remote Unit Master unit
Passive distribution
Figure 54: Fiber optic extension application
6.3.4.1.3 COMPARISON OF DIFFERENT DAS SOLUTIONS

The table below summarizes the main comparison aspects for the choice of passive or active distribution system.
Passive Distribution Engineering design
Active Distribution with optical fibber
Design is difficult as each antenna and requires time and specific expertise
Support of multi operator on the same infra Multi frequency bands & structure. Only combiner will be added at multi technologies Node B/BTS level
Some solutions support multi- frequency bands and multi-technologies.
Cable installation difficulty
Cable installation more difficult. Cables more difficult to bend Holing may be needed to pass the cables. For small buildings installation is rather fast however for large buildings cable installation is rather long and difficult.
Easy cable installation. Fiber optic cables easier to manipulate. For large buildings, installation optimal as cables are easy to install and cost of installation may be lower in active than in passive.
Verification must be done; due to frequency. Passive DAS at 900MHz can not be re-used Reuse of existing cables at 2100MHz without taking into account the high attenuation due to frequency There is no need for maintenance or supervision of equipments. Any failure in 2G/3G services will be only detected from RNO indicators.
Reuse of fiber optic cables
Maintenance
Supervision effort is needed. To specify a failure on a certain equipment, on site intervention to connect with a special software to the system and detect the failure.
Figure 55: DAS solutions comparison

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6.3.4.2 RADIATING ELEMENTS RECOMMENDATIONS

Distributive antennas systems or DAS are passive and active equipments used to transmit RF energy more or less homogeneously through the building everywhere it is necessary. The system is composed by RF Cable to feed the whole system, couplers / splitters to feed different ways and termination (antennas and leaky feeders). Active components can be repeaters (standard RF or optical) and bi-directional amplifiers. Under DAS vocable, three main systems of terminations are available. Efficiency and cost are different. They use the same standard equipments to feed different types of radiating elements. The systems are: Distributive antennas system with antennas termination, Distributive antennas system with leaky feeders and load termination, Distributive antennas system with the both termination
6.3.4.2.1 ANTENNAS
That necessitate some pre-studies to optimize type and orientation of antennas used. Omni antennas are used for large open space as atrium or to cover open space area after the first levels. On first level it is difficult to confine wave inside the building and that can increase indoor coverage leakage outside the building (risk of external users captures). The gain of these antennas is classically 2 dBi and it is possible to find some real multi-bands antennas. Directive antennas can be used to apply specific coverage or to limit the indoor coverage leakage. For a directive aperture of 70 to 90 in vertical and horizontal the gain is around 6 to 8 dBi.
Figure 56: ANTENNAS SAMPLES

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Figure 57: Example of indoor antennas
6.3.4.2.2 RADIATING CABLES

Two main characteristics are taken in account: The insertion loss (loss due to cable loss by Joule effect), The coupling loss (loss of RF field level to communicate with the mobile at 2m from the cable) 2 levels are taken into account (coupling loss @50% & coupling loss @ 95%) that corresponding to the capacity to communicate with xx% of confidence level
Coupled Mode
dielectric (foam outer conductor (copper
RXL Series
Multi Paths
R
inner (copper wire/ aperture
jacket
Figure 58: Radiating cable description
Two types of cables are available for in building applications. Standard radiating cable: The space between two holes is constant and the field level decrease with the distance. Vario radiating cable:
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UMTS INDOOR RF DESIGN GUIDELINE The second one is called vario through augmentation of number of hole the coupling loss value is constant (typical attenuation for 500m of 1.1/4 cable is 126 dB including longitudinal loss (31 dB) and coupling loss @95%).
For good efficiency the radiating cable needs specific installation. The minimum distance between cable and obstacle as wall is around five centimeters. It is possible to use it under false ceiling but If the false ceiling is metallic, due to mask effect, leaky cable is unworkable. Radiating cable positioning: Dependent on configuration of indoor area, it is possible to put the cable in middle of area (confined area or corridors) or to put several cables in parallel to cover large area. In this case to confine the coverage and to eliminate radiating leakage the first cable must be installed at 10m of external wall and windows. Main constraint is the fragility of such cable; it is very difficult to curve it without generating some damages. It has been tried on ALU site, and it is quite impossible. Based on that, the environments recommended for radiating cable usage are those where it can be installed straightly.
Risk to damage radiating cables

Figure 59: Recommendations fro radiating cable deployment
Radiating cables characteristics table:
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ANDREW
RADIAX RXL4.5-1 RNT1 NOMINAL DIAMETER IMPEDANCE PROPAGATION VELOCITY DC RESISTANCE inner / outer VSWR LOGITUDINAL LOSS (dB/100m @ 2.2GHz) COUPLING LOSS (50%) @2.2GHz COUPLING LOSS (95%) @2.2GHz BENDING RADIUS WEIGHT / m CLAMPING SPACING SPACING TO WALL 5/8' 50 89% 0.49 / 1.37 / Km 1.3 10.5 dB /100m 72 dB 73 dB 200 mm 0.22 Kg /m 1.5 m 5 cm 1.3 7.5 dB/100m 70 dB 81 dB 254 mm 0.61 Kg /m 1.5 m 5 cm 25.5 dB / 100m 55 dB 63 dB 150 mm 0.29 Kg /m 0.5 m 12.9 dB /100m 61 dB 69 dB 350 mm 0.62 Kg /m 0.9 m RADIAX RXL5-1-RNT1 22.2 mm 50 88%
CHARACTERISTICS
RFS / CELWAVE
RADIAFLEX RLKU 12-50 15 mm 50 2 88% 2 / 3.4 / Km RADIAFLEX RLKU 78-50 22 mm 50 2 88% 0.77 / 1.8 /Km
Figure 60: Examples of radiating cable
6.3.4.2.3 MIXED TERMINATION:

It is often the final solution because that uses advantage of leaky cable and antennas.
Figure 61: Example of mixed aerial termination

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6.3.4.2.4 COMBINERS
Couplers/splitters are used to dispatch or concentrate RF carriers it is possible to found different types of splitters: Equal splitters are designed to combine RF signal to common port or to equally split incoming RF signal to output port (2, 3, 4, 8 ways are available). Directional splitters are designed to decouple defined part of RF Signal off the main through line. It permit to optimize the link budget of signal by optimized allocation on each specific branch (3, 6, 10, 15, 20, 30 dB of coupling are available).
Figure 62: Examples of couplers/splitters used
Cable Taps are used to couple approximately 10 dB of signal off or 7/8 cables that are often the vertical backbone distribution cable of signals in passive in-building system. Quick and easy to attach, taps conserve power to the main line and can be used to feed individual floor (limited) or single antenna. (Insertion loss is around 0.6 dB).
Figure 63: Example of taps
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7 SUMMARY OF INDOOR SOLUTIONS

The tables below present a guideline for the choice of indoor solution. However, please note that a combination of the above solutions can be used for any case depending on customers requirement, size of building, cost and installation constraints.
Several floor buildings with 1 large floor area Building from 2 to Buildings from 5 Buildings from large floor area (shopping gallery...) 5 floors to 10 floors 10 to 20 floors (airport, shopping mall) Required 2 to 4 business indoor small cell per Required 1 to 2 Required 2 to 4 business indoor small cell per floor depending on the floor depending business indoor small storey size and morphology on the storey cell size morphology and capacity constraint Buildings higher than 20 floors
1 small or medium floor area (restaurant, shop...)
Indoor small cell
Recommended
Node-B with DAS
Not recommended
Not recommended
Only 1 sector used
1 to 2 sectors used,
2 to 4 sectors required
More than 4 sectors
1 or 2 sector used per building
RRH with DAS Not recommended RF Repeater with DAS Optical Repeater with DAS Not recommended
Recommended 1 RRU used
Recommended Recommended Recommended More than 4 RRU used 1 or 2 RRU used per building
1 or 2 RRU used 2 to 4 RRU used Not recommended
Possible in case of Possible in case of low Possible in case of Possible in case low traffic traffic low traffic of low traffic
Not Possible in case recommended of low traffic
Too expensive
Too expensive
Too expensive
Too expensive
Too expensive
Too expensive
Too expensive
Capacity limitation (which represents most of cases) attenuation in cables is not the constraining point, so passive DAS with coax cable can be used Coverage limitation so 1 sector is deployed for each configuration 1 Floor Large floors: passive DAS DAS type 2 -5 Floors Small & medium floors: passive DAS with coax cable Large floors passive DAS with coax cable or DAS with coax cable and bi-dir amplifier 5-10 Floors Small & medium floors: passive DAS with coax cable or DAS with coax cable and bi-dir amplifier Large floors active with optical fibber Antennas Antennas Antennas Antennas + + + + radiating cable in radiating cable in radiating cable in radiating cable lift cage and long lift cage lift cage in lift cage corridors
Radiating elements
Antennas
Antennas
Antennas
Figure 64 Indoor solutions per type of building
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Multi-band support
Multi-operator support
xCEM support
LTE support
Product
Business indoor small cell Micro Node-B Macro Node-B RRH Repeater
Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
No No Yes Yes Yes DAS type
Yes No Yes Yes
Yes No Yes Yes Up to 10MHz bandwidth
Passive DAS with coaxial cable Active DAS with coaxial cable + bi-directional amplifier Active DAS with optical fibber
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
To be confirmed
Figure 65: Comparison between compliancy of different product
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UMTS Indoor RF Design Guideline - External Version-V4.1

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UMTS INDOOR RF DESIGN GUIDELINE

UMTS INDOOR RF DESIGN GUIDELINE

6.2.1 6.2.1.1 6.2.1.2 6.2.2 6.2.3

UMTS INDOOR RF DESIGN GUIDELINE

UMTS INDOOR RF DESIGN GUIDELINE

1.1 INDOOR RF COVERAGE GUIDELINE

1.2 SCOPE OF THIS DOCUMENT

1.3 AUDIENCE FOR THIS DOCUMENT

UMTS INDOOR RF DESIGN GUIDELINE

2 GENERALITIES ABOUT INDOOR

2.1 INDOOR SPECIFICITIES

UMTS INDOOR RF DESIGN GUIDELINE

UMTS INDOOR RF DESIGN GUIDELINE

2.2 INDOOR DESCRIPTION

Figure 1: Indoor structure

Figure 2: view in construction

Figure3: Final view live

Figure 4: Indoor Views

UMTS INDOOR RF DESIGN GUIDELINE

Figure 5: ICNIRP recommendations

Figure 6: European community safety recommendations

UMTS INDOOR RF DESIGN GUIDELINE

Figure 7: Paris safety recommendations

3.2 MINIMUM DISTANCE REQUIREMENT

Figure 8: Minimum distance required from Tx antenna specified by safety norms

UMTS INDOOR RF DESIGN GUIDELINE

4 OEM AND PRODUCTS SOLUTIONS

Figure 9: passive distribution systems

UMTS INDOOR RF DESIGN GUIDELINE

They are detailed in the following parts

BI-DIRECTIONAL AMPLIFIERS (BDA)

UMTS INDOOR RF DESIGN GUIDELINE

Figure 10: Schema of TX/RX chain with BDA

f 2 1 f 3 1 f 4 1 + + + .....] g1 ( g1) x( g 2) ( g1) x( g 2) x( g 3)

g the gain of both of them

4.1.2.2.1 FIBER OPTIC SYSTEM

Master Unit Fiber Extension Node B

Remote Unit Coaxial cable & Passive system

Figure 11: Schema of Optical fibber system usage

UMTS INDOOR RF DESIGN GUIDELINE

IP3 level # of carriers 2 4 8 16

Figure 12: IP3 level and max spurious emission supported

Figure 13: Electrical system DAS

EXAMPLE OF EXISTING SYSTEM: UNISON SYSTEM FROM LGCWIRELESS

Figure 14: Unison system architecture

4.2.1 RF REPEATERS SOLUTION

CHANNEL Figure 15: Repeater description

4.2.2 OPTICAL REPEATERS

UMTS INDOOR RF DESIGN GUIDELINE

Fiber Link Figure 16: Optical repeater principle (1)

UMTS INDOOR RF DESIGN GUIDELINE

Figure 18: Optical repeater with frequency band sharing

4.3 INDOOR SMALL CELL-CELL NODE-B

4.3.1 NOISE FIGURE

UMTS INDOOR RF DESIGN GUIDELINE

5 RADIO DESIGN METHODOLOGY

UMTS INDOOR RF DESIGN GUIDELINE

5.2 DIMENSIONING SERVICE & TRAFFIC ASSUMPTIONS

UMTS INDOOR RF DESIGN GUIDELINE

indoor : STD for indoor shadowing

5.3.1.2 DAS LOSSES

5.3.1.3 OBSTACLES LOSSES