PEMANASAN GLOBAL (Global Warming)

NOORDIAH HELDA, M. Sc. Prodi Teknik Sipil FT UNLAM Noordiah_helda@yahoo.com

ACKNOLEDGEMENTS FOR PRESENTATION MATERIALS: 1. Mr. H. E. RONDEEL, GEOLOGY EXPERT, IHE DELFT, THE NETHERLANDS; AND 2. Dr. H. SEIJMONSBERGEN, GEOMORPHOLOGY LECTURER FROM UVA, AMSTERDAM, THE NETHERLANDS.

REFERENCES:
1. 2. PEAVY, H. S., et al, 1986, Environmental Engineering, McGraw-Hill Book Company, NY, USA CHEREMISINOFF, N. P., 2002, Handbook of Water and Wastewater Treatment Technologies, ButterworthHeinemann, Woburn, USA ASRININGTYAS, V., 2010, Apakah itu Pemanasan Global?, Beta Offset, Yogyakarta, Indonesia.

3.

4. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/globalwarming

Environmental Engineering can be defined as : The branch of engineering that is concerned with : Protecting the environment from the potentially deleterious effects of human activity; Protecting human populations from the effect of adverse environmental factors; and Improving environmental quality for human health and well-being. What Is Environment ??? Simply stated : Environment = Ones surroundings To the Environmental Engineer : Environment may take on: - Global dimension - a very localized area in which a specific problem must be addressed - in the case of contained environment, refer to a small volume of liquid, gaseous or solid materials within a treatment plant reactor

GLOBAL ENVIRONMENT
Consists of the atmosphere, the hydrosphere and the lithosphere

BIOSPHERE:
A thin shell that encapsulates the earth, is made up of the atmosphere and lithosphere adjacent to the earth surface, together with the hydrosphere.

LIFE FORMS of EARTH

Hydrosphere: Oceans, lake, and streams

Atmosphere : A mixture of gases extending outward from earth surface

Lithosphere: The soil mantle that wraps the core of the earth

THE IMPACT OF HUMANS UPON THE ENVIRONMENT In a natural state, earths life forms live in equilibrium with their environment Humans gather and process
RESULTED

Natural
Food Supply
Species Interaction

Resources
INFLUENCE THE EQUILIBRIUM

Waste Product
GENERATED AND RELEASED

BIOSPHERE

EARTH POSITION

GLOBAL WARMING

Human Activity

Earth is getting warmer!!!

GLOBAL WARMING

GLOBAL WARMING
is the rise in the average temperature of Earth's atmosphere and oceans since the late 19th century and its projected continuation. Since the early 20th century, Earth's mean surface temperature has increased by about 0.8 C (1.4 F), with about two-thirds of the increase occurring since 1980. Warming of the climate system is unequivocal, and scientists are 95-100% certain that it is primarily caused by increasing concentrations of greenhouse gases produced by human activities such as the burning of fossil fuels and deforestation. These findings are recognized by the national science academies of all major industrialized nations. In 2007, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) indicated that during the 21st century the global surface temperature is likely to rise a further 1.1 to 2.9 C (2 to 5.2 F change) for their lowest emissions scenario and 2.4 to 6.4 C (4.3 to 11.5 F change) for their highest.

This image is a comparison of 10 different published reconstructions of mean temperature changes during the last 2000 years. More recent reconstructions are plotted towards the front and in redder colors, older reconstructions appear towards the back and in bluer colors. An instrumental history of temperature is also shown in black. The medieval warm period and little ice age are labeled at roughly the times when they are historically believed to occur, though it is still disputed whether these were truly global or only regional events.

HYDROLOGICAL CYCLE

HYDROLOGICAL CYCLE IN DETAIL: P : Precipitation = Presipitasi = hujan E : Evaporation = Evaporasi = penguapan Inf : Infiltration = Infiltrasi = Masuknya Air ke dalam Lapisan Tanah OLF : Overland Flow = Aliran Permukaan AAT : Aliran Air Tanah = Ground Water Flow

THE JOURNEY OF GARBAGE

Activity 2

Activity 1 Compare these two activities! Which one is better? Why? Give a reason!

CARBON-OXYGEN CYCLE ON EARTH

OZONE (O3 )

OXYGEN (O2 )

Good Ozone : 10 to 50 km above the earth surface (Stratosphere, the upper layer of the atmosphere) : protecting from UV rays Bad Ozone : 0 to 10 km above the earth surface (Troposphere, the lower layer of the atmosphere) : can cause pollution from the car emission, etc.

Atmospheric CO2 concentration synthesizing ice core proxy data 650,000 years in the past capped by modern direct measurements.

NITROGEN CYCLE AND METHANE EMISSION ON EARTH

The Earth Atmosphere contain almost 70% of Nitrogen. Plant needs Nitrate and Ammonia which contain Nitrogen. Earth is getting warmer if the Nitrogen is too much, resulted from the factories and cars, etc, ( such as N2 0)

In a natural state, the main source of Methane emission is from the wetlands, which can reach 250 million tons/year. Also from human activities (garbage, landfills, factory and burned biomass) around the value of 320 million tons/year.

THE EFFECT OF GLOBAL WARMING

Earth's mean surface temperature has increased by about 0.74 C (1.4 F), during this century (1906-2005). It resulted in melting the polar ice; changing the salt pattern in the sea, the wind pattern, also the drought and rainfall pattern which can lead to flooding. The average global temperature is projected continuation, which will increase about 0.20 C for each decade (every ten years), because of the emission of green house gases such as CO2, N2 O, and NH4 , even though these gases are in stable condition (not increase). At the end of this century, the sea water level is also estimated to increase around 18 to 59 cm.

What can we do?

RECYCLE

By Recycling of 1 ton of Newspapers, about 2.5 ton of CO2 emission can be prevented. So, if we recycle 6 tons of newspaper, how much can CO2 emission be prevented???

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT FOR THE PRESENTATION MATERIAL ESPECIALLY IS GIVEN TO: PROF. SHALIHUDDIN DJALAL TANDJUNG Lecturer of Ecology and Environment Master of Management UGM, 2008

(Source: Prof. S.D. Tanjung course material, Ecology and Environment, 2008)

PENDAPAT (TUDUHAN ?) NEGARA NEGARA INDUSTRI BAHWA PEMANASAN GLOBAL ( GLOBAL WARMING ) DISEBABKAN OLEH PENGGUNDULAN/PERUSAKAN HUTAN TROPIS (TROPICAL DEFORESTATION),
ADALAH PENDAPAT YANG SALAH & TUDUHAN YANG GEGABAH LUPAKAH MEREKA BAHWA PERISTIWA PEMANASAN GLOBAL ADALAH GANGGUAN PADA KESEIMBANGAN ATMOSFER ( ATMOSPHERIC INBALANCE)
(Tandjung, 2008)
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KESEIMBANGAN ATMOSFER TERCAPAI / TERJAGA BILA RATA RATA WILAYAH / KAWASAN MEMILIKI 30% HUTAN MENURUT DATA WORLD RESOURCE INSTITUTE ( 1990) HUTAN NEGARA NEGARA INDUSTRI YAKNI : TEMPERATE FOREST & BOREAL FOREST JAUH DI BAWAH ANGKA NILAI AMBANG BATAS ITU ; HUTAN TROPIS MASIH TERSEDIA 69 - 74% (TANDJUNG, 92 )
(Tandjung, 2008)

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Lengkapnya situasi kehutanan negara-negara industri & berkembang adalah sebagai berikut : Temperate & boreal forest

Negara Belanda USA Kanada Jerman

Hutan tropis

Tersisa/tinggal (%) 7 15 19 19

Negara Indonesia Zaire Brazilia

Tersisa/tinggal (%) 74,4 71 69

(Tandjung, 2008)
90

NATURAL FOREST AS.2,5% AUSTRALIA5% EROPA BARAT0% TROPICAL RAIN FOREST BRAZILIA43% ZAIRE63% INDONESIA..56%
(Tandjung, 2008)
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KESIMPULAN YANG DAPAT DITARIK DARI DATA DI ATAS IALAH YANG TERJADI
BUKAN TROPICAL DEFORESTATION

TETAPI YANG BENAR BENAR TERJADI IALAH TEMPERATE DEFORESTATION & BOREAL DEFORESTATION
(Tandjung, 2008)
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A QUESTION CAN BE RAISED:

IS IT FAIR, THE INDUSTRIAL COUNTRIES POLLUTE THE AIR WITH CO2 THAT CAUSE GLOBAL WARNING AND HOPE ANOTHER COUNTRY SUCH AS TROPICAL COUNTRY TO CLEAN THE MESS ?

(Tandjung, 2008)

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THANK YOU FOR YOUR ATTENTION