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NANOTECHNOLOGY Too small to see ---- Too large to ignore

NANOTECHNOLOGY

ABSTRACT: http://PPTSWorld.blogspot.com

http://PPTSWorld.blogspot.com This paper focusses on the research, de elopments, ad antages and disad antages of !anotechnolog". !anotechnolog" is percei ed as one of the #e" technologies of the $%st centur" &ith a potential to flourish in the near future.The aim of nanotechnolog" is to build the future, atom b" atom.The er" thought,'There is plent" of room at the bottom( too# the trend to&ards this miniaturi)ation.When &e get to the er", er" small &orld of atoms,&e ha e a lot of ne& things that &ould happen that represent completel" ne& opportunities for design. Atoms on a small scale satisf" the la&s of *uantum mechanics. So, as &e go do&n and fiddle around &ith the atoms do&n there, &e are &or#ing &ith different la&s, and &e can e+pect to do different things. We can manufacture in different &a"s. Another thing &e &ill notice is that, if &e go do&n far enough, all of our de ices can be mass produced so that the" are absolutel" perfect copies of one another. We cannot build t&o large machines so that the dimensions are e+actl" the same. At this atomic le el, &e ha e ne& #inds of forces and ne& #inds of possibilities, ne& #inds of effects. The problems of manufacture and reproduction of materials &ill be *uite different. ,n a fe& decades, this emerging technolog" &ill let us ine+pensi el" arrange atoms and molecules in most of the &a"s permitted. ,t &ill let us ma#e supercomputers that fit on the head of a pin and fleets of medical nanorobots smaller than a human cell able to eliminate cancer, infections, clogged arteries, and e en old age. -ence nanotechnolog" is a de elopment that cannot be a oided. We are .ust at the beginning of the road, and a fe& commercial products are using one/dimensional nano/structures 0nanoparticles, nanotubes, nanola"ers, and superlattices1. !e& concepts and economical manufacturing of t&o/ and three/dimensional nanostructures are challenging issues for the future. Since all ob.ects establish their foundation at the nanoscale, and their properties could be tailored at that scale for gi en purposes, nanotechnolog" ma" re olutioni)e production of almost all manmade ob.ects. People &ill loo# bac# on this era &ith the same feelings &e ha e to&ard medie al times//&hen technolog" &as primiti e and almost e er"one li ed in po ert" and died "oung. 2escribed as 3a ne& industrial re olution3, nanotechnologies ha e the potential to produce s&eeping changes to all aspects of human societ" inspite of the minor fla&s. 456W7R2S: !anotechnolog",nanoscale,nanorobots,nanola"ers,miniaturi)ation,carbon nanotubes0C!T1. PR5S5!T SC5!AR,7: Though the technolog" has de eloped rapidl" o er the "ears there are still some challenges &hich are to be met. Some of them are Con entional manufacturing is e+pensi e as it uses large amounts of material and energ" and its cost of capital, land and labour are high. ,n addition to this it creates more pollution.And nonrene&able resources are http://PPTSWorld.blogspot.com

http://PPTSWorld.blogspot.com e+ploitated b" man to such an e+tent that the" &ill be e+hausted in the near future. Also surgical instruments of high precision 8 that could operate on e en cells and molecules are to be in ented.9i ing s"stems should be e+plored and anal"sed more clearl" than e en before.:oore proposed in %;<= that computer processing po&er &ould double e er" %> months &hich means the transistors must be scaled do&n to at least ; nanometers b" around $?%<.Storage de ices should also ha e the capacit" of storing lump some data in a relati el" less space. Pollution chec# using eco friendl" techni*ues has become a great challenge in $%st centur" and it should be met. 7)one la"er ,greatl" damaged due to human acti it" needs an immediate chec#.:icro structural stud" of se eral metals re eals man" interesting facts about their properties. -ence &e should probe into micro structural le el. All these challenges could be efficientl" met onl" b" scaling do&n the e+isting technologies to the ne+t le el of precision @ miniaturiasation &hich can be achie ed b" a ne&l" emerging &eapon/////// NANO TECHNOLOGY !A!7T5C-!797A6//BR,5B: !anotechnolog" is a creation of functional materials, de ices and s"stems through control of matter on nanometer scale .,t is often termed as ':795CC9AR :A!CBACTCR,!A(. When solids, li*uids, and gases are confined to regions smaller than %?? nm, for instance, their beha ior can be modified b" the confinement. Properties such as thermal conducti it", electrical conducti it", optical absorption and emission spectra, mechanical strength, and iscosit" are si)e dependent. -ence nanotechnolog" &or#s at nanometer scale &hich is er" small. The tip of probe of scanning tunneling microscope, used to record surface topograph" has a diameter of %? nanometers////thatDs ?.?% micrometer or %???? across on tip of a pinE !anotechnolog" includes integration of nanoscale structures into larger architectures that could be used in industr", medicine, and en ironmental protection. !anotechnolog" is the amalgamation of #no&ledge from chemistr", ph"sics, biolog", materials science, and arious engineering fields.What has nanotechnology got to do with mechanical engineering? ,n fact, *uite a bit of nanoscale science and engineering is alread" performed b" mechanical engineers. Bor e+ample, mechanical engineers ha e been essential in de eloping instruments such as nanoindentors and atomic force microscopes, &hich are used for mechanical testing, nanoscale imaging, and metrolog".:echanical engineering issues e+tend to instruments for nanoparticle and aerosol detection and characteri)ation, as &ell as to arious forms of nanoscale imaging. :agnetic data storage technolog" alread" has man" features that fall &ell into the nanometer si)e range, and re*uires mechanical engineering #no&ledge and e+pertise to further its de elopment. :echanical engineering concepts also come into pla" in designing magnetic data storage, &hich currentl" re*uires heads http://PPTSWorld.blogspot.com

http://PPTSWorld.blogspot.com to fl" o er a dis# &ith spacing of about %? nm. :aintaining such fl"ing heights &ithout crashing calls for e+*uisite design and manufacturing of dis#s and heads, and fundamental understanding of d"namics, non/ continuum fluid mechanics, and surface forces. This has al&a"s been part of mechanicalengineering and is e+pected to remain so e en as the scales in ol ed shrin#. Another field &here nanotechnolog" ma" need mechanical engineers is information processing and storage. When transistors reach the scales of $? to F? nano/meters 0a scale that &ill be necessar" to #eep up &ith :oore3s la&1 *uantum effects such as electron tunneling &ill lead to electron lea#age, and this &ill cost po&er. -igher speeds &ill also re*uire electromagnetic isolation, &hich &ill necessitate the use of materials that ha e e+tremel" lo& thermal conducti ities. no el cooling that directl" electronic and chips must be create chip sol e these problems, &ill need a basic of ho& heat nanostructures ,n addition, technologies interface &ith optoelectronic de eloped. To designs that thermal technologists understanding flo&s in and across

interfaces. 7ne of the biggest challenges in magnetic recording is the so/called super paramagnetic limit, &hich occurs&hen the olume of a magnetic domain is sufficientl" small that thermal fluctuations randomi)e its polari)ation. This can be o ercome b" patterning the magnetic medium. -o& does one manufacture highl" regular magnetic bits &ith si)es in the range of $? to %?? nm o er a dis# surface &ith diameter of about F to %? cmG The ultimate solution to this problem &ill be deri ed from mechanical engineering. There are man" concepts in mechanical engineering that are critical in the de elopment of nanotechnolog". -ence it is incumbent upon mechanical engineers to pro ide depth in these areas. APPLICATIONS: The ne& technolog" has the potential to significantl" change a large cross/section of the econom" in the coming decades in industriali)ed countries. -ere are se eral e+amples of the promise of nanotechnolog" based on research in progress or en isioned b" the pri ate sector: http://PPTSWorld.blogspot.com

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:A!CBACTCR,!A: :olecular manufacturing &ill be ine+pensi e as it uses small amounts of material and energ" and molecular manufacturing s"stems can be *uic#l" used to build additional molecular s"stems.Also it can be energ" efficient as itDs basic producti e mechanism, &hich is to guide the motion of molecules using mechanical s"stems, imposes no great energ" cost. ,t is used to manufacture metals, ceramics, pol"mers etc., at e+act shape &ithout machining.,t is also used to manufacture lighter , stronger , programmable materials &ith lo& failure rates and reduced life c"cle costs.

5!5RA6 S7CRC5S: 7ur dependence on non/rene&able sources diminishes &ith !anotechnolog". !anotechnolog" is e+pected to reduce the need for scarce material resources and diminish pollution for a cleaner en ironment. ,n %? to %= "ears, nanotechnolog" based lighting ad ances ha e the potential to reduce &orld&ide consumption of energ" b" more than %? percent, reflecting a reduction of $?? million tons of carbon emissions. :5TA99CRA6: The properties of se eral materials at microstructural le el are promising. Bor e+ample the "ield strength of aluminium increases as film thic#ness decreases. The strength reaches a pea# alue of H=? :Pa for %?? nanometers thin film but decreases &ith further decrease of thic#ness.,n this &a" the micro structural mechanisms can be studied using nanotechnolog".Also materials &ith high performance, and uni*ue properties and functions &ill be produced that traditional chemistr" could not create. :52,C,!5: Since disease is the result of ph"sical disorder//of misarranged molecules and cells//medicine at this le el should be able to cure most diseases.-ence nanotechnolog" has &ide scope in medicine.

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http://PPTSWorld.blogspot.com !anostructures such as particles and pol"meric dendrimers could be designed as drug deli er"

s"stems.Assembler/based manufacturing &ill pro ide ne& tools for medicine, ma#ing possible molecular/ scale surger" to repair and rearrange cells. :utations in 2!A could be repaired, and cancer cells, to+ic chemicals, and iruses could be destro"ed through use of medical nanomachines, including cell repair machines. !anotechnolog" &ill impro e health care, help e+tend the life span, impro e its *ualit", and e+tend human ph"sical capabilities.:edicinal fluids containing nano robots programmed to attac# and reconstruct the molecular structure of cancer cells @ iruses to ma#e them harmless.!ano robots could also be programmed to perform delicate surgeries . 5!I,R7!:5!T: !anotechnolog" has the potential to benefit the en ironment through pollution treatment and remediation as an" &aste atoms could be rec"cled, since the" could be #ept under control. This &ould include impro ed detection and sensing, remo al of the finest contaminants from air, &ater and soil, and creation of ne& industrial processes that reduce &aste products and are ecofriendl". Airborne nanorobots could be programmed to rebuild the thinning o)one la"er. Contaminants could be automaticall" remo ed from &ater sources and oil spills could be cleaned up instantl". ,mmense tonnage of e+cess carbon dio+ide in the atmosphere could be economicall" remo ed

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http://PPTSWorld.blogspot.com C95A! WAT5R: 7ne of the biggest en ironmental challenges that humanit" faces toda" is clean &ater. !anostructured filters used for ion e+change hold promise for remo ing contaminants. Their manufacture ho&e er, must be ine+pensi e, and the science of nanofluidics must be understood to ma#e these filters effecti e for cleaning &ater. C7:PCT,!A: Assembler/based manufacturing &ill enable the construction of e+tremel" small computers. The e*ui alent of a modern mainframe computer could fit into a cubic micron. 7nce such nanocomputers ha e been designed and the technolog" is in hand, building them &ill be ine+pensi e, enabling us to use man" of them at once. . !A!7 P7S,T,7!5RS: !anoPositioners are superior to traditional positioners 0&ith crossed roller bearings, etc.1 in terms of response, speed, resolution, accurac", straightness and flatness. !anoPositioners can easil" achie e resolution and repeatabilit" and flatness in the nanometer realm and belo&.

AAR,CC9TCR5: !anotechnolog" &ill impro e agricultural "ields for an increased population, pro ide more economical &ater filtration and desalination, and impro e rene&able energ" sources, such as solar energ" con ersion. A recentl" tested flo&/through capacitator &ith aligned carbon nanotube electrodes can desalt sea &ater &ith %? times less energ" than state/of/the/art re erse osmosis

RESEARCH & DE ELOP!ENTS: Acti e researchers in the field of nano technolog" are enthusiastic about its potential applications in such fields as energ", materials ,electronics ,computing and medicine. CARB7! !A!7TCB5S: Carbon nanotubes ha e e+traordinar" mechanical properties, and there is much research interest in carbon nanotube composites for structural materials. The result &ould be light but e+tremel" strong http://PPTSWorld.blogspot.com

http://PPTSWorld.blogspot.com materials of great interest to industries such as aerospace. Burthermore, the electrical and mechanical properties of carbon nanotubes are coupled, and so/called JsmartJ materials can be contemplated that don3t .ust bear forces, but can also transduce and react to these forces in an engineered manner. The macroscopic properties of materials can be enhanced through the engineering of nanoscale composites. Bor e+ample, single/&all carbon nanotubes ha e e+ceptional mechanical strength. :an" groups are no& &or#ing to ma#e er" strong pol"mer/carbon nano/tube composites. !A!7 C7:PCT5R: ,t is a computer &hose fundamental components measure onl" a fe& nanometers ,thereb" offering tremendous speed and densit". Research is going on in this pro.ect.The nano computer dream team0!C2T1 is currentl" de eloping a soft&are to create a massi e parallel supercomputer based on personal computers lin#ed ia internet. S5!S7RS A!2 ACTCAT7RS: Research is going on to de elop mechanical sensors or actuators that depend upon the enhanced properties of nanoscale components for their functionalit". Kust as &or# at the interface bet&een microscale technolog" and mechanical engineering created useful :5:S de ices in the last decade, &or# at the interface bet&een nanoscale technolog" and mechanical engineering &ill produce !5:S de ices in the future. B9AT 95!S: Researchers de eloped a flat lens cr"stal capable of producing a real image and fabricated a photonic cr"stal out of aluminium rods.Though opticall" opa*ue the rod transmits micro&a es and the researchers &ere able to use a flat slab made of aluminium rods to focus a micro&a e beam. . RE OL"TIONI#ING THE $"T"RE: The broader perspecti e of the *ualitati e changes nano/technolog" &ill bring to societ" cannot be underestimatedL some changes are unpredictable. There has been an e+plosion of disco eries in the last fe& "ears, and de elopment is e+pected to accelerate in the ne+t decade. :uch scientific ad ancement e+ceed the pro.ections made .ust one "ear ago, in areas such as molecular electronics, guided self/assembl", medicine, and 2!A processing. !anoscale science and engineering promise to restructure almost all industries to&ard the ne+t industrial re olution, and to assure the *ualit" of life in an increasingl" cro&ded planet &ith shrin#ing energ" and materials resources and less en ironmental endurance. The blossom of t&o flag technologies, information http://PPTSWorld.blogspot.com

http://PPTSWorld.blogspot.com and bio, &ould be se erel" hampered &ithout the concepts, tools, materials, s"stems, and s"nergism pro ided b" future nanotechnolog" gro&th. ,n the last se eral "ears, multibillion/dollar mar#ets based on nanotechnolog" ha e been de eloped. LI!ITATIONS: !ano technolog" can be disad antageous as all things are. Researchers ha e demonstrated that small s"stems beha e dramaticall" , differentl" from large brea#ing the second la& of thermod"namics and posing a ma.or challenge for those de eloping nanotechnolog". The second la& of thermod"namics states that closed s"stems remain the same or ha e an increase in entrop" o er time. A hot cup of coffee, for e+ample, &on3t get hotter &ithout inter ention. But &hile this has pro en true at the macro le el, chemical ph"sicists ha e sho&n it doesn3t hold at the micro le el, suggesting nanotechnolog" &ill be difficult to de elop as an"thing modelled on large s"stems could sometimes run bac#&ards .Also &ith nanotechnolog" destructi e ob.ects humanit" in danger.. such as atomic bomb grenades,nuclear &eapons, robotic #illers designed to #ill humans etc.,can be made &hich can dump

CONCL"SION: The emerging fields of nanoscience and nanoengineering are leading to unprecented understanding and control o er the fundamental building bloc#s of all ph"sical things. :echanical de ices allo&ed us to reach be"ond our ph"sical strength and ad ance into technical ci ili)ation. !anoscience and nanoscale manufacturing &ill allo& us to reach be"ond our natural si)e limitation, and &or# directl" at the building bloc#s of matter &here properties are defined and can be changed. Combining the present technolog" &ith the staggering potential of nanotechnolog" to forge de ices from the smallest building bloc#s &e are certainl" on the erge of a re olution in the &a" &e sense and control the ph"sical &orld around us. This is li#el" to change the &a" almost e er"thing 8from accines to computers to automobiles t"res to ob.ects not "et imagined 8is designed and made. RE$ERENCE: %1 :echanical 5ngineering 0maga)ine1 $1 5lectronics for 6ou 0maga)ine1. http://PPTSWorld.blogspot.com

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