POLARIZAÇÃO

4.
Polarizao
PROCESSOS RADIATIVOS
AGA 5731 Antonio Mrio Magalhes IAG-USP
1 28/03/13 AGA 5731
AGA 5731 4. Polarizao
Resumo
Introduo Medindo a Polarizao da Luz Aplicaes
Meio Interestelar Envelopes Estelares Ncleos Ativos de Galxias
O Futuro
ver tambm: Magalhes, Circumstellar Matter studied with Polarization, ESO Workshop on Circumstellar Dynamics at High Resolution
! (http://www.astro.iag.usp.br/~carciofi/csdyn.php)
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Introduo
Usualmente, medimos
Intensidade e Direo da luz dos objetos observados
Modernamente, tambm a
Polarizao da luz tem adquirido importncia cada vez maior
Motivo:
Processos Fsicos na fonte ou entre fonte e observador Mecanismos fsicos + Assimetria da fonte
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Introduo
Mecanismos fsicos que polarizam a luz
reflexo
! superfcies slidas de planetas, asterides
espalhamento Rayleigh
! molculas em atmosferas de planetas e estrelas frias
espalhamento Mie
! luz zodiacal, nebulosas de reflexo, envelopes estelares, poeira interestelar
espalhamento Thomson
! eltrons livres em envelopes de estrelas quentes, CMBR
radiao cyclotron
! eltrons em campo magntico (v << c): ans brancas
radiao synchrotron
! eltrons em campo magntico (v ~ c): supernovas, radiogalxias, quasares
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Introduo
Exemplo de um feixe de luz parcialmente polarizado:
Polarizao por reflexo:
http://www.giangrandi.ch/optics/polarizer/polarizer.shtml
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AGA 5731
Introduo
Polarizao por reflexo:
http://www.apaulodesign.com/blog/ category/polarization
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Introduo
Polarizao por espalhamento (Rayleigh):
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CS Matter studied with Polarimetry
Introduction - e- scattering
The scattered intensity is
! per e- per unit incident flux 1 2 3 d /d = ro (1 + cos2 ) = e (1 + cos2 ) 2 16
www.giangrandi.ch/optics/polarizer/polarizer.shtml
8 27/Fev/2012 CS Dynamics - Polarimetry
Introduction - e- scattering
Polarization of the e- scattered light
(1 cos2 ) p( ) = (1 + cos2 )
www.giangrandi.ch/optics/polarizer/polarizer.shtml
Introduo
Polarizao da Luz do Cu
10
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AGA 5731
Introduo
Polarizao da Luz do Cu
http://www.apaulodesign.com/blog/ category/polarization
http://www.digitalpicturezone.com/performancemetrics/when-to-use-a-polarizing-filter/
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Introduo
28/03/13
http://rothnroll.blogspot.com.br/ 2012/07/polarization-chasing-light.html AGA 5731
12
Introduo
Uso da Polarizao da luz do cu pelas abelhas

http://www.pbs.org/ wgbh/nova/bees/ dancesbees1.html
http://www.imls.uzh.ch/ research/fgrimls/Labhart.html 28/03/13 AGA 5731
http://www.polarization.com/bees/ bees.html
13
Introduo
Comparao dos espalhamentos Rayleigh e Mie:
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Introduo
Polarizao da Radiao Synchrotron:
! eltrons relativsticos
Karttunen et al. 1996
15
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Introduo
(adptado de Nordsieck 91)
Fluxo direto da estrela, no-polarizado: In Fluxo espalhado pelo envelope, polarizado: Ip
Grau de polarizao p resultante:

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SOUTH POL
Introduction
Polarization by e- scattering in Stellar Envelopes
Be disk pole-on ! No net polarization
Direct, unpolarized stellar flux: In Polarized, scattered light in the envelope: Ip
edge-on ! Net Polarization ! to disk orientation
Resulting polarization fraction, p:
17 15/Oct/12 ESO Surveys 2012
Introduo
Exemplos astrofsicos
(cont.)
UY Aur (estrela T Tauri)

Potter et al. 00 Polarimetria em 1.2m
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Introduo
Exemplos astrofsicos
(cont.)
UY Aur (estrela T Tauri)

Potter et al. 00 Modelo de poeira
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Introduo
Regio de Linhas Largas Oculta em galxias Seyfert 2:
http://www.astronomysight.com/as/images/pics/barred_spiral_galaxy_NGC_1365.gif
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Introduo
Hidden Broad Line Region in Seyfert 2 galaxies:
NGC 1068: Code et al. 93 28/03/13 AGA 5731
Magalhes 05 21
Resumo
O Futuro
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Medindo a Polarizao da Luz

Onda viajando na direo z:
!
Ex = E1 cos(kz - !t) Ey = E2 cos(kz - !t + ) " = tan(Ea/Eb)
adaptado de Hecht 98
Parmetros de Stokes da onda:

S0 = I S1 = Q S2 = U S3 = V = E a2 + E b2 = S0 cos2" cos2# = S0 cos2" sin2# = S0 sin2" = E12 + E22 = E2 = E12 - E22 = 2 E1 E2 cos = 2 E1 E2 sin Obs: No RL, "$% #$"
Para uma onda totalmente elipticamente polarizada:

I2 = Q2 + U2 + V2 [Obs: S0 = (1/8 )c E 2 ]
28/03/13 AGA 5731 23

Para uma onda ELM simples, podemos escrever:
E =e x E0 cos(kz t) B = e B B0 ei(kzt)
Esta uma onda linearmente polarizada

campo eltrico sempre no mesmo plano
Como a vibrao num plano perpendicular ao eixo-z?

em z=0: E =e x E0 cos( t) = e x E0 cos( t) ou seja, o campo oscila (no plano x-z) ao longo do eixo-x.
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sider, for instance, the superposition of two monochromatic plane ne has the electric eld strength E y5731 E0 cos( kx t) , AGA 4. Polarizao 1 = e (51)
ther has electric eld strength
Ao longo do eixo-y: = 0 plane, E2 varies along the z axis, with time dependence Ey = E0 cos( t + ) Ez = E0 cos( t + ) = E0 [cos cos t + sin sin t] .
have to worry our heads about the magnetic ux Consideremos a corresponding superposio de 2 ondas instantly dictate what they must be.) The Maxwells equations E1 = e x E0 cos(kz t) have the same wavenumber k and the same amplitude E0 , but E2 = e y E0 cos(kz t + ) ase shift of relative to each other. In the x = 0 plane, E1 varies y axis, with time dependence Ao longo do eixo-x: E cos( )= x = 0t E = EEcos( ) = E t cos E t0 . cos( t) (53)
y 0 0
E2 = e z E0 cos(kx t + ) .

(52)
monocromticas:
adaptado de Hecht 98
(54)
time in the x = 0 plane? the vector E = Ey e y + Ez e z vary with E = Ex e x + Ey e y varia? Como o vetor angle between E and the y axis is given by the relation
cos cos t + sin sin t Ez = = cos + sin tan t . = Ey cos t
(55)
25
n = 0, the electric eld strength vector E will rotate in the x = 0 28/03/13 AGA 5731 e length of E is given by the relation
Ez = t+ ) = E [cos cos + t+ sin sin t] . (54) 0 cos(o 0 EComo vetor varia? E e x E varies In the x= =E 0x plane, E along the z axis, with time dependence y y 2e EE How does the vector E = y + Ez e z vary in the x 0 plane? y ye Ezwith = E0time cos( t + )= =E (54) tan = 0 [cos cos t + sin sin t] . E Well, the angle between E x and the y axis is given by the relation How does the vector E = Ey e y + Ez e z vary with time in the x = 0 plane? cos cos t + sin sin t Ez = = cos + sin tan tthe . y axis (55)is given by the!relation tan = Well, the angle between E and Ey cos t cos cos t + sin sin t Ez = = cos + sin tan t . (55) tan = Assim, se sin 0, Thus, if sin = 0, the electric eld strength vector in Ey E will rotate cos t the x = 0 plane. The length of E is given by the relation adaptado de Hecht 98 E girar no plano Thus, x-y if sin = 0, the electric eld strength vector E will rotate in the x = 0 2 2 2 (56) |E | = Ey + Ez = plane. The length of E is given by the relation 2 2 E0 [(1 + cos ) cos2 t + 2 cos cos 2t sin t + sin2 sin2 t] . E mdulo de : sin 2 2 (56) |E | = Ey + Ez = cases. Lets look at two special 2 2 2 = E0 + Ey | E |2 = Ex [(1 + cos2 ) cos2 t + 2 cos sin cos t sin t + sin2 sin2 t] . Suppose that the two plane waves are in phase: = 0. This implies, from Lets look at two special cases. equation (55), in phase: = 0. This implies, from tanSuppose = 1 , that the two plane waves are(57) equation (55), or = /4. That is, the E vector points at a 45 degree angle, tilted midway tan = 1 , (57) 26 between the y and z axis. The length of the E vector, from equation (57), is 28/03/13 AGA 5731 or = /4. That is, the E vector points at a 45 degree angle, tilted midway given by the relation 2 2 y and z axis. The length of the E vector, from equation (57), is between the |E |2 = E0 [2 cos t] . (58)
(We dont have to worry our heads about the corresponding magnetic ux E2 = e z E0 cos(kx t + ) . (52) densities; Maxwells equations instantly dictate what they must be.) The two waves have the same wavenumber k and the (We dont have to same worry amplitude our heads E about the corresponding magnetic ux 0 , but have a phase shift of relative to each other. In the equations x = 0 plane, E1 varies densities; Maxwells instantly dictate what they must be.) The AGA 5731 4. Polarizao along the y axis, with time dependence two waves have the same wavenumber k and the same amplitude E0 , but have a phase shift of relative to each other. In the x = 0 plane, E1 varies Ey = E0 cos( t) = E0 cos t . (53) along the y axis, with time dependence In the x = 0 plane, E2 varies along the z axis, with time E dependence = E cos( t) = E cos t . (53)

y 0 0
Thus, if sin = 0, the electric eld strength vector E will rotate in the x = 0 plane. The length of E is given by the relation
2 2 + Ez = |E |2 = Ey 2 2 4. Polarizao E0 [(1 AGA + cos2 5731 ) cos t + 2 cos sin cos t sin t + sin2 sin2 t] .
(56)
Lets look at two special cases. Suppose that the two plane waves are in phase: = 0. This implies, from equation (55), tan = 1 em , (57) Se as ondas estiverem fase, =0
or = /4. That is, the E vector points at a 45 degree angle, tilted midway tan = 1The & length ! = !/4 between the yand z! axis. of the E vector, from equation (57), is given by the relation 2 [2 cos2 t] . (58) mdulo: |E |2 = E0
ou seja
11
onda de amplitude = !2 E0 mdulo variando com t
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Hecht 88

= 0, n.2',
(n = 1,)
= n.',
(n = 1,)
Hecht 98
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Clarke & Grainger 71
Lmina de meiaonda: introduz (='
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Thus, if the two plane waves are in phase with each other, they add together to create a linearly polarized wave, of amplitude 2E0 , tilted midway between the two component plane waves. Now suppose that the two plane waves are out of phase by = /2. In Se as E ondas faseby , por com =!/2 this case, the angle of the vectorestiverem in the x = 0fora planede is given the ex. relation (equation 55) tan ! = tan "t tan = tan t . (59)

& ! = "t
That is, = t, and the E vector in the x = 0 plane rotates with a constant angular frequency . The length of the E vector is given by the relation mdulo: (equation 57) 2 2 |E |2 = E0 [cos2 t + sin2 t] = E0 . (60) That is, the electric eld strength vector in the x = 0 plane (or in any plane ou seja perpendicular to the waves motion) simply goes around and around and around in a circle at constant angular frequency. A wave that shows this onda de amplitude E0 type of behavior is thus referred to as having circular polarization.10 At a given time t, the curve traced out by the vector E of a circularly polarized vetor wave is a helix (Figure 4). girando em crculo circular If the phase has& an polarizao arbitrary value, it can be shown that E traces out an ellipse in the x = 0 plane, with circular polarization and linear polarization being the special limiting cases of elliptical polarization. Playing with polarized light in the 28/03/13 laboratory is lots of AGA fun, 5731 but producing polarized light seems to require birefringent substances (like calcite crystals), dichroic substances
30
Hecht 88

Exemplos (cont.)
Luz circularmente polarizada direita: ( = - '/2)
= - '/2
Luz circularmente polarizada esquerda: ( = + '/2)
Hecht 98
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Measuring Polarization
Operational definition of the Stokes parameters [I, Q, U, V]
Consider the following filters that measure the different polarization states:
I = F0
F0
Stokes vector: Q = F1 - F4 U = F2 - F5
V = F3 - F6
I = F0
F0
V = F3 - F6
I = F0
F0
V = F3 - F6
I = F0
F0
V = F3 - F6
Stokes parameters [I, Q, U, V]
Q-U diagram:
I = F0
F0
2!
Q = F1 - F4
U = F2 - F5
V = F3 - F6
For your usual beam:

Exemplos
Luz no-polarizada:
Luz linearmente polarizada a um ngulo #: I I I cos 2! cos S= I sin 2 0 Luz lin. pol. a 0o: Luz lin. pol. a 45o:
Hecht 88
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Medida dos Parmetros de Stokes
Uso de um Analisador orientado em !: I()) = ! I0 [1 + p cos2()-#)] = ! [I0 + Q cos2) + U sin2)] * )* 0o I()) ![ I0 + Q ]
Luz polarizada a um ngulo !: p=? !=?
# #-!
45o ![ I0 + U ] 90o ![ I0 - Q ] 135o ![ I0 - U ] & Q = I(0o) - I(90o) U = I(45o) - I(135o)
!
Magalhes 89
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Medida dos Parmetros de Stokes
Usando um prisma de calcita: I()i) = ! I0 [1 (Q cos 2)i + U sin 2)i)] Usando uma lmina de +/2 + calcita: I()i) = ! I0 [1 (Q cos 4)i + U sin 4)i)]
Magalhes 89
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Exemplos de polarmetros
VATPOL
! EUA (UA); ARG Magalhes et al. 84
IAGPOL
! LNA ! CTIO, Chile (1.5m) Magalhes et al. 96
Espectropolarmetro
! Espectrgrafo do 4m CTIO Kay & Magalhes 99 ! Espectrgrafo IFU do LNA Magalhes et al. 02
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IAGPOL polarimeter
rotating +/2-plate + Savart plate
! Magalhes et al. 96
IAG-USP 60cm & LNA 1.60m Telescopes LNA Observatory

! Brazil, ,= -22
Polarimetric Module goes here "
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Aglomerado Aberto
* * - Crucis Imagem CCD com lmina retardadora + calcita
Magalhes et al. 05
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Basic Facts
Observational accuracies
Hiltner 1951, ApJ 114, 241:
! p.e. = 0.0022 mag . $ = 0.15% (!) (photoelectric)
Tinbergen 1982, A&A 105, 53:

! $ = .007% (photoelectric, combining data)
Carciofi, Magalhes 2007, ApJ 671, L49:

! $ = 0.002% (CCD imaging, single obs)
($! = 28.6 $/P deg)
High accuracy now possible opens up interesting possibilities!
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Instrumentao
Lab. Nac. de Astrofsica:
! Espectrgrafo Integral Field Unit (IFU)
Lpine 00
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Espectropolarimetria IFU:
Imagens polarizadas sobre a mscara Dois espectros medidos simultaneamente
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Introduction - Line Polarization

(Q,U) diagram as a diagnostic tool A. Extended H% in envelope Depolarization line effect &' ~ &pol linear excursion in (Q,U)
(Vink et al. 2002)

A
B. compact H%-source + scattering disk

PA flip &' ! &pol loop in (Q,U) C. No effect circular geometry; dot in (Q,U)
C B
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MC B[e] Supergiants
For your star, you get:
Magalhes & Nordsieck 2000 ! Magalhes & Nordsieck 2000
48
12/07/05
Vlieland B[e] Workshop
Resumo
O Futuro
49 28/03/13 AGA 5731
Meio Interestelar
Polarizao Interestelar
gros de poeira campo magntico (B) interestelar
alinhados pelo
Ela d informao sobre:

propriedades da poeira
! tamanho, composio qumica
estrutura de B
(adaptado de McDavid 00)
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Model 3...................... 3...................... 3...................... 3...................... 3...................... 1...................... 2...................... 4......................

a
(deg) 0 30 45 60 90 0 0 0
0 /Bext BCF
ext Bsky /Bext a
Btot /Bext b 1.25 1.11 0.96 0.75 0.24 1.11 1.16 1.41
General ISM
75 10 5 34 5 0.97 0.08 1.07 0.07 1.18 0.07 1.00 1.00 1.00
20 5 1.24 24 5 0.98 25 5 0.78 AGA 5731 33 5 0.48 31 5 0.26
0.09 1.00 0.08 0.87 0.07 0.71 4. Polarizao 0.05 0.50 0.03 0.00
Pereyra & Magalhaes 07
! C & F (53) polarization angles!and the rms velocity. Basically, assuming that Equipartition between p the magnetic eld perturbations are Alfve nic, i.e., v / B kinetic & perturbed magnetic energies (see Appendix for discussion), and that the rms velocity is iso+ tropic we have isotropic rms velocity:
Mean eld adopted for the model, projected into the plane of sky, i.e., ext Bext cos . Bsky b Total eld of the model, projected into the plane of sky, i.e., B B ext B. tot sky
Chandrasekhar & Fermi method
Fig. 9.CF method calculation for model 3 with different inclinations w respect to the line of sight. The dotted lines represent the ttings using eq. (1 The traces indicate the expected value Bm cos .
Vlos & Bsky + rms B 4 along the LOS. where VLOS is the observational velocity tan() Using the small angle approximation B /Bu , it reduces to Falceta-Gonalves et al. (08) p VLOS ; 8 Bu 4
where is measured in radians and is a correction factor (0.5) Polarization PA distributions (Zweibel 1990; Myers & Goodman 1991), which depends on " B estimates medium inhomogeneities, anisotropies on velocity perturbations, observational resolution and differential averaging along the LOS. 28/03/13 AGA 5731 simulations Ostriker et al. (2001) noticed from their numerical that the CF method (eq. [7]) was a good approximation for the

1 1 2 VLOS B2 ; 2 8
of and then calculate its tangent. Substituting in equation ( by tan () B /Bsky, we obtain the modied CF equation:
ext Bsky B
p 4
Vlos ; tan
which is a generalized form of equation (7). As an example, polarization maps give ! /4, equation (8) gives B ! and Bu ! 0. This is expected for ! 90 or MA 3 1. 5.3. Effects of Finite Resolution
Here we assume the obtained cubes as the real clouds subje 51 to observational studies. In the previous sections we present the expected results considering innite observational resolutio However, observational data analysis may be biased by the lim
Meio Interestelar
Survey de Polarizao Interestelar (em andamento)
Objetivo: Melhorar conhecimento do: Estrutura do Campo Magntico no Meio Interestelar difuso Razo entre componentes uniforme e aleatria do Campo Magntico Comprimento de escala, L, do campo
Magalhes et al. 05 28/03/13 AGA 5731
52
Meio Interestelar
Aglomerados Abertos
permitem estudar estrutura do Campo Magntico em pequena escala

! Serkowski 1966, Kobulnicky et al. 94
53 28/03/13 AGA 5731
Meio Interestelar
Aglomerados Abertos
* * - Crucis (a.k.a. Jewel Box) Imagem CCD com Polarmetro no LNA
Magalhes et al. 04
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Meio Interestelar
Aglomerados Abertos
* * - Crucis (a.k.a. Jewel Box) Imagem CCD com Polarmetro no LNA
Magalhes et al. 04
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Meio Interestelar
Aglomerado Aberto
! Crucis
distncia = 1976 pc tamanho angular de decorrelao para B: /0~ 8
&L 0 4.6 pc 30+ aglomerados observados at agora
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Meio Interestelar
Open Clusters
Cluster C1115-624 C1250-600 C1609-540 C1714-429 l (o) 292 303 330 345 b (o) -2 3 -2 -3 Distance (pc) 1238 1976 1417 996 L () < 5.5 8 6.8 L (pc) < 2.0 4.6 2.0
Ferreira & Magalhes 2008
L ! 1 pc
! confirm earlier work of Serkowski (1965)
L " values from the General ISM data

! 1 kpc (Jones et al. 92; Heiles 96); not unexpectedly though...
L " values from Faraday rotation

! from Extragalactic sources (Minter & Spangler 1996)
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General ISM - The IAG Survey

High Latitude Clouds
Regions from COBE/DIRBE (Reach et al. 98) Use of Hipparcos stars towards each cloud
! short + long exposures
For 10 HLCs:
! High-resolution spectra for the HIP stars ! distance estimates to these clouds
24 HLCs observed thus far

104 HIP stars
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Regions from COBE/DIRBE (Reach et al. 98) Hipparcos stars towards each cloud short + long exposures For 10 HLCs:

! 104 HIP stars
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Fields towards DIR313-29
Magnetic field along ISM filaments !
Cassia Fernandez
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Regions from COBE/DIRBE (Reach et al. 98) LNA Data for Planck/Pilot collaboration By-products:
! Zero-point of P vs. column density ! Position angles away from the Plane
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Magnetic Field in Dark Clouds
B and grain alignment in expanding shells and fronts? Role of B in cloud collapse?
Musca Dark Cloud

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IRAS Vela Shell
Feitzinger & Stuve 84
62
Collapsing Dark Clouds

Musca Dark Cloud

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63
Meio Interestelar
Campos Magnticos em Nuvens Escuras
Qual o papel de B no colapso de nuvens?
Mapeamento da Nuvem Escura de Musca

Colapso ao longo de B |B| ~ 0.05mG - 0.30mG Mnuvem ~ 140 M! Pereyra & Magalhes 00
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Meio Interestelar
Campos Magnticos em Nuvens Escuras
Qual o papel de B no colapso de nuvens?
Mapeamento da Nuvem Escura de Musca

Colapso ao longo de B |B| ~ 0.05mG - 0.30mG Mnuvem ~ 140 M! Pereyra & Magalhes 00
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Collapsing Dark Clouds

Does Polarimetry Map the Field?
Near IR Polarimetry confirms optical PA
Optical Near IR (1.65(m)
Fig. 5b
66 AGA 5731
28/03/13

Musca Dark Cloud

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IRAS Vela Shell
Feitzinger & Stuve 84
67
Meio Interestelar
B in expanding shells and fronts?
IRAS 100m
Mapping the IRAS Vela Shell

Churchwell et al. 96 (in CS)
" Pup
# Vel
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Meio Interestelar

regions with vectors parallel to I-front 1 or w/rotation into I-front affected by gas streaming
Pereyra & Magalhes 02, 07
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Meio Interestelar
Polarization PA distributions " B estimates
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Model 3...................... 3...................... 3...................... 3...................... 3...................... 1...................... 2...................... 4......................

a
(deg) 0 30 45 60 90 0 0 0
0 /Bext BCF
ext Bsky /Bext a
Btot /Bext b 1.25 1.11 0.96 0.75 0.24 1.11 1.16 1.41
General ISM
75 10 5 34 5 0.97 0.08 1.07 0.07 1.18 0.07 1.00 1.00 1.00
20 5 1.24 24 5 0.98 25 5 0.78 AGA 5731 33 5 0.48 31 5 0.26
0.09 1.00 0.08 0.87 0.07 0.71 4. Polarizao 0.05 0.50 0.03 0.00
! C & F (53) polarization angles!and the rms velocity. Basically, assuming that Equipartition between p the magnetic eld perturbations are Alfve nic, i.e., v / B kinetic & perturbed magnetic energies (see Appendix for discussion), and that the rms velocity is iso+ tropic we have isotropic rms velocity:
Mean eld adopted for the model, projected into the plane of sky, i.e., ext Bext cos . Bsky b Total eld of the model, projected into the plane of sky, i.e., B B ext B. tot sky
Chandrasekhar & Fermi method
Fig. 9.CF method calculation for model 3 with different inclinations w respect to the line of sight. The dotted lines represent the ttings using eq. (1 The traces indicate the expected value Bm cos .
Vlos & Bsky + rms B 4 along the LOS. where VLOS is the observational velocity tan() Using the small angle approximation B /Bu , it reduces to Falceta-Gonalves et al. (08) p VLOS ; 8 Bu 4
where is measured in radians and is a correction factor (0.5) Polarization PA distributions (Zweibel 1990; Myers & Goodman 1991), which depends on " B estimates medium inhomogeneities, anisotropies on velocity perturbations, observational resolution and differential averaging along the LOS. 28/03/13 AGA 5731 simulations Ostriker et al. (2001) noticed from their numerical that the CF method (eq. [7]) was a good approximation for the

1 1 2 VLOS B2 ; 2 8
of and then calculate its tangent. Substituting in equation ( by tan () B /Bsky, we obtain the modied CF equation:
ext Bsky B
p 4
Vlos ; tan
which is a generalized form of equation (7). As an example, polarization maps give ! /4, equation (8) gives B ! and Bu ! 0. This is expected for ! 90 or MA 3 1. 5.3. Effects of Finite Resolution
Here we assume the obtained cubes as the real clouds subje 71 to observational studies. In the previous sections we present the expected results considering innite observational resolutio However, observational data analysis may be biased by the lim
Meio Interestelar

Mass-to-Flux Ratio, '
(M/)actual N (H2 ) = 7.6 1021 (M/)crit B
! All regions sub-critical
! They join smoothly w/ molecular cloud data of Crutcher 04

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Meio Interestelar
Wisconsin Ultraviolet PhotoPolarimeter Experiment
WUPPE
Espectropolarimetria no UV
! Primeiro Experimento do gnero ! 1200 a 3200
Principais resultados:
Lei do visvel no sempre extrapolvel ao UV Gros que absorvem em 2200 no so alinhados ou assimtricos
Clayton, Anderson, Magalhes et al. 92
73 28/03/13 AGA 5731
Meio Interestelar
WUPPE results: Clayton, Anderson, Magalhes et al. 92
74 28/03/13 AGA 5731
SMC Magnetic Field

Early optical polarization observations
Mathewson & Ford (70) Schmidt (76) Magalhaes et al. (90) & Suggestion of a Pan-Magellanic field
Direction o LMC SMC IRAS 60(m image, 40 60 80 100 with optical polarization vectors (ad. from Mao et al. 2008)
20
120
140
160
180
200
75
28/03/13
AGA 5731
SMC Magnetic Field

Early optical polarization observations
Mathewson & Ford (70) Schmidt (76) Magalhaes et al. (90) & Suggestion of a Pan-Magellanic field
Magalhaes et al. (90)
76 28/03/13 AGA 5731
SMC Magnetic Field

Magnetic Field intensity
From dispersion of position angles:
Bsky + B 5.2 106 G
! n ~ 10-1 cm-3 , )Vlos ~ 22 km s-1
Estimating
B 3.5 106 G
[ Mao et al. (08, synchrotron): 3.2 " 10-6 G ]
& Bsky 1.7 106 G Formal uncertainty not too bad (~20%)
! but answer probably within a factor of a few... ! Mao et al. (08): 1.60.4 " 10-6 G (M&F data)
77 28/03/13 AGA 5731
SMC Magnetic Field

Imaging polarimetry
8x8 fields
78 28/03/13 AGA 5731
SMC Magnetic Field

Imaging polarimetry
Imaging polarimetry 8x8 fields
79 28/03/13 AGA 5731
SMC Magnetic Field

Imaging polarimetry
Results:
Aiara Gomes (2012)
SMC Magnetic field along SMC-LMC direction !
80 28/03/13 AGA 5731

20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200
Orientation of Stellar Envelopes

Polarimetry of Herbig Ae/Be objects
! Pre-MS, intermediate mass stars, which have disks AGA 5731 4. Polarizao ! Comparison of Polarization Position Angle (PA) with ISM Magnetic Field direction
Introduo
Net Polarization ! to disk orientation
Exemplo de um feixe Ae/Be de luzstar parcialmente Herbig & envelope polarizado: ! i.e., Envelope Orientation vs. ISM B-field
! Statistics of "# = Intrinsic PA - ISM Pol PA ! Envelope orientation is given by polarization PA

Fluxo direto da estrela, no-polarizado: In adaptado de Nordsieck (91) Fluxo espalhado pelo envelope, polarizado: Ip
(adptado de Nordsieck 91
28/03/13
AGA 5731
Grau de polarizao p resultante:
81
12

! Statistics of "# = Intrinsic PA - ISM Pol PA
Rodrigues et al. 2009
28/03/13
AGA 5731
Fig. 1. Cumulative frequency distribution of the dierence between the intri interstellar polarization angle, , for our HAeBe sample.
82

! Statistics of &! = Intrinsic PA - ISM Pol PA
Rodrigues et al. 2009
For the more highly polarized stars: &! $ parallel to ambient B-Field
Envelopes have memory of ISM B-field !

83
28/03/13
AGA 5731
Fig. 1. Cumulative frequency distribution of the dierence between the int interstellar polarization angle, , for our HAeBe sample.

Origin of Earths Magnetic Field?
Dynamo from Earths rotation Earths rotation:
! derived from Protosolar Nebula
Solar Nebula:
! probably had memory of ISM B field
84 28/03/13 AGA 5731
rounds
Jonathan Aumont, CESR
many effects overlay the CMB signal secondary anisotropies, diffuse emissions, AGA 5731 4. Polarizao point sources
noise, systematics dust
Issues On-going Projects !Galactic emissions are not well understood,
especially in polarization !polarized Galactic emissions CMB Galactic Foreground =predominate ? the CMB signal at all frequencies
Synchrotron
For WMAP & Planck data

! on-going program
Spergel et al.
free-free galaxies SZ (cinetic)
! data on ~2,000 Red Giants in the Halo

CMB & ! NOT (Northern) I CTIO (Southern Sky)
Isynchrotron
Idust
Em resumo: Polarizao de foreground (pela poeira Galctica) ser o fator limitante para se saber a Polarizao da CMB!
SZ (thermal)
Goal:P synchrotron Initial Results in 2008/2nd Sem

PCMB
Pdust
CMB
By-product: zero-point of P vs. dust column density

Aumont 08 85 28/03/13 AGA 5731
Espalhamento Eletrnico
Exemplo de um feixe de luz parcialmente polarizado: Radiao Csmica de Fundo
! mais quente: ! mais fria
If you hang out with cosmologists, you will occasionally hear them talk about the polarization of the Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB). If the CMB had a perfect blackbody spectrum, then it would be totally unpolarized. However, as the light of the CMB moves toward us, it can acquire polarization by Thomson scattering from electrons. Suppose that an electron is located in intergalactic space. Very far away from the photon, along the z axis, an observer is located (Figure 3). Unpolarized light from the CMB approaches
As flutuaes de temperatura originam uma polarizao linear da CMB
http://background.uchicago.edu/~whu/polar/webversion/polar.html Figure 3: Polarization of the Cosmic Microwave Background. Blue lines

represent hotter radiation; red lines represent cooler radiation. the electron along the x axis; the light scattered along the z axis is linearly polarized in the y direction. Of course, there is also unpolarized light from the CMB approaching the electron along the y axis; 86when this light is scattered along the z axis, it is polarized in the x direction. If the CMB were perfectly isotropic, then the power of the two scattered beams would be identical, and the orthogonally polarized beams would add together to make unpolarized light. However, the CMB isnt exactly isotropic. Suppose the CMB light
28/03/13
AGA 5731
Espalhamento Eletrnico
Exemplo de um feixe de luz parcialmente polarizado: Radiao Csmica de Fundo - Dados recentes
[A seguir: Plank/ESA (2013) (colaborao IAG-CESR/Frana)]
DASI Degree Scale Angular Interferometer

28/03/13 AGA 5731
WMAP - Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe

87
http://universe-review.ca/F02-cosmicbg.htm
Formulrio Acordo USP/CO Formulrio Acordo USP/CO Edital 2006/2007 Edital 2006/2007
Formulrio de Inscri Formulrio de Inscri
On-going Projects
CMB & the ISM Polarization foreground
Planck data + IAG Survey (optical) + Pilot (sub-mm) baloon data
! Combination of optical/NIR + sub-mm & composition & size spectrum of dust
PILOT Survey PILOT Survey
Fig 2: Artist v Lagrange poi Fig 2: Artist v will be launch Lagrange poi submm polari will be launch angular resol submm polari angular resol
Planck/ESA
Pilot/CESR, PI: J-P. Bernard 88 28/03/13 AGA 5731

Fig.3: Schematic view of the PILOT gondola. Fig.3: Schematic view of the PILOT gondola.
PILOT
(Polarized
Instrument
for
Long
in the wav in the wav where pol where pola date, PILO date, PILO polarized polarized m PILOT wil PILOT wil fully multi fully multip in total) to in toh of total) PILOT of PILOT one hand, h t one hand, t scale geom scale geom and study i and study i grains with grains with spectral do spectral do be comple be complem wavelength wavelength will allow will allowf magnetic magnetic fi (ISM) mat (ISM) mate and the ro and the to ro leading leading PILOT to ob

IAG Data
Fields towards DIR313-29
Magnetic field along ISM filaments !
Cassia Fernandez
89 28/03/13 AGA 5731
Resumo
O Futuro
90 28/03/13 AGA 5731
Envelopes Estelares
Nebulosas Protoplanetrias (PPN):
- tipicamente noesfericamente assimtricas

Estrelas AGB:
- progenitoras de PPN
AGBs podem ter simetria # da esfrica?
Egg Nebula (fonte: Hubble)
91 28/03/13 AGA 5731
Envelopes Estelares
Supergigante $ Orionis %WUPPE = (1598)o %HST = 235o ! %WUPPE = %HST - 90o!
Magalhes & Nordsieck 00
Gilliland & Dupree 96
92 28/03/13 AGA 5731
Envelopes Estelares
V Canum Venaticorum (V CVn)
V ~ 6.8m a 8.8m M4IIIe - M6IIIe Perodo = 180 dias Polarizao no azul at ~10%(!)
Matos 2005
93 28/03/13 AGA 5731
Envelopes Estelares
V CVn:
Monitoria de ~14 anos Grfico ao lado: filtros sintticos Ciclos de alta e baixa Polarizao Variao restrita em # (~ 15)
Matos 2005
94 28/03/13 AGA 5731
Envelopes Estelares
V CVn (cont.)
Curva de Luz da AAVSO:
! ciclos de alta e baixa amplitude casam-se com os da Polarizao!
Mudanas na Polarizao atravs das bandas de TiO

! origem fotosfrica
& Precursoras de PPN j no tm simetria esfrica

pulsao no radial
Matos 2005
28/03/13 AGA 5731
95
Envelopes Estelares
Estrelas quentes
Envelopes de estrelas Wolf-Rayet
! Em sistemas binrios ! Modelos com Mtodo de Monte Carlo (Rodrigues & Magalhes 1995, 2000)
parmetros do sistema, dM/dt
Supergigantes B[e]
! nas Nuvens de Magalhes ! Observaes consistentes com envelopes axissimtricos (Magalhes 92, Melgarejo et al. 2001)
Estrelas Be
! nas Nuvens de Magalhes ! discos em ambiente de diferente metalicidade
96 28/03/13 AGA 5731
Envelopes Estelares
Estrelas quentes
hot, fast wind
Supergigantes B[e]
Estrelas Be
Zickgraf et al. 85
cool, slow wind

28/03/13 AGA 5731
97
Envelopes Estelares
Estrelas quentes
Supergigantes B[e]
Estrelas Be
98 28/03/13 AGA 5731
Be stars - Disks
We can estimate the continuum polarization It can be approximated by
with
Capps et al (1973, ApJ 184, 173), McLean (1979), Cassineli et al (1987)
www.asu.cas.cz
f p f s S P = S ( e + f s ) + D
S =
D=
3 fp = 16
(1 + cos2 )d =
0
9 16
Stellar flux w/o the disk Disk emission = V j
27/Fev/2012
3 (1 e )(1 + cos2 ) = fraction of scattered flux 16 2 3 3 fs fp = p()(1 + cos2 )d = = polarized flux 16 0 16 (1 cos2 ) p( ) = = polarization @ (1 + cos2 ) 3 (optically thin disk) P = 16(1 + D /S ) 7 99 = ne e ( Ro Ri ) fs
CS Dynamics - Polarimetry
Be stars - Disks
Schematic behaviour of $bf:
! for all bound states with energy < h*
Seaquist
Be stars - Disks
Model polarization
! normalized to 1 @ 450 nm Mc Lean (1978)
www.asu.cas.cz
P =
with increasing Disk emission
3 16(1 + D /S ) 7
Be stars - Disks
Model polarization
! normalized to 1 @ 450 nm Mc Lean (1978)
www.asu.cas.cz
P =
with increasing Disk emission We know that:
3 16(1 + D /S ) 7
so f-f is important in the NIR! 27/Fev/2012 CS Dynamics - Polarimetry
Be stars - Disks
With some actual disk parameters:
! ne = 5 ! 1011 cm-3 ! + = ne $e (Ro-Ri) # 1 (Ro-Ri) " 5 R* $ Polarization is produced within a few stellar radii
Monte Carlo disk models:

! Be disks are indeed geometrically thin Wood et al. (1996, 1997)
Be stars - Disks
Example: WUPPE UV spectropolarimetry of the Be star 2 Tau
Absorption by FeII/III in the envelope Decrease in P across optical Fe lines
Bjorkman et al. 91
Disks: Polarization line effects

Vink et al. (2005)
McLean (1979) Wood et al. (1993) Vink et al. (2005) P increase in line wings:
! inner disk rotation at 440 km/s vs. emitted flux at 300 km/s ! due to P being the ratio of broad polarized (scattered) flux/ narrow unpolarized (line) flux
Polarizao em linhas (eg. H!)

(Q,U) diagram as a diagnostic tool
A. Extended H% in envelope
Depolarization line effect &' ~ &pol linear excursion in (Q,U) A
(Vink et al. 2002)
B. compact H%-source + disk

PA flip &' $ &pol loop in (Q,U) C. No effect circular geometry; dot in (Q,U) C B
106 28/03/13 AGA 5731
Instrumentation
Spectropolarimetry of RY Tau
T Tauri star IFU (Eucalyptus, LNA)
Star on IFU
Q 0.00 0.02 0.03 0.04
-0.01
Evidence for a disk
-0.02
D C
-0.03
Pereyra & Magalhes 2006

28/03/13 AGA 5731
107
LNA/OPD Spectropolarimetry
Envelopes of YSOs
Detection of a rotating disk @ PA~150 deg
Pereyra et al. 2009
108 28/03/13 AGA 5731
SOUTH POL
Introduction
Polarization from an Exoplanet occultation
Polarization as a function of time & inclination 87 84
Text
SpaceRef
90
Carciofi & Magalhes 2005
Resumo
O Futuro
110 28/03/13 AGA 5731
Ncleos Ativos de Galxias

Galxias Seyfert
Sey 1: linhas de H largas e estreitas Sey 2: linhas de H estreitas Por que os dois tipos?
Modelo unificado
Diferenas devidas orientao da galxia
Miller & Antonucci 1985
Suporte vem da polarizao UV

WUPPE: NGC 1068 (Sey 2)
(Code et al. 1993)
NGC 4151(Longair 1996)
111 28/03/13 AGA 5731
NGC 1068: Code et al. 93 28/03/13 AGA 5731
Magalhes 05 112

Survey de 31 Sey 2
Keck & CTIO 11 (~ 31%) tm ncleo de linhas largas escondido
Kay et al. 00
113 28/03/13 AGA 5731
Introduction
Sey 2 spectropolarimetry
~30% have hidden broad line nucleus
! Kay et al. 00
narrow in direct flux

H" line:
broad in polarized flux ! Polarization shows the spectrum of central source!


Identificao de fontes gamma
3EG J2006-2321 / PMNJ 20052310
Wallace et al. 2002 115 28/03/13 AGA 5731

PMN J2005-2310
Polarimetria: 05 Ago 00, 15 Jun 01 tel. 61cm IAG, LNA IAGPOL
Wallace et al. 2002
Polarizao ptica alta e varivel: & Blazar!

116 28/03/13 AGA 5731
Resumo
O Futuro
117 28/03/13 AGA 5731
O Futuro...
Observacional: extenso da Polarimetria p/ o IR
! Banda H (1.65m)
LNA
! Survey no IR do Plano Galctico: ! Nuvens Escuras ! Glbulos de Bok ! Campo magntico de galxias
Spitzer/Glimpse survey
SOAR
! Polarimetria com Cmara Spartan
alta resoluo espacial
! Objetos Estelares Jovens, AGN, etc.
118 28/03/13 AGA 5731
O Futuro...
Survey SOUTH POL
! Levantamento da Polarizao do cu Austral
Telescpio Robtico de 80cm

! Cmaras CCD com Polarmetro de Imagem
Outra utilizao: Alvos de ocasio

! Assimetria de exploses (novas, supernovas, AGN) ! Gamma-ray Bursts ! conexo GRB-Supernovas
119 28/03/13 AGA 5731
SOUTH POL
SOUTH POL
Polarimeter optics & mechanics
---_---L-
Savart calcite prism
il -+lL-3 , 5 0 -*-*_|'<_
lil lfi
ll
==[,* tl_l raT fi

55.96to:
t-"""
I
r- Str nn
10
*f =tob'i
t-
lt
3,50*or
io r
,rJ/
lm (h
vi
bp
lll-
120 mm x 120 mm mosaics

l.s
Achromatic Half-wave plate --*l

.E
LJ
NilTES: I OIMFNSiON 1N SM I L L i M E T E R S L :I H L ] E R EG 2 MATERIAS NR A DtE ALtITE. T H I I K N E S SA ER SE MAITHEO 3 ALL OF THE3 s M M ( T Ol ' l I T H I N ) O 03 BEST EFFI]RT 4 P R t ] T EItV TE B E V E LA 4 MAX, D SL L A R O U N O A T S HW H E R T E H E RA ER E N[ BEVELS EXIEPT r ARRAI Y f TY Dt U S T [ ] M E R S A S S E M B LB T H EA X E S AS RE [ F T H ET R Y S T A L IRIENTED
IU TKL UULtr
VY
DrG' fiur'l*:
Rgv
K r2g4- I r I I OSVT4 *M D A r E : I l / 1 7/ 2 6 1 A IN Ef A S T R O N O BY R A Z I Ls c A L E : | / ? tUSTIMER : S T I T U TO |

PARTNO.
,__L_i_l
15/Oct/12 NilTTS: ESO Surveys 2012
I. OIM[Ns I N SI N M i L L I] IMT"i"IRS IS A : t R Y S T AG 2, MATFR L t -U A R I o Zn d M A L * F L U I R I n E R T T T H T A R I A I I I ] N W I L LB E M A T T H T [ -N [RBTST 3.
( R I . , \ TF F F N P T A N T FA ! A I I l ' , J 1 . F TA FR NB A Y ) P[RFNF?M Nil B[V[.t " 5 A L L I I { T I ] EI!.IEE B SN EIMFNTS,
rrl T--[-r]
r--**|52,40
I TLA Itr AI\KA I I Ntr JAVAK
K A R L L A M B R E C H TC o R P O R A T I O N
4 2 0 4 N L r n c o l n A v e n u e ,C h i c o g o , I I l i n o i s 6 0 6 1 8U S A
: www.klccgo.com 7n-472-5442 Fax.773-472-2724 Website
P ARRAY TL A T E I I O M MI A L t I T F S A V A R
FIIE NAIE:
L. Marrara 120
&,ffi!;;
L A M B R E C H T C O R P O R A T IO N
rcoln Avenue, fbicogo. I ll rnois tj0618 IJSA
Fax : 773-472-2724 Website : www.klcccc, com
FA LIU I R ] N E I52 MM OUARTZ-M
SOUTH POL
How?...
Polarimeter status
Optical components
! to be delivered by November/2012
Mechanics & Electronics

! to be delivered by March/2013
Reduction pipeline
! in the works ! built from an existing one
SOUTH POL
SOUTH POL
S. Heathcote, 122 CTIO 15/Oct/12 ESO Surveys 2012
SOUTH POL
SOUTH POL
S. Heathcote, CTIO
SOUTH POL - How?...

Combination of
Southern 80cm Robotic Telescope in Chile
! just funded by FAPESP
Large field Imaging Polarimeter

! 2.2 sq.deg.
IAGPOL footprint
124 28/03/13 AGA 5731
SOUTH POL - How?...

Combination of
Southern 80cm Robotic Telescope in Chile
! just funded by FAPESP
Large field Imaging Polarimeter

! 2.2 sq.deg.
South Pol footprint
125 28/03/13 AGA 5731
SOUTH POL
How?...
Optical/NIR Technique
Similar to IAGPOL
Magalhes et al. 1996
# Crucis
Rotatable waveplate + calcite prism + detector (CCD or NIR array)
Counts @ waveplate angles "i:

zi = ! Q = z1 - z3 + z5 - z7 U = z2 - z4 + z6 - z8
15/Oct/12 ESO Surveys 2012
Magalhes et al. 2005
126
SOUTH POL
How?...
Polarimeter
Patterned after IAGPOL Rotating waveplate + Calcite prism
! Savart plate
8x 5min images Vector map
Very accurate
" !P=0.002% (or better) possible
Magalhaes et al. 2005
15/Oct/12
ESO Surveys 2012
SOUTH POL

Optical/NIR IAG Survey of ISM Polarizatin
! Regions from COBE/DIRBE (Reach et al. 98)
Hipparcos stars towards each cloud short + long exposures For 10 HLCs:

! 104 HIP stars
!= Optical Polarization Survey at IAG
SOUTH POL
How?...
High Galactic Latitude Clouds
We need V~15-16 background stars to map B-field Av~0.3 typically ! PV 0.1-1.0%
For P/!P = 5, if P~0.5% ! "P(needed) = 0.1%

15/Oct/12 ESO Surveys 2012 129
SOUTH POL
How?...
We need V~15-16 background stars to map B-field Av~0.3 typically ! PV 0.1-1.0%
For P/!P = 5, if P~0.5% ! "P(needed) = 0.1%

15/Oct/12 ESO Surveys 2012 130
SOUTH POL
Como?...
From models of stellar population synthesis of the Galaxy:
! V 15: covers 3 kpc towards b=90
In other words,
! Galactic dust layer will be well sampled!
SOUTH POL
Future - ESO Role

NIR Polarization Survey with VISTA
! 4.1m tel.; 1.6 x 1.6 field ! H-band
Galactic Plane
! Spitzers Dark Clouds ! Star formation regions, ISM
Selected Regions
! Dark clouds ! Magellanic Clouds
ESO 132 15/Oct/12 ESO Surveys 2012
Concluso
Polarizao da Luz - Ferramenta para
Meio Interestelar
! Campos Magnticos ! Poeira
Atmosferas Estelares
! Assimetrias em Fotosferas e Envelopes ! Assimetrias e Estgio Evolutivo das Estrelas ! Estudo de Exoplanetas
Ncleos Ativos de Galxias Desenvolvimento Instrumental
133 28/03/13 AGA 5731
AGA 5731 3. Campos de Radiao e Ondas Planas
O que devemos saber verbalizar/formular do Cap. 3:
Mecanismos que do origem polarizao da luz

! ! ! ! Polarizao no espalhamento Thompson/RayleighEqs. de Maxwell Polarizao na Natureza Polarizao em envelopes estelares Polarizao em galxias Seyfert 2

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
26/03/13
Parmetros de Stokes de uma onda totalmente polarizada Polarizao linear total Polarizao circular total Ao de uma lmina de meia-onda Definio operacional dos parmetros de Stokes Diagrama Q-U Parmetros de Stokes de um feixe qualquer Medida da polarizao de um feixe Uso da espectropolarimetria como diagnstico de geometria
AGA 5731
134
O que devemos saber verbalizar/formular do Cap. 3 (cont.)
Aplicaes
Meio Interestelar
! Polarizao interestelar ptica e no far-IR/submm ! Estimativa do campo magntico interestelar ! Campo magntico da Galxia
grande escala pequena escala
! ! ! !
Campo magntico em nuvens escuras Polarizao interestelar no UV Estatstica da orientao de envelopes de estrelas jovens Polarizao da Radiao Csmica de Fundo
135 26/03/13 AGA 5731
Aplicaes (cont.)
Envelopes Estelares
! Estrelas do Asymptotic Giant Branch ! Estrelas quentes
binrias Wolf-Rayet supergigantes B[e]
! ! ! !
Modelos simples de discos de estrelas quentes Modelos de Monte Carlo para envelopes com espalhamento Thompson Orientao de discos atravs da espectropolarimetria Polarizao da luz estelar pela ocultao por exoplanetas
136 26/03/13 AGA 5731
Aplicaes (cont.)
! Mecanismo de polarizao de galxias Seyfert ! Deteco de ncleos de linhas largas ocultos ! Identificao de Fontes de raios-gamma
Projetos de polarimetria no futuro

! Survey SOUTH POL ! Polarimetria no NIR com grandes telescpios
137 26/03/13 AGA 5731

POLARIZAÇÃO

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POLARIZAÇÃO

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4.

1 28/03/13 AGA 5731

AGA 5731 4. Polarizao

AGA 5731 4. Polarizao

3 28/03/13 AGA 5731

AGA 5731 4. Polarizao

AGA 5731 4. Polarizao

AGA 5731 4. Polarizao

AGA 5731 4. Polarizao

CS Matter studied with Polarimetry

8 27/Fev/2012 CS Dynamics - Polarimetry

CS Matter studied with Polarimetry

9 27/Fev/2012 CS Dynamics - Polarimetry

AGA 5731 4. Polarizao

AGA 5731 4. Polarizao

11 28/03/13 AGA 5731

AGA 5731 4. Polarizao

http://rothnroll.blogspot.com.br/ 2012/07/polarization-chasing-light.html AGA 5731

AGA 5731 4. Polarizao

Uso da Polarizao da luz do cu pelas abelhas

http://www.imls.uzh.ch/ research/fgrimls/Labhart.html 28/03/13 AGA 5731

AGA 5731 4. Polarizao

AGA 5731 4. Polarizao

Karttunen et al. 1996

AGA 5731 4. Polarizao

(adptado de Nordsieck 91)

Fluxo direto da estrela, no-polarizado: In Fluxo espalhado pelo envelope, polarizado: Ip

Grau de polarizao p resultante:

Direct, unpolarized stellar flux: In Polarized, scattered light in the envelope: Ip

edge-on ! Net Polarization ! to disk orientation

Resulting polarization fraction, p:

17 15/Oct/12 ESO Surveys 2012

AGA 5731 4. Polarizao

UY Aur (estrela T Tauri)

18 28/03/13 AGA 5731

AGA 5731 4. Polarizao

UY Aur (estrela T Tauri)

19 28/03/13 AGA 5731

AGA 5731 4. Polarizao

20 28/03/13 AGA 5731

AGA 5731 4. Polarizao

NGC 1068: Code et al. 93 28/03/13 AGA 5731

AGA 5731 4. Polarizao

22 28/03/13 AGA 5731

AGA 5731 4. Polarizao

Medindo a Polarizao da Luz

Ex = E1 cos(kz - !t) Ey = E2 cos(kz - !t + ) " = tan(Ea/Eb)

Parmetros de Stokes da onda:

Para uma onda totalmente elipticamente polarizada:

AGA 5731 4. Polarizao

Medindo a Polarizao da Luz

Esta uma onda linearmente polarizada

Como a vibrao num plano perpendicular ao eixo-z?

ther has electric eld strength

Medindo a Polarizao da Luz

cos cos t + sin sin t Ez = = cos + sin tan t . = Ey cos t

Medindo a Polarizao da Luz

Medindo a Polarizao da Luz

onda de amplitude = !2 E0 mdulo variando com t

27 28/03/13 AGA 5731

AGA 5731 4. Polarizao

Medindo a Polarizao da Luz

28 28/03/13 AGA 5731

AGA 5731 4. Polarizao