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Project Progress Report

Design of Bioreactor Landfill for Allahabad City

Submitted in partial fulfillment for the award of B. Tech. Degree

Under the supervision of

Dr. Nekram Rawal & Dr. Sumedha Chakma

Department Of Civil Engineering Motilal Nehru National Institute of Technology Allahabad Allahabad Submitted By: Avaneesh Kumar Yadav 20101067 Nirbhay Narayan Singh 20106038 Akhilesh Kumar Pal 20101050

OBJECTIVES
To estimate future production of Municipal Solid Waste at every 10 years interval To analyze leachate by collecting samples To estimate the settlement rate To select the bioreactor type and size from the existing study To design the bioreactor landfill components

Results From previous studies


Population in 2045 using Incremental Increase Method P2045 = 1594871 Total per day MSW generation considering 0.45 kg/capita/day = 717.691 Tons Leachate Pollution Index is determined and found to be equal to 19.896 which is higher than recommendation of Municipal Solid Waste Rules, 2000.

Parameters Details
Parameter Sample 1 0.01 203.2 1079.45 Sample 2 0.025 294.3 2272.5 Sample 3 0.025 467 3374.84 Sample 4 0 480.5 3710.23 Mean S.D. Max Min Limit

Arsenic (mg/l) BOD (mg/l) Chloride (mg/l) COD (mg/l) Copper (mg/l) Iron (mg/l)

0.015

0.010607 117.1172 1031.016

0.025

0 203.2 1079.45

0.2 30 600

361.25 2609.255

480.5 3710.23

307.69 1.5486 0.5114

474.67 0.0731 0.5671 33.2

689 1.7492 2.3182 42.5

804.3 0.183 1.9321 43.7

568.915 0.888475 1.3322 34.505

191.6684 0.764713 0.804855 10.03125

804.3 1.7492 2.3182 43.7

307.69 0.0731 0.5114 18.62

250 1.5 3 100

KjeldaNirogen 18.62 (mg/l) MPN per 100 ml 75

210

460

1100

461.25

393.8016

1100

75

5000

pH Sulphate (mg/l) TDS (mg/l)

7.82 5.16

7.63 6.21

9.63 11.6

8.72 9.13

8.45 8.025

0.796021 2.525079

9.63 11.6

7.63 5.16

5.5-9 1000

114.8

176.8

168

212

167.9

34.79813

212

114.8

2100

Settlement of MSW:
MSW settles under its own weight and as external loads are placed on the landfill. External loads include daily soil cover, additional waste layers, final cover, and facilities such as buildings and roads. MSW settlement is mainly attributed to(1) physical and mechanical processes that include the reorientation of particles, movement of the fine materials into larger voids, and collapse of void spaces; (2) chemical processes that include corrosion, combustion and oxidation; (3) dissolution processes that consist of dissolving soluble substances by percolating liquids and then forming leachate; and (4) Biological decomposition of organics with time depending on humidity and the amount of organics present in the waste.

MECHANISMS THAT CAUSE LARGE SETTLEMENTS


Mechanical/Primary Compression Mechanical/primary compression is due to distortion, bending, crushing and reorientation of materials caused by the weight of overburden and compaction. This settlement occurs rapidly and is typically complete withinapproximately one month from the time the filling is complete. At the Landfill, mechanicaland primary compression due to fills was estimated to range from 10 to 20 percent of newfill thicknesses based on empirical data collected during a soil fill placement. The actual primarycompression depends on fill geometry, density of landfill and overburden, and landfill composition. Biodegradation: Aerobic and anaerobic decomposition of organic material by bacteria is theprocess known as biodegradation. For anaerobic decomposition of cellulose, which is the primarymechanism of biodegradation, bacteria convert carbon-based solid material and water

intoprimarily carbon dioxide and methane. This conversion results in a loss of solid mass. Most settlement after landfill construction is due to this mechanism. Physical Creep Compression (Including Ravelling/Void Filling): This mechanism is caused by: (1) Erosion and sifting of finer materials into voids between larger particles; (2) Material moving into voids as a result of biodegradation; and (3) Continued elastic compression. Void filling is partly related to a weakening of the support of the solids due to such things as biodegradation and corrosion, which causes a reduction of the rigidity of landfill materials This form of settlement equals about2 percent of the fill height per log cycle of time. For the landfill, physical creep compression was estimated to contribute from 0 to 7 feet of additional settlement over the next 90 years.

MECHANISMS THAT CAUSE SMALL SETTLEMENTS


Interaction: Examples of interaction include methane supporting combustion, spontaneous combustion and organic acids causing corrosion. This mechanism is closelyassociated with the occurrence of the other mechanisms. By itself, interaction is not expected torepresent a significant amount of settlement over a large areal extent. It could result in largelocalized settlements; although with a properly maintained and operated LFG collection systemand cover in place, the source of oxygen to support combustion will be significantly reduced. Consolidation: Consolidation settlement is caused by excess water squeezing from pore spaces inlow permeable soil formations. If landfill is not saturated then settlement due to consolidation is not expected.

Methodology for Primary and Mechanical Compression


The waste mass consists of layers of refuse of finite thickness. Addition of a new waste layer causes settlement, attributable theweight of the overlaying layers, and stress increases instantaneouslybecause of construction of a new layer.The strain [(t)] resulting from an instantaneous response to surcharge loading can be expressed by (t) = C log((0 + )/0 ) (1)

where C = compression ratio (coefficient of compressibility); 0 = initial vertical stress; and = change in vertical stress Because the unit weight of a solid waste deposit in a landfillincreases with depth, the overburden pressure at different heightsHi is computed by

(2) Thus, the strain in each lift of the multilayer fill can be expressed bythe equation

(3) where C = coefficient of compressibility; Hi = initial thickness ofthe compacted lift (assumed initially same for all the lifts); i= unit weight of lift i; and j = increment of unit weight imposed by lift j on lift i; and pi and mi stand for primary and mechanical strain, respectively. The primary compression (S(t)pi) can be obtained by S(t)pi = Hj pi(t) S(t)m = H mi(t) (4) Similarly, the mechanical compression (S(t)mi ) attributable to creep, is obtained by (5) where H = initial height of the landfill after primary compression. Eqs. (4) and (5) give the temporal change of primary andmechanical compressions attributable to overlaying layers. Theseequations can be used to compute primary and mechanical settlementwhile assuming constant density, or spatial and temporal variation of density. Model Parameters: Coefficient of Compressibilityand DensityIn Eq. 3, the coefficient of compressibility (C) is used for bothprimary and mechanical strain. The value C is found from the relationship (6)

where C = compressive index; eo = initial void ratio of the solidwaste; and t = time after landfill closure (years).The compressive index C is primarily dependent on the voidratio and is obtained from the slope of the void ratio versus log-timecurve. The following range is provided for estimating the compressiveindex: C= (0.15 to 0.55)eo for primary compression; (0.03 to 0.09)eo for secondary compression The value of C is different for primary and mechanical compression. The coefficient of compressibility for primarycompression lies in the range 0.10.5, whereas secondary compressionlies in the range 0.0120.08. The variation of refuse density with depth (z) is computed by the method of Manna et al. using Eq. (7) Pz = Pm+(Pm P0) ((z/z + )) where Po = starting value of the density; Pm= maximum density value corresponding to infinite load; and = numerical coefficient. Once the density is known by Eq. (7), the unit weight of thesolid waste is calculated by multiplying the acceleration due togravity (g) with density. The temporal variation of the unit weightis then obtained by (7)

(8) Where (t) = required unit weight at time t (days) and i = initial unit weight of the refuse. Density varies from 600694 kg/m3 during activefilling, whereas the maximum density observed is in the range11861653 kg/m3.

Computation of Primary and Mechanical Compression


Primary and mechanical compression were computed considering two cases: assuming (1) constant density throughout the landfill and (2) spatial and temporal variation in landfill density. In the first scenario, primary compression, density is assumed to be the same throughout the cell and taken as the starting value of 600 kg=m3; the coefficient of compressibility (C) is taken as 0.2. For mechanical compression, considering t = 15 years in Eq. 8,spatial variation of density is computed using Eq. 7 and assumed not to vary temporally throughout computation; the coefficient of compressibility (C) is taken as 0.02. In Eq. 7, the

starting value of the density Po is taken as 600 kg/m3; the maximum density Pm is taken as 1; 350 kg/m3; and a numeric coefficient is taken as 12.4. These values were taken after thorough sensitivity analysis and are used by many researchers, as shown in following tables.

In the second scenario, primary compression, Eq. 8 is used to calculate temporal variation of density. Furthermore, for mechanical compression, spatial and temporal variation of density is calculated using Eqs. 7 and 8. The values C, Po, Pm, are the same as in mechanical compression, as previously describedResults are shown in following table

Year
2 5 10 15 19 23 27 30 Settlement (%)

Settlement (m) variable density 0.104 0.6275 1.8423 3.291 4.5604 5.904 7.3078 8.3945 27.98

Settlement (m) constant density 0.104 0.6035 1.7269 3.0466 4.1958 5.4087 6.6741 7.6527 25.51

Difference
0 0.024 0.1154 0.2444 0.3646 0.4953 0.6337 0.7418

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