XVI

Contents

XI.3.d
XI.3.e

XI.4

XI.5
XI.6

Safety Evaluation of Axially Compressed Members405

Optimal Shape of Axially Compressed
Cross-Sections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 409
Instability Under Composed Bending . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 409
XI.4.a
Introduction and General Considerations . . . . . . . . 409
XI.4.b
Safety Evaluation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 414
XI.4.c
Composed Bending with a Tensile Axial Force . . . 416
Examples and Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 416
Stability Analysis by the Displacement Method . . . . . . . . . . . 439
XI.6.a
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 439
XI.6.b
Simple Examples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 440
XI.6.c
Framed Structures Under Bending . . . . . . . . . . . . . 445
XI.6.c.i Stiness Matrix of a Compressed Bar . . . 445
XI.6.c.ii Stiness Matrix of a Tensioned Bar . . . . . 451
XI.6.c.iiiLinearization of the Stiness Coecients 452
XI.6.c.iv Examples of Application . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 455

XII Energy Theorems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 465

XII.1 General Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 465
XII.2 Elastic Potential Energy in Slender Members . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 466
XII.3 Theorems for Structures with Linear Elastic Behaviour . . . . . 468
XII.3.a
Clapeyrons Theorem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 468
XII.3.b
Castiglianos Theorem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 469
XII.3.c
Menabreas Theorem or Minimum Energy
Theorem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 473
XII.3.d
Bettis Theorem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 473
XII.3.e
Maxwells Theorem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 477
XII.4 Theorems of Virtual Displacements and Virtual Forces . . . . . 479
XII.4.a
Theorem of Virtual Displacements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 479
XII.4.b
Theorem of Virtual Forces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 482
XII.5 Considerations About the Total Potential Energy . . . . . . . . . . 485
XII.5.a
Denition of Total Potential Energy . . . . . . . . . . . . 485
XII.5.b
Principle of Stationarity of the Potential Energy . 486
XII.5.c
Stability of the Equilibrium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 486
XII.6 Elementary Analysis of Impact Loads . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 489
XII.7 Examples and Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 491
XII.8 Chapter VII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 517
XII.9 Chapter IX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 518
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 523
Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 525