This document is the property of Nerdy Notes (www.nerdy-notes.com).

Permission is granted to view this document only to authorized users; under no circumstances are you allowed to
distribute, store or transmit this document without the express, written consent of Nerdy Notes, Inc.
nerdy-notes.com
uploaded by user pancholi






Class: ANP 300
Lecture/Exam: Exam 2
School: SBU
Semester: Spring 2012
Professor: Baab


















This document is the property of Nerdy Notes (www.nerdy-notes.com). Permission is granted to view this document only to authorized users; under no circumstances are you allowed to
distribute, store or transmit this document without the express, written consent of Nerdy Notes, Inc.

Neuron types
o Unipolar most sensory neurons
o Bipolar some sensory neurons
o Multipolar all motor neurons.
Neurolemmocyte Schawann cell - myelination for PNS only 1 per
neuron.
Oligodendrocytes - multiple neuron myelination at once in CNS
Multiple Sclerosis (MS) destruction of myelination leads to
hardening in the CNS.
Nerve impulses are action potentials.
o Membrane polarized to -70 mv.
o Stimulus causes depolarization of the membrane.
This depolarization wave travels either via saltatory or
continuous conduction.
Salatory conduction it jumps from node of ranvier to node
of ranvier in myelin.
Electrical synapses are rate (chemical are the common ones)
o Found in retina and brain. Also in cardiac and smooth muscle.
o Can be bidirection. They have Gap junctions for depolarization
wave to go through.
Somatic controls skin, muscles and 5 senses for sensory. Controls
skeletal muscle for motor.
o All voluntary movement. Pain is localized. 1 synapse system.
Visceral sensory controls o2 sat, BP, organs. Motor controls smooth &
cardiac muscles. Also glands.
o Involuntary movement. Pain is dull and generalized. 2 synapse
system.
Meninges
o Epidural space is for anesthesia and stuff. Its between
vertebrae and the dura mater
o Subarachnoid space is in between the arachnoid mater and the pia
mater.
o Denticulate ligament is in between the
2 roots of spinal cord.
Spinal cord doesnt correspond to vertebrae
numbers
o It ends at L1/L2 levels
o Spinal nerves exit at correct
vertebrae though.
o Ends in the conus medullaris, after
which you have the cauda equina. Pia
mater goes to make the filium
terminale.
o From L2 to S2 you have lumbar cistern
full of CSF in the dura mater.
Somatic system
This document is the property of Nerdy Notes (www.nerdy-notes.com). Permission is granted to view this document only to authorized users; under no circumstances are you allowed to
distribute, store or transmit this document without the express, written consent of Nerdy Notes, Inc.
o Motor bodies in the CNS ,grey matter. Sensory cell bodies in PNS
dorsal root ganglion .
o Dorsal rami innervates the epaxial (intrinsic) back muscles
o Ventral Rami innervates the hypaxial (everything else) muscles.
Ventral rami go into 4 major categories
o Cervical plexus (C1-C4)
o Brachial plexus (dont have to know) (C5-T1)
o Intercostal nerves run along the rib to the intercostal and
abdominal muscles. Also skin. T1-12
o Lumbrosacral plexus. (T12-S3)
Reflex arcs-
o Monosynaptic sensory neuron synapses directly on motor neuron
o Polysynaptic theres an interneuron in between.
Visceral system (autonomic)
Somatic motor Vs. visceral motor
o Somatic is voluntary actions. Visceral is involuntary.
o Somatic impulses always stimulate. Visceral can either stimulate
or inhibit.
o Somatic is a 1 neuron system. Visceral is 2.
o Somatic uses only Ach. Visceral can use either Ach or NE.
o Somatic bodies are in CNS. Visceral bodies are in Ganglia in
PNS.
o Somatic axons are myelinated. Visceral presynaptic axons are
myelinated. Postsynaptic are not.
Sympathetic Vs. Parasympathetic.
o Sympathetic Flight or flight Increase alertness and
metabolic activity. Most activity to blood vessels.
Thoracolumbar Division
o Parasympathetic Rest and digest. respiratory and digestive
tracts. It reveres sympathetic stimulation.
Craniosacral Division.
Parasympathetic System.
Has cranial division and sacral division only.
Presynaptic fivers are very long, while postsynaptic are short.
Cranial division consists of 4 nerves that carry parasympathetics.
o CN III occulomotor nerve cilliary ganglion
o CN VII Facial nerve Pterygopalatine & submandibular ganglia.
o CN IX Glossopharyngeal Otic ganglion for parotid gland.
o CN X Vagus Nerve does all thoracic organs & all abdominal
organs except for piece of large intestine. Also does gonads.
Sacral division comes straight off ventral root of S2-S4.
o Pelvic splenic nerves contribute to hypogastic plexus
They do piece of large intestine that vagus missed.
They do bladder muscle as well as erection of clit and dick
Sympathetic System.
This document is the property of Nerdy Notes (www.nerdy-notes.com). Permission is granted to view this document only to authorized users; under no circumstances are you allowed to
distribute, store or transmit this document without the express, written consent of Nerdy Notes, Inc.
Maintains homeostasis. It can do a mass discharge in emergencies.
Cell bodies for presynaptic axons are in the lateral horn of the
spinal cord from Tl-L2 only.
Cell bodies for postsynaptic axons are in either the ganglia in
sympathetic trunk or collateral ganglia on abdominal arteries.
Sympathetic trunk
o Bundle of sympathetic axons with ganglia along the way
o Theres a trunk on each side of the spinal cord
o Connects to the ventral rami.
White ramus communicates Presynaptic Found only from T1-L2
o These enter the sympathetic trunk from the ventral rami
o White means there are myelinated e.g. presynaptic
Grey ramus communicates Postsynaptic Found at all levels of trunk
o These begin from the ganglion (Where white one synapsed)
o Then they can go back into nerve after they synapse.
3 cervical ganglia from top to bottom: superior, middle and stellate.
5 Possible Destinations:
o Body Wall
Presynaptic cell body is lateral horn.
Postsynaptic cell body is the trunk ganglion.
After it synapses at the trunk, itll go as a grey comm.
Back into the nerve to get to the body wall
For cervical and sacral, theyll enter from T1-L2,
travel up/down the trunk and synapse at the right
ganglia.
o Thorax
Presynaptic cell body is lateral horn.
Postsynaptic cell body is the trunk ganglion.
Itll synapse in thorax/cervical ganglia and go directly to
the organ.
o Abdomen/Pelvis
Presynaptic cell body is lateral horn.
Postsynaptic cell body is the collateral ganglion.
The nerve branches off the ventral ramus, bypasses the
ganglion in the trunk. It becomes called a splanchnic
nerve.
Itll synapse directly on a ganglion in the artery.
Splanchnic nerves: you have 3 in thoracic and some lumbar.
Greater, lesser, and least thoracic splanchnic nerves.
They synapse major branches of abdominal aorta.
o Adrenal Medulla
Presynaptic cell body is lateral horn.
Postsynaptic cell body is the Adrenal Medulla.
Nerve bypasses trunk ganglia and goes direct to the
medulla.
The medulla acts as a collateral ganglion.
This document is the property of Nerdy Notes (www.nerdy-notes.com). Permission is granted to view this document only to authorized users; under no circumstances are you allowed to
distribute, store or transmit this document without the express, written consent of Nerdy Notes, Inc.
This pathway causes mass discharge of epinephrine and
norepinephrine from the adrenal medulla (fight or flight)
o Head
Presynaptic cell body is lateral horn.
Postsynaptic cell body is the superior cervical ganglion.
Nerves enter from spinal cord in the thoracic region and
travel up to the superior cervical ganglion. Then they go
direct to the eyes.
It functions in the head by controlling blood vessels and
the dilator pupillae muscle in the eye.
Visceral Sensory
o Usually doesnt rise to level of consciousness
o It does visercal pain
Cramping
Ischemia lack of blood supply
Inflammation swelling
Distension stretching.
o Visceral cell bodies are in the dorsal root ganglion.
o 1 neuron system.
o Pathways are usually same as sympathetic axons.(trace backwards)
o 2 Exceptions to this:
Tracheobronchial tree sensory is done by vagus.
Distention of pelvic organs follows pelvic splanchnic
nerves. (follows parasympathetic pathway)
Brain
3 parts:
o Prosencephalon makes the cerebral cortex and stuff
o Mesencephalon tiny part of the brain. In the center
o Rhombencephalon makes the brain stem
Rhombencephalon has 3 parts
o Cerebellum
o Pons
o Medulla Oblongata
Prosencephalon is composed of 2 parts
o Diencephalon (hypothalamus, etc.)
o Telencephalon (cerebrum)
Brain stem is not equal to Rhombencephalon. It consists of
o Medulla Oblongata.
o Pons
o Mesencephalon.
Brain Stem and spinal cord have grey matter on the inside, while
white matter is on the outside. (Milano cookie)
Cerebrum and cerebellum has Grey on the outside and white on the
inside (oreo cookie with bits of grey in the filling)
Medulla Oblongata
o Nuclei for CN VIII CN XII
This document is the property of Nerdy Notes (www.nerdy-notes.com). Permission is granted to view this document only to authorized users; under no circumstances are you allowed to
distribute, store or transmit this document without the express, written consent of Nerdy Notes, Inc.
o Body functions: cardiovascular and respiratory.
o Reflexes: Vomiting, coughing, gagging, sneezing, etc.
o Contains all sensory and motor tracts between brain and cord
Pyramids : motor tracts in b/w cerebrum and spinal cord
Pyramid decussation: most axons cross over.
Pons The Bridge
o Nuclei for CN V VIII (VIII is in both pons and medulla)
o Has Nuclei for repiration
o Main function is that it connects medulla, cerebellum and
mesencephalon together.
Cerebellum
o Fine tunes skeletal muscle contraction. Regulates balance and
posture.
o Proprioception the perception of where your body parts are.
o Parts:
Folia cerebelli (gray) outside folded in gray matter.
Arbor Vitae (White) Tree of life. Inside white matter.
Shape looks like tree with the folia hanging off it.
Cerebellar peduncles Tracts of connecting white matter.
o Superior cerebellar peduncle connects cerebellum with
mesencephalon.
o Middle cerebellar peduncle Connects cerebellum to the pons.
o Inferior Cerebellar peduncle connects cerebellum to the
medulla oblongata.
Mesencephalon - Sits on top of pons
o Nuclei for CN III and IV
o Helps control subconscious muscle acitivies
o Coordinates muscle movements with the cerebellum
o Produces Dopamine
o Parts:
Tectum = dorsal portion.
Colliculi nipples on the dorsal portion.
Superior Colliculi visual reflexes
Inferior Colliculi Auditory reflexes.
o Cerebral peduncles connects the Prosencephalon to all of the
part parts. Travels along the mesencephalon opposite to Tectum.
Diencephalon Collection of 3 types of nuclei
o Thalamus Acts as a sensory relay station
Switchboards all of the senses except olfaction (Smell)
o Hypothalamus Massive endocrine control center
Controls autonomic nervous system and endocrine system.
Regulates hunger, thirst, emotions, sleep, and body temp.
Has the hypophysis (aka pituitary gland) connected via a
stalk called a infundibulum
Has tits near the ball sack(hypophysis)
o Epithalamus
Has Pineal gland Small melatonin producing gland.
This document is the property of Nerdy Notes (www.nerdy-notes.com). Permission is granted to view this document only to authorized users; under no circumstances are you allowed to
distribute, store or transmit this document without the express, written consent of Nerdy Notes, Inc.
Looks like its humping the superior nipples on the
mesencephalon.
Habenular nuclei provide an emotional response to smell.
Telencephalon cerebrum
o Full of tracts and nuclei. Cortex is outside grey matter.
o Divided into left and right hemispheres
o Corpus callosum Large tract of white matter that connects the
two hemispheres.
Cerebral Cortex is outside grey matter of the brain.
o Gyri upwards protrusions in the cortex
o Sulci Valleys
o Central sulcus divides into front and parietal lobes.
o Lateral fissure is flap that folds back to reveal the insula.
o Lobes:
Front Lobe: Motor Control. Planning, decision making and
personality.
Parietal Lobe: sensory impulses, taste, hearing, smell,
equilibrium.
Temporal Lobe: Flap that sticks out by lateral fissure.
Occipital lobe: Vision
Insula Inside the brain behind the lateral fissure
tissue. Controls taste.
o Precentral gyrus gyrus right before the central sulcus
Its the primary motor area. It controls voluntary movement
o Postcentral gyrus gyrus right after the central sulcus
Its the primary sensory area receives sensory impulses.
o Brocas Area Frontal Lobe, by precentral gyrus
Coordinates muscle contraction for speech. Left hemisphere.
o Wernickes Area- Overlaps temporary and parietal lobes
Understanding written and spoken word. Left hemisphere.
o 3 types of fiber tracts in cerebrum
Association fibers connect areas of the cortex within
same hemisphere
Commissural fibers connect corresponding areas of the
cortex between 2 hemispheres.
Projection fibers Connect areas of cortex to other parts
of brain and cord.
Telencephalon Basal Nuclei
o Caudate nucleus is the tail
looking thing
o Lentiform nucleus is the egg
looking thing
Putamen would be the yolk
Globus pallidus is the egg
o It helps regulate the initiation
and termination of movement
o Regulates muscle tone
This document is the property of Nerdy Notes (www.nerdy-notes.com). Permission is granted to view this document only to authorized users; under no circumstances are you allowed to
distribute, store or transmit this document without the express, written consent of Nerdy Notes, Inc.
o Works together with motor areas of cortex, mesencephalon and the
cerebellum.
Parkinson disease
o Degeneration of neurons extending from mesencephalon
o Reduction in dopamine needed by basal nuclei
o Results in tremors and stiffness.
Limbic system
o Includes thalamus and mammillary body of hypothalamus.
o Responsible for:
o Expression of emotions
o Olfaction
o Memory
The limbic lobe is a term that refers
to a series of gyri of the cerebral
cortex. These gyri are located on the
medial surface of each cerebral
hemisphere. The cingulate gyrus sits
superior to the corpus callosum; it
faces into the longitudinal fissure
between the two hemispheres. The
cingulate gyrus has a small posterior
portion that extends inferiorly behind
the corpus callosum. It is called the
isthmus. The parahippocampal gyrus is located on the medial surface
of the temporal lobe, it faces the diencephalon and brainstem.
Anteriorly, this gyrus forms a small flap that turns to face
posteriorly. This is called the uncus.

Meninges
o Around the cranium bones, you have the pericranium (outside)
and the endocranium (inside)
o Below endocranium you have the dura mater, which is usually
stuck to it.
When it separates, you get sinuses and dural folds.
Epidural space potential space in between endocranium and
dura mater.
o Dura mater
When it separates into
a double layer dural
fold, you get the dural
venous sinuses which
are filled with blood.
Falx Cerebri
dural fold that
separates
hemispheres.
This document is the property of Nerdy Notes (www.nerdy-notes.com). Permission is granted to view this document only to authorized users; under no circumstances are you allowed to
distribute, store or transmit this document without the express, written consent of Nerdy Notes, Inc.
Tentorium cerebelli- sits on top of cerebellum
Venous sinuses see pic. Dont have to know straight
sinus.
Everything flows into sigmoid sinus and then into the IJV.
o Arachnoid matter is after the dural space, and then you have pia
matter
The space in between arachnoid and dural is the subdural
space
Its a potential space. Can have a subdural hematoma.
The space between arachnoid and pia mater is the
subarachnoid space.
Has CSF circulation in it.
Ventricles
o 2 Big Lateral Ventricles
o They drain into the third ventricle in the middle of the brain.
o Third ventricle drains into a fourth one which is just a tube.
o These ventricles arise from the space in the neural tube during
development.
CSF circulation
o CSF is produced by choroid plexues in ventricles.
o Circulates in subarachnoid space
o Excess CSF is drained into dural venous sinuses via arachnoid
villi.
Groups of Arachnoid villi form arachnoid granulations.
Indentation in bone due to granulations is called a
arachnoid fovea.
[CRANIAL NERVE CHART]
Senses
Sensory receptors can be either neurons or other types of cells and
feed neurons
Nociception (pain) can either be somatic or visceral
o Somatic can feel temperature, crushing and cutting. Viscercal
cant.
o Both can feel ischemia, inflammation, distention and cramping
Referred pain
o Visceral organs sense pain, but sensation is felt in skin
This is because the body interprets visceral pain as
sensory pain since its not used to visceral pain.
So you think that its the dermatome on that nerve thats
sending the signal.
Somatic Sensation
Mechanoreceptors sense skin tactility, touch, pressure, vibrations.
Thermoreceptors sense temperature in skin.
o You have different ones for hot and cold.
Olfaction Chemoreceptors.
This document is the property of Nerdy Notes (www.nerdy-notes.com). Permission is granted to view this document only to authorized users; under no circumstances are you allowed to
distribute, store or transmit this document without the express, written consent of Nerdy Notes, Inc.
o From olfactory bulb of the vein, you have olfactory receptors
descending into the epithelium that lines the top of the nasal
cavity.
o Odorants dissolve in mucus and epithelial cells detect and relay
Taste Chemoreceptors.
o These are specialized epithelial cells in taste buds.
Theyre found in tongue, soft palate, epiglottis & pharynx.
o Done by CN VII for posterior 2/3, then CN IX for anterior 1/3,
and CN X for epiglottis.
Vision photoreceptors (Rods and cones)
Sclera/Cornea whites of
eye.
o Called cornea in
front of pupil
o Sclera everywhere
else.
Pupil opening
Iris controls pupil size
o Constrictor pupillae
CN III parsymp.
Cilliary ganglion.
o Dilator pulillae
sympathetic.
Retina layers.
o You have pigmented layer all the way at the back
o Then you have rods(black and white) and cones (color)
Rods are better for low light
Cones want lots of light. They produce clearer vision.
o Then you have bipolar cells. And then ganglion cells.
o The axons of the ganglion cells converge to form optic nerve.
Optic disc blind spot. Its where all of the ganglia are converging
and where the nerve meets the retina.
Fovea centralis (in macula lutea) area of sharpest vision
o Has tons of cones.
Glaucoma Too much pressure inside eyes kills off neurons and causes
tunnel vision.
Ciliary body contains ciliary muscle.
o Ciliary muscle is innervated by CN III parasympathetic.
o You also have tons of suspensory ligaments that hold the lens
up.
Accomodation
o When resting, muscle relaxes and lens flattens
o When muslces contract, the lens becomes more spherical.
This document is the property of Nerdy Notes (www.nerdy-notes.com). Permission is granted to view this document only to authorized users; under no circumstances are you allowed to
distribute, store or transmit this document without the express, written consent of Nerdy Notes, Inc.
How field of vision works:
o Temporal vision hits medial
retina
o Nasal Vision hits lateral
retina
o Temporal vision crosses over.
o Nasal fields stay.
o So Right occipital love will
get Left Temporary vision and
Right Nasal vision.
Combining these will give
you the left field of
vision in the right lobe.
Visual field defects:
o If you have tumor on nerve,
youll lose vision in one eye
o If you have tumor on the
chiasm, you get tunnel
vision
o If you tumor on tract,
youll only get vision in
one field (left/right)
Hearing
Outer ear is just the auricle
(what we see) and the external
auditory canal up to ear drum
Tympanic membrane (ear drum)
and ossicles (tiny bones) make
up middle ear. (in temp. bone)
Inner ear is labyrinth has
cochlea and all (in temp bone)
Steps for hearing:
o Sound waves hit the tympanic membrane and cause vibration
o Ossicles attached to the tympanic membrane vibrate amplifying
sound almost 20x.
Tensor tympani is a muscle that dampens some vibrations
o Ossicles cause vibration of the oval window.
Oval window separates middle ear from inner ear.
Inner ear components
o You have a bony labyrinth, which is canals carved into the bone
o Then you have membranous labyrinth which is the actual organ and
ducts sitting inside the bony labyrinth.
o You have the cochlea, which is the snail shell looking thing.
o Then you have semicircular canals/ducts that branch off of it.
o Perilymph is the liquid in between the bone and ducts.
o Endolymph is the liquid inside the membranous labyrinth.
This document is the property of Nerdy Notes (www.nerdy-notes.com). Permission is granted to view this document only to authorized users; under no circumstances are you allowed to
distribute, store or transmit this document without the express, written consent of Nerdy Notes, Inc.
Hair cells specialized mechanoreceptors in inner ear
o You have a bundle of hair on top of the cell
o When this bundle bends, you get a nerve impulse.
Steps for hearing part 2:
o Perilymph vibrates due to oval window vibrating
o This causes the endolymph to vibrate
o The basilar membrane and hair cells vibrate
o Hair bundles bend because of this, causing a nerve impulse.
o Impulse goes up the vestibulocochlear nerve to brain.
Static equilibrium
o You have ololiths (ear rocks) that move when you move your head.
o These cause the hair bundles to bend, sending nerve impulses
Dynamic equilibrium
o You have a bulge called an ampulla in the semicircular ducts
o Inside the ampulla you have hair bundles that have a large
structure called a cupula (dome) on top of them.
o As the endolymph moves around, it bends the cupula, and
therefore the hair bundles.
Endocrine System
Makes hormones that cause a crap of ton of shit to happen in body
Hypothalamus master control
o Regulates ant. Pituitary gland
o Releases hormones in post pituitary
o Controls ANS and adrenal medulla.
Pituitary gland
o Posterior
Stores hormones secreted by hypothalamus
Know that it stores/secretes Antidiuretic Hormone
o Anterior
Secretes Human Growth Hormone (and a bunch of other crap)
Pineal Gland Epithalamus
o Secretes melatonin (sleepy time)
o Regulates circadian (sleep) rhythms.
Thyroid
o Makes a bunch of thyroid hormones
o Regulates cell metabolism
o Stimulated by anterior pituitary.
o Also makes calcitonin stimulates osteoblasts to make more bone
Parathyroid 4 little nipples on the thyroid gland
o Encourages osteoclast activity bone destruction.
Adrenal Gland hat to the kidney
o Medulla
Secretes E & NE
Stimulated via sympathetic nerves from hypothalamus
o Cortex
Makes a crap ton of corticosteroids
This document is the property of Nerdy Notes (www.nerdy-notes.com). Permission is granted to view this document only to authorized users; under no circumstances are you allowed to
distribute, store or transmit this document without the express, written consent of Nerdy Notes, Inc.
Salt, sugar & Sexy time
Stimulated by anterior pituitary.
Pancreas not a full endocrine gland but it does some
o Pancreatic islets tiny islands in pancreas that are endocrine
o Makes hormones that control nutrient processing, like insulin.















This document is the property of Nerdy Notes (www.nerdy-notes.com). Permission is granted to view this document only to authorized users; under no circumstances are you allowed to
distribute, store or transmit this document without the express, written consent of Nerdy Notes, Inc.
Lab notes
Neck
Hyoid-thyroid-cricoid epiglottis.
o Arytenoids are the little moving things behind thyroid
Tops are called corniculates.
Thyrohyoid membrane. Conus elasticus below. Quadrangular membrane
arytenoid/cornulicate. to epiglottis
o Quadrangular membrane makes the vestibular fold
o Conus elasticus makes the vocal cord.
Cervical plexus
Ansa subclavia loop in sympathetic chain that goes around
subclavian artery.
Trapezius (CN XI) & Levator scapula move the scapula.
Muscles that move the head
o Erector spinae muscles
o Longus capitis does rotation and flexing of head. Rami nerves.
o Sternocleidomastoid goes from mastoid process to sternum and
clavicle
Innervated by CN XI
Scanlenus anterior/medius/posterior Forward and lateral flexion of
the head
o Also elevate the first rib. Posterior elevates second rib too.
Platysma flat thin sheet of muscles that run down neck. Frowny face
o Innvervated by CN VII Facial
Muscles that move hyoid and larynx ELEVATE hyoid.
o Stylohyoid styloid to hyoid - CN VII innervation
o Digastic muscle Bottom of skull to mandible
Posterior Belly CN VII innvervation
Anterior belly - CN V3 innervation
o Mylohyoid mandible to hyoid. CN V3 innervation.
o Geniohyoid mandible to hyoid C1 innervation.
Muslces that Depress hyoid (all innervation from ventral rami)
o Omohyoid - hyoid to scapula
o Sternohyoid Hyoid to mandbrium.
o Thryohyoid
o Sternothyroid
Intrinsic laryngeal
o Cricothyoid Innvervated by External larygenal nerve. Adduct.
o Lateral cricoarytenoid recurrent lary. Nerve. Adduct
o Thryoarytenoid recurrent lary. Nerve. Adduct.
o Arytenoideus reuccrent lary. Nerve. Adduct.
o Posterior Cricoarytenoid Only one that Abducts. Recurrent lary.
Superior/middle/inferior constrictors. Motor from vagus.
o Sensory in pharynx is from CN IX glossopharyngeal.
Arteries
o The common carotid artery splits into internal and external
This document is the property of Nerdy Notes (www.nerdy-notes.com). Permission is granted to view this document only to authorized users; under no circumstances are you allowed to
distribute, store or transmit this document without the express, written consent of Nerdy Notes, Inc.
Internal goes straight to the brain
o External carotid artery has 7 branches:
Super thyroid
Ascending pharyngeal
Lingual
Facial
Occipital
Posterior auricular
Maxillary
o Subclavian artery has many branches too
Vertebral artery
Internal thoracic artery
Thryocervical trunk Splits into
Suprascapular
Inferior thryroid
Transverse cervical artery
Veins
o Internal jugular vein exits out of the foramen magnum
o Common facial vein (has facial and retromandibular veins) joins
the IJV, along with superior and middle thyroid veins
o Vertebral, external jugular (w/ occipital and post. Auricular
veins), anterior jugular veins, and inferior thyroid join the
subclavian vein. Subclavian becomes brachocephalic then
2x brachocephalic veins = superior vena cava.
Thryoid endocrine 2 lateral lobes with an isthmus in between
o Some people have a pointy pyramidal lobe sticking out
Parathyroids lay on top of the thyroid in small circles.
Head
Nasal conchae bottom 2 nasal things below ethmoid. Bones for cavity.
Dentition
o Each quadrant has two incisors (front), 1 canine, 2 pre
molars, and 3 molars.
o Bone at the bottom is called the
alveolar bone
o Cementum bonelike external surface
of root.
Anchors the root using
periodontal ligaments
o Nerves and vessles are called
alveolar.
Facial expression nerves All innervated by facial nerve CN VII
o Frontalis forehead raises eyebrows
o Orbicularis occuli muscles that surround eye socket
o Zygomaticus major from zygomatic bone to the corners of mouth.
Allows you to smile
o Buccinator Helps with chewing and all.
This document is the property of Nerdy Notes (www.nerdy-notes.com). Permission is granted to view this document only to authorized users; under no circumstances are you allowed to
distribute, store or transmit this document without the express, written consent of Nerdy Notes, Inc.
o Orbicularis oris encases the lips. Does puckering, kissing, etc
Muscles of mastication All supplied by CN V3
o Digastic see above. Opens mouth. All the rest close it.
o Masster zygomatic bone to mandible.
o Temporalis fan shaped, from temporal bone to top of mandible
o Medial pterygoid sphenoid to mandible.
o Lateral Pterygoid protrudes mandible and moves side to side
Doesnt really close the mandible.
Soft Palate muscles
o Tensor Veli palatini Tightens the soft palate
Innervated by CN V3
o Levator Veli Paltini Elevates the soft palate.
Innervated by Vagus CN X
Tongue muscles
o Intrinsic muscles transverse and longitudinal fibers. CN XII
o Extrinsic muscles
Genioglossus protrudes the tongue. Bigged one. CN XII
Hyoglossus Hyoid to tongue. Flattens the tongue. CN XII
Styloglossus Styloid process to tongue. Moves tongue up
and backwards important for swallowing. CN XII
Palatoglossus Arises from soft palata. Moves tongue up
and backwards. CN X Vagus.
Nasal cavity
o Sphenoid and ethmoid make up the top and back of the cavity
o Ethmoid contributes superior and middle conchae
o The inferior nasal conchae are 2 separate bones
o Auditory hiatus is where the auditory tube connects
Oral Cavity
o Maxilla and the palatine make up the hard
palate.
o The soft palate separates the oropharynx and
nasopharynx.
o Vallate papillae row of studded taste buds
right before the anterior/posterior split
Golden rules for Head and Neck Muscles: (follow
in order)
o Any muscle with tensor in its name will be
CN V3
o Any muscle with Pallate in it will be Vagus
X
o Any muscle with Gloss in it will be CN XII
.Except palatoglossus
o
Arteries and veins. Arteries see picture. Veins
venous sinuses.
o See venous sinuses from above.
This document is the property of Nerdy Notes (www.nerdy-notes.com). Permission is granted to view this document only to authorized users; under no circumstances are you allowed to
distribute, store or transmit this document without the express, written consent of Nerdy Notes, Inc.
Brain + Cranial Nerves.
CN I Olfactory Nerve Sense of Smell Ciriform plate bulb
CN II Optic Nerve Vision Optic Canal Chiasm important
CN III Occulomotor Nerve- somatic motor + parasympathetics to eye
o Superior orbital fissue. Cilliary Ganglion.
CN IV Trochlear Nerve eye- Superior Oblique Sup. Orb. Fissure.
CN V Trigeminal Trigemninal ganglion -
Sensory to face. V3 does some motor.
o V1- Opthalmic Sup. Orb. Fissure - sensory
o V2 Maxillary - Foramen Rotundum - sensory
o V3 Mandibular- Foramen Ovale. Sensory &
Motor to mastication muscles,
mylohyoid, tensor palatine, and tensor
tympani.
Sensation (not taste) from tongue.
CN VI Abducens Nerve eye - Lateral recture Sup. Orb. Fissure.
CN VII Facial Genticulate ganglion Enters int. Aucostic meatus.
o Greater petrosal nerve parasympathetic only. Foramen Lacerum.
Pterygopalatine ganglion supplies lacrimal gland.
o Chorda Tympani Taste + parasympathetic fibers
Taste from Anterior 2/3 of the tongue
Submandibular ganglion for the submandibular and sublingual
salivary glands.
o Facial Nerve itself Supplies facial expression muscles. Exits
through stylomastoid foramen.
CN VIII Vestibulocochlear Hearing Internal acoustic meatus.
o Has vestibular branch and cochlear branch.
CN IV Glossopharygneal
o Typanic branch carries parasympathetics to a plexus which makes
it into the lesser petrosal nerve. This exists the foramen ovale
and out to the otic ganglion. Innervates parotid (Salivary)
gland.
o Main branch goes out the jugular foramen.
It sends off pharyngeal branches to get sensory info from
pharynx.
Sends a carotid branch down to the carotid body (co2 level)
and carotid sinus (B.P.).
Main branch does taste to posterior 1/3 of the tongue.
Supplies motor to stylopharyngeus muscle.
CN X Vagus Jugular foramen
o Somatic motor pharyngeal constrictors and laryngeal muscles
o Parasympathetics heart, abdominal organs, etc.
o Somatic sensory taste from epiglottis, skeletal muscles
CN XI Accessory Trapezius muscle + sternocleidomastoid motor -
jugular foramina.
o Spinal root comes up from spinal cord up the foramen magnum
This document is the property of Nerdy Notes (www.nerdy-notes.com). Permission is granted to view this document only to authorized users; under no circumstances are you allowed to
distribute, store or transmit this document without the express, written consent of Nerdy Notes, Inc.
o Cervical root comes from medulla oblongata
o Roots combine to create nerve, but then split.
o Spinal branch goes down to feed muscles
o Cervical branch goes with the vagus nerve.
CN XII Hypoglossal Motor to all tongue muscles except
palatoglossus Hypoglossal canal.




Eye
Bones that make up the orbit- Frontal, lacrimal, ethmoid, sphenoid,
maxillae, zygomatic, and palatine.
Eyelids called palpebrae.
o When they meet its called a canthus. You have lateral and
medial.
o Under side of the eyelid is a clear thing mucous membrane called
conjunctiva.
Palpebrae conjunctive underside of eye
Bulbular conjunctiva on top of sclera of eye.
o Lacrimal Punctum small black dot on the medial end of eyelid
that is the opening of the lacrimal canal.
o Skeleton of the eyelid is the tarsal plate
Tarsal plate is suspended from frontal bone via orbital
septum
Orbicularis oculi muscle arises on top of the eyelid.
o Levator palpebrae superioris is the muscle that elevates the lid
Lacrimal carnucle the small pink bump in the medial side of eye.
o Plica semilunaris is the tissue right next to it.
Lacrimal apparatus gland the size of an almond on top lateral space
o Gland is innervated by greater petrosal nerve from CN VII.
o Tears flow from the gland across to the eye, where they are
collected by the lacrimal punctum.
o The lacrimal punctum feeds the lacrimal sac via tubes called the
lacrimal canaliculus.
o The nasolacrimal duct will carry out excess tears from the sac
into the nasal cavity and dump them there.
Why your nose runs when you cry.
Aqueous humor is produced in the posterior chamber and flows to
anterior chamber. A vein called the canal of schlemm encircles in the
cornea and drains excess aqueous humor.

Ear
This document is the property of Nerdy Notes (www.nerdy-notes.com). Permission is granted to view this document only to authorized users; under no circumstances are you allowed to
distribute, store or transmit this document without the express, written consent of Nerdy Notes, Inc.
External ear
o Outside rim is called the helix
o Inside rim is called the antihelix
o Pointing thing is called the targue.
Middle ear muscles-
o Tensor tympani CN V3 dampens amplitude of vibration
o Stapedius CN VII mastoid wall to insert on stapes.
Dampens movement of the stapes into the oval window.
Inner Ear- Labyrinth has 3 parts
Vestibule does both hearing and equilibrium. Center. Communicates
with the middle ear via oval window. Has 2 membraneous sacs:
o Utricle
o Saccule
Semicircular Canals Do equilibrium.
Cochlea Main Hearing organ. Communicates via round window to middle
Equilibrium
o Vestibule Static equilibrium (hear position)
Both sacs have receptor region called the macula.
The macula has sensitive hair cells that have a otolithic
membrane.
You have otoliths (rocks) that sit in the macula. When the
head moves, the rocks move, and bend the nerve fibers.
The utricle is the larger and more important sac.
o Semicircular ducts dynamic equilibrium.
3 different canals :
Anterior canal Is in sagittal plane
Posterior Canal Is in coronal plane
Lateral Canal Is in Horizontal plane.
Near the origination of the canals by the utricle, these
canals have an ampulla
An ampulla is a bunch of hair fibers incased in a cupula
a big jelly dome over the hair fibers. When the endolymph
moves around, the cupula will bend, causing hair fibers to
bend.
o You have a random endolympathic sac that we dont know what it
does.
Hearing
o The cochlea is the bony
part.
o The cochlear duct is also
called the scala media.
Has endolymph.
o The scala media is a
triangular shape.
o The scala vestibule is
open to the vestibule at
This document is the property of Nerdy Notes (www.nerdy-notes.com). Permission is granted to view this document only to authorized users; under no circumstances are you allowed to
distribute, store or transmit this document without the express, written consent of Nerdy Notes, Inc.
one end. It makes up the vestibular membrane too.
Membrane seperates perilymph from endolymph.
o The scala vestibule at the apex, called a helicotrema, joins
with the scala tympani.
o The scala tympani communicates with the middle ear via the round
window.
o Within the scale media, you have a sheet of hair cells that are
receptors for auditory senations. They form the spiral organ of
corti.
o Over the hair cells you have a tent called the tectorial
membrane.
o Pressure sent to the oval window travels through the perilymph
along the scala vestibuli. As the pressure waves travel, they
deform the vestibular membrane, which goes pressure changes in
the endolymph of scala media.
o This causes the basilar membrane to move, which causes the hair
cells of the spiral organ to move against the tectorial
membrane.
o Bending of hair cells fires nerve impulses.