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NS MUHAMMAD HASSAN IRSHAD NS HAFIZ AHMAD DANYAL NS MUHAMMAD RAFAY NADEEM NS MUHAMMAD NADEEM
BACHELORS IN ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING YEAR 2012
PROJECT SUPERVISORS Dr. SHOAB A. KHAN Dr. SHAHZAD AMIN SHEIKH COLLEGE OF ELECTRICAL AND MECHANICAL ENGINEERING PESHAWAR ROAD, RAWALPINDI
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DECLARATION
We hereby declare that no portion of the work referred to in this project thesis has been submitted in support of an application for another degree or qualification of this of any other university or other institute of learning. If any act of plagiarism is found, we are fully responsible for every disciplinary action taken against us depending upon the seriousness of the proven offence, even the cancellation of our degree.
COPYRIGHT STATEMENT
Copyright in text of this thesis, rest with the student author. Copies (by any process) either in full, or of extracts, may be made only in accordance with instructions given by the author and lodged in the library of NUST College of E&ME. Details may be obtained by the librarian. This page must form part of any such copies made. Further copies (by any process) of copies made in accordance with such instructions may not be made without the permission (in writing) of the author. The ownership of any intellectual property rights which may be described in this thesis is vested in NUST College of E&ME, subject to any prior agreement to the contrary, and may not be made available for use by third parties without the written permission of the College of E&ME, which will prescribe the terms and conditions of any such agreement. Further information on the conditions under which disclosures and exploitations may take place is available from the library of NUST College of E&ME, Rawalpindi.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
By the Grace of Allah All Mighty, we have successfully completed our final year project work. We are eternally grateful to Almighty Allah for bestowing us with the strength, potential, the ability, the knowledge, the guidance and resolve to undertake and complete the project. We acknowledge the efforts and support of our parents and friends for their love, constant and incessant support along with the mental peace and strength which they gave us through their prayers, without which this project would not have been completed. We would like to acknowledge Dr. Shoab A. Khan for providing us with an opportunity to work on a highly challenging and interesting project and also to their technical acumen, precise suggestions, timely discussions and unwavering support and understanding during the many hours we dedicated to achieving this milestone in our lives and careers. Special thanks to our supervisor Dr. Shahzad Amin Sheikh for his continuous support and guidance throughout this course of work. H is valuable expe11ise, advice and encouragement made this work possible. Lastly We would also like to express our gratitude to all the faculty members specially Sir Hassan Ijaz, Sir Sajid Gul Khawaja , Sir Zeeshan and Madam Sidra Liaquat for their expertise and advice on various hardware and software related issues.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Declaration and Copyright Certificate.............1 Acknowledgements..2 Table of Contents.....3 List of Figures..6 List of Abbreviations.......8 Abstract....................9 Error! Bookmark not defined.
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1.1 Communication Systems..11 Figure 1.2 Digital Communication System12 Figure 2.1 Project layout14 Figure 2.2 Flow Diagram...15 Figure 3.1 Modules of SFFSDR platform..17 Figure 3.2 Block Diagram of SFF SDR Platform..19 Figure 4.1 OFDM Waveform Representation23 Figure 4.2 Basic OFDM System Model.25 Figure 4.3 Multiple Access Technologies..26 Figure 4.4 CDMA Representation.26 Figure 4.5 Figure of Merit..27 Figure 4.6 Chips and Symbols...27 Figure 4.7 Spread Spectrum...28 Figure 4.8 Data Stream Spreading.29 Figure 4.9 CDMA System Model..32 Figure 5.1 Transmitter Model32 Figure 5.2 Receiver Model.33 Figure 5.3 OFDM-CDMA System Model.34 Figure 6.1 Transmiter Block Diagram...35 Figure 6.2 Receiver Block Diagram..38 Figure 6.3 SUI Channels Summary40 Figure 6.4 Scatter Plot41 Figure 6.5 OFDM Time Domain41 Figure 6.6 CDMA Spectrum..42 Figure 6.7 Equalization..44 Figure 7.1 VPSS Overview48 Figure 7.2 VPBE48 Figure 7.3 VPBE49 Figure 7.4 Xilinx Simulations51 Figure 7.5 ChipScope Pro Results..52 Figure 8.1 Comparisons in AWGN Channel..53 Figure 8.2 Comparisons in Rayleigh Fading Channel...54 Figure 8.3 Comparisons in SUI 6 Channel.55 Figure 8.4 Hardware Utilizations and Trade-Offs..56 Figure 9.1 Use of Training Sequence for Estimation of Channel Coefficients..57 Figure 9.2 Rake Receiver...57
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
OFDM: Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing CDMA: Code Division Multiple Access DFT: Discrete Fourier Transform DSP: Digital Signal Processing DSSS: Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum DTFT: Discrete Time Fourier Transform FFT: Fast Fourier Transform FPGA: Field Programmable Gate Array FT: Fourier Transform HDL: Hardware Description Language IF: Intermediate Frequency LUT: Look-Up Table PN Sequence: Pseudo Noise Sequence RFD: Ready for Data SDR: Software Defined Radio SNR: Sound to Noise Ratio VHDL: VHSIC Hardware Description Language CCS: Code Composer Studio VPBE: Video Processing Back End VPFE: Video Processing Front End
SoC: System on Chip BER: Bit Error Rate IFFT: Inverse Fast Fourier Transform SFF: Small Form Factor UWB: Ultra Wide Band MLD: Maximum Likelihood Detection
ABSTRACT
Software defined radio (SDR) is an important element of wireless technology and fast becoming a hot topic in the telecommunication field. Determining the digital hardware composition of a software radio is a key design step in its creation. Hybrid GPP/DSP/FPGA architecture is a viable solution for software defined radio technology. Software-defined radio (SDR) is a radio communication technology in which the functionality is defined in the software instead of hardware. This allows for easy, efficient and low-cost upgrades as no hardware replacement is required. The software radio will use frequency hopping as the frequency translation scheme for robust and reliable communication. In Frequency hopping, the radio frequency of transmission continuously changes according to a pseudorandom pattern known only to the transmitter and receiver. This scheme makes the communication link more robust to the affects of jammers. Therefore frequency hopping offers a more secure mode of communication in comparison to conventional fixed frequency telecommunication links. The proposed transceiver design is implemented keeping in consideration the specifications of SDR platform. Therefore, most of the transceiver operations such as digital signal processing, amplification, equalization and filtering are software based. SDR implementation makes it easier to improve and redesign the components in software. The transceiver design is such as to allow all signal processing and data acquisition to take place at baseband frequencies after elimination of intermediate frequency (IF). This means there is less power consumption. The project investigates Orthogonal Frequency Division MultiplexingCode Division Multiple Access (OFDM-CDMA) modulation technique. OFDM-CDMA attempts to combine the advantages of OFDM and CDMA that are complete immunity to multipath fading and multi user capability respectively.
CHAPTER 1 Background
Wireless communication has made a huge leap since its first commercial service in the late 1970s and early 1980s. In the UK, the 1G service was provided by Total Access Communications Systems (TACS) in 1985. TACS standard is based upon an earlier Bell Labs system which was developed in the late 1970s and has been deployed in North America under the name Advanced Mobile Phone System (AMPS).The expend icy is the biggest benefit which people get from wireless technology. To ensure reliable and secure transmission the development of wireless technology is still in progress. A lot of aggravations associated with cords and cables have been removed using wireless technology. The first move toward digital wireless communications in Europe began in the early 1980s when the Conference of European Post and Telecommunications (CEPT) initiated the work for a new digital cellular standard which would provide the capacity for an everincreasing demand on the European mobile networks. New generation is defined by the result of technology changes over a period of 10-15 years time frame. Broadband wireless communication systems have gained much reputation in recent years. The demand for the higher capacity cellular networks has increased. This demand for higher capacity network has led to the development of third generation (3G) telecommunication systems. Although, the 3G wireless technology has not yet been fully implemented, leading companies in the industry are already laying the networks for 4G technology. The problem with currently used technology (2G) is that its data rate is too low that it is not possible to use video conferencing etc. The first is 2.5G (GPRS) technology that allows data transfer at a better rate than GSM and recently 3G (WCUMNUMTS) technology has come into picture. 4G allows data transfer up to 100 Mbps and stands to be the future standard of Mobile Wireless Communication. The 4G technology will be able to support Interactive services like Video conferencing (with more than two sites simultaneously), digital video and
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audio broadcasting, Power line technology, AOSL, Wireless Local Area Networks (LAN) and Metropolitan Area Networks (MAN), digital radios and Ultra-Wide Band (UWB) communications.
Message Signal
Transmitter
Reciever
User Information
Transmitted Signal
Received Signal
Channel
sequence of symbols is called source code word. The data stream is then processed by the channel encoder and the resulting data is called the channel code word. Finally the modulator represents each symbol of the channel code word by a related analog symbol. The sequence of the analog symbols is called waveform which is fit for transmission over the channel. At the receiver, the channel output is processed in the reverse order to that in the transmitter. Design of a digital communication system complex in theory but is easy to build. Moreover the system is robust in terms of temperature variations, life etc.
Figure 1.2 A Digital Communication System From this discussion it is apparent that the use of digital communications requires a considerable amount of electronic circuitry, but nowadays electronics are cheap, due to the multi-fold increase in the availability of VLSI circuits in the form of silicon chips. Several digital signal processors are available for the design and implementation of different communication system. However with the advancements in technology FPGAs are mostly used for the design of complex communication systems. One such platform for the design and implementation of digital communication system is the SDR (Software Defined Radio) platform. Now we describe some basics of SDR platform.
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CHAPTER 2 Introduction
2.1 Aim of the Project
The aim of this research work is to prove that proposed OFDM-CDMA modulation scheme for 4G technology provides a better performance as compared to other schemes and to develop an accurate algorithm for implementing OFDM-CDMA which combines the positive aspects of both basic OFDM and basic CDMA on Software Defined Radio using Walsh codes as PN sequence for spreading and IFFT to achieve orthogonal subcarriers in OFDM part.
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The next stage was to write a C and VHDL code of OFDM-CDMA transceiver for its Implementation on DSP and FPGA. The final stage was the implementation of transceiver on reconfigurable Lyrtech SFF SDR using a wired channel.
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programmed or reconfigured to maneuver with different waveforms and modulation schemes through runtime loading of new waveforms and protocols. These waveforms and protocols can contain a number of different parts, including modulation techniques and other important performance parameters defined in software as part of the waveform itself. Efficient and effective SDR design requires a standard programmable hardware
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platform that allows designers to easily build efficient systems based on tough system requirements with high computational complexity.
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RF module
The RF module covers a variety of frequency ranges in transmission and reception, allowing it to support a wide range of applications. The RF module is composed of an RX section-a three-stage super heterodyne receiver with a final IF frequencies of 30 MHz and a selectable bandwidths of 5 or 20 MHz depending on the application. The TX section of the RF module is a 2-band (262-438 MHz, 523-876 MHz) quadrature mixer that uses a divided-by-2 pre-scalar for the lower-band frequencies.
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CHAPTER 4 Research
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[4] Gives some important insights about Code Spread OFDM (CS-OFDM) which combines the characteristics of OFDM and Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) to create a more robust modulation scheme which provides substantial performance improvements relative to standard OFDM. The performance of both OFDM and OFDMCDMA is evaluated with and without error control coding using the FEC techniques typically employed in OFDM standards. Another paper on OFDM-CDMA [5] presents that OFDM-CDMA can be used in a different manner where instead of many users sharing the same channel the data symbols can be treated as virtual "users" and spread across the frequency domain before OFDM modulation as opposed to OFDM where each data symbol modulates one of the available tones. This form of spreading, which we call Code-Spread OFDM (CS-OFDM), can effectively reduce the degradation caused by the frequency selective fading to provide improved performance in multipath fading channels.
In [6], experimental results of OFDM-CDMA system using Walsh-Hadamard Codes and MLD were discussed. The aim of the study was to analyze the performance of a convolutionally-coded CDMA system combined with OFDM in a frequency/time selective fading channel, taking into account the near-far problem. The combination allows one to perform a maximum-likelihood detection (MLD), to use the available spectrum in an efficient way, to exploit frequency diversity and time diversity (provided by channel coding), and to retain many advantages of a CDMA system with a simpler hardware realization. An example for a mobile communication system using convolutionally-coded CDMA/OFDM with Walsh-Hadamard code-spreading for the downlink (base-mobile) was studied. The performance of a MLD is examined by taking into account the near-far problem. It is shown that the MLD is very robust to the near-far problem. It is also shown that by using BPSK modulation, in a 1.28 MHz bandwidth, one can transmit 64 active users at rate of about 10.34kbit/sec.
[7] Proposes a performance analysis for OFDM-CDMA with joint frequency-time spreading. The average bit error probability of the proposed system using maximum-ratio combining (MRC) was derived for a frequency-selective fading channel and that of conventional MC-CDMA was also presented for comparison. Numerical analysis and simulation results indicated that the proposed system outperformed MC-CDMA system.
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In [8] various OFDM-CDMA schemes have been proposed which can be mainly categorized into two groups according to codes spreading direction. One is to spread the original data stream in the frequency domain; and the other is spread in the time domain, similar to a normal DS-CDMA scheme. Therefore, the frequency Rake receiver or time Rake receiver will be used, respectively. The former scheme, which is usually referred to as MC-CDMA, can obtain a good frequency Rake diversity effect through the despreading operation since the fading of each sub-carrier is different. Although the orthogonality will be degraded due to the frequency selective channel, a proper combining scheme can be selected to minimize such effect and improve the system performance. However, such scheme cant achieve the time diversity gain by itself. The latter scheme, which is usually called as MC-DS-CDMA, is a good scheme to introduce the OFDM technology into DS-CDMA systems, especially for the quasi synchronous mobile communication environment. However, the frequency diversity gain, which is the main advantage of using such technique, cant be achieved if good channel coding and interleaving in the frequency domain are not combined.
[9] Provides an optimal detection scheme when combining OFDM-CDMA with convolutional and turbo channel coding for the down-link. Especially in the down-link OFDM-CDMA enables low complex mobile receivers since OF DM can prevent intersymbol interference (ISI) and with that, the complexity of a RAKE receiver in a multipath channel. The various combinations between detection techniques and decoding schemes enable a comparison between achievable system performance and necessary system complexity
[10] Discusses the issue of Channel Estimation using Training sequence Design of OFDM-CDMA Broadband Wireless Access Networks with Diversity Techniques. An effect of diversity techniques on the performance of OFDM-CDMA based broadband wireless access networks was investigated and the maximum achievable diversity gain for a two-path Rayleigh fading environment is evaluated.
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orthogonal to each other, meaning that crosstalk between the sub-channels is eliminated and inter-carrier guard bands are not required. This greatly simplifies the design of both the transmitter and the receiver unlike conventional FDM, a separate filter for each sub-channel is not required. The orthogonality also allows high spectral efficiency, near the Nyquist rate. Almost the whole available frequency band can be utilized. OFDM generally has a nearly 'white' spectrum, giving it benign electromagnetic interference properties with respect to other co-channel users.
The equalizer on l y has to multiply each sub-carrier by a constant value, or a rarely changed value. Some of the sub-carriers in some of the OFDM symbols may carry pilot signals for measurement of the channel conditions, i.e. the equalizer gain for each
sub-carrier. Pilot signals may also be used for synchronization . If differential modulation such as DPSK is applied to each sub-carrier, equalization can be
completely omitted , since these schemes are insensitive to slowly changing amplitude and phase distortion
Deals efficiently with multipath fading Combats the frequency selectivity of Channel
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Figure 4.4 CDMA Representation 5) CDMA interference comes from nearby users
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6) Each channel is a small voice in a roaring crowd but with a unique recoverable code 7) If we have Carrier / Interference ratio as a figure of merit then we have:
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Figure 4.7 Spread Spectrum Sender combines data with a fast spreading sequence providing a fast data stream while user intercepts the stream and uses the same sequence to recover the original data
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Disadvantages
Wide bandwidth per User Required Precision Code Synchronization Needed
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CHAPTER 5 OFDM-CDMA
Orthogonal frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) and Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) systems have gained considerable attention due to their use in high speed wireless communication. Both OFDM and CDMA have distinguishing features, for example, the former is almost completely immune to multipath fading effects, and the later has multi-user capability. Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing-Code Division Multiple Access (OFDM-CDMA) attempts to combine these features, so that we can achieve higher data rates for multiple users simultaneously.
OFDM-CDMA is a multicarrier multi-user technique, based on a combination of OFDM and CDMA. There are several ways of making this combination.
5.1.1 MC-CDMA
An MC-CDMA transmits N chips simultaneously by assigning each chip to a separate carrier so that each input symbol is transmitted on N carriers. Signal spreading in this scheme is performed purely in the frequency domain. The receiver extracts the transmitted symbol by correlating the signal samples at the OFDM output with the code sequence used for signal de-spreading.
5.1.2 MC-DS-CDMA
In MC-DS-CDMA, signal spreading is performed in the time domain so that the first symbol of each user is transmitted on the first carrier: the second symbol is on the second carrier, and so on.
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5.1.3 MT-CDMA MT-CDMA scheme uses longer spreading codes in proportion to the number of subcarriers.
5.1.4 TFL-CDMA
In TFL-CDMA the signal is spread both in time and in frequency.
The variant which we choose is MC-DS-CDMA due to its better performance and advantages over other variances as described next.
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CHAPTER 6 Simulations
Any process of designing and implementation of any particular waveform starts by simulating it on software tools and obtaining the desired results. The basic aim of this chapter is to provide an overview of the OFDM-CDMA simulation. The simulations are carried out on Matlab R2009b. The aim of the simulation is to obtain the bit error rate plots and compare the performance with CDMA and OFDM alone. The step by step procedure to simulate the OFDM-CDMA is described below. The commands used in each step are also described
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NRZ= 2*binary_data -1 ;
6.4 Spreading
Spreading is done by multiplying a generated code with the original data. Each data bit is replaced by a chip code in this way a data is spreaded in the frequency domain. The amount of spreading depends on the spreading gain or length of chip sequence. Matlab Command: spread= data'*orthogonal_codes;
In this case the matrix multiplication takes place in such a way that every bit of data is replaced by the orthogonal code or its inverted value.
In this way data is converted from serial to parallel and the number of rows is equal to length of code and we can vary it according to our own design.
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Matlab Code: for i=1:length(totaldata) ofdmout(:,i)=ifft(totaldata(:,i),8); end The data coming is in the form of parallel and the data in a single column is taken as input to IFFT block. 8 point IFFT is calculated as it is considered that total number of sub carriers is 8.
6.8 Channel
The simulations are carried out on SUI, AWGN and Rayleigh channel. The results obtained from the simulating through these channels are given in the results section of this chapter.
6.9 Equalization
Equalization is done by inverse filtering .The coefficients are estimated by sending a training sequence and using the LMS algorithm.
The data is converter from parallel to serial using a reshape command. Matlab Command: spread=reshape(spread8,1,datalength*codelength);
6.12 DE spreading
The data is de-spreaded by multiplying and adding it with the same sequence with which it was spreaded. Matlab Code: if(sum(demoddata(1,1+codelength*(i-1):codelength*i).*orthcodes(1,:))>0) dmoddataa(1,i)=1; else dmoddataa(1,i)=-1; end
6.14 BER Plots The transmitted and received data is compared to make a BER plot. The BER is equal to
the total number of errors in transmission divided by the total number of transmitted bits. The BER is calculated for different values of SNR .The decibel plot is used to make the plot. Matlab command semilogy(0:SNR_total,BER)
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In this section we have demonstrated the results of OFDM, CDMA and Equalization.
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6.16.3 Equalization:
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CHAPTER 7
Hardware Implementation 7.1 Hardware Specifications
OFDM-CDMA transceiver after successful simulation in MATLAB was implemented on Lyrtech SFF SDR platform. As mentioned before it has three main modules but main module used in this project is Digital Processing Module in which there is a: 1) Virtex-4 XC4SX35 FPGA from Xilinx 2) TMS320DM6446 DMP SoC
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In the FPGA of the digital processing module, a VPSS data port module was implemented to interface with the DSP VPSS. To emulate video signals, Vsync and Hsync signals are generated by the VPFE of the FPGA interface. The FPGA VPBE uses the Ysync and Hsync signals generated by the DSP to synchronize the incoming data transfer. The block diagram of the VPSS connection between the FPGA and the DSP is illustrated below.
The data bus in the FPGA of the digital processing module is 32 bits and the VPSS module of the DM6446 DSP bus is 16 bits. The VPBE and the VPFE were implemented
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using a 1024 x 32- bit clock domain crossing and bus width conversion FIFO, as well as the logic necessary for synchronization and control.
Data on the VPSS is formatted in a video frame buffer structure. Each frame is separated by a Ysync(VD) pulse. A frame contains one or many lines separated by Hsync(HD) pulse. The following figure illustrates a frame containing two Jines of four data words. Each frame can hold up to eight data words. Each frame also contains a blank line not containing data
They are described below: Int32 VPBE_Jni't (Uint32 aNblinePerFrame, Uint32 aNbDWordPerline, struct _INTERNAL_BUFFER_HEADER *AllocatedBuffer[20], Uint8 NbBuffer)
This function configures the VPBE channel to communicate with the FPGA. Parameters: aNbLinePerFrame Line per frame (within the VSYNC period). Valid range is (1- 2). aNbDWordPerLine Number of 32-bit data words per line (within the HSYNC period).
The transmitted length is always NbDWordPerLine + 1 {to account for header). Valid range is (8- 512) AllocatedBuffer User supplied buffer. Not supported must be NULL.
NbBuffer Number of frame buffer to create. Using many Frame buffer allow the driver to accept many transfer request that will be automatically sequenced and processed by the driver
Returns:
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lnt32 VPBE_SendBuffer {Uint32 *Buffer, Uint32 BufferLength) This function sends data to the VPBE.The data is splitted to fit into frame buffer. The frame size and line size depends on the parameters used to configure the VPBE.
Parameters: Buffer pointer to the user buffer containing data to send. BufferLength Length of user data to send ( 32 bits words unit) Returns: 0: the request was successfully processed. Note: The function returns when all the data has been transferred.
lnt32 VPFE_GetBuffer {Uint32 Bufferln, lnt32 BufferLength) This function gets data from the VPFE. The number of 32 bits read by the function is defined by the function parameter Bufferlength. The function will not return until there is Bufferlength data in the buffer pointed by Bufferln.
Parameters: Bufferln Pointer to the user buffer where to store data. Bufferlength Length of data to read from the VPFE. Returns: 0: the request was successfully processed.
Note: The function returns only when all data has been copied into the user buffer.
Uint32 VPFE_Init (Uint32 aNblinePerFrame, Uint32 aNbDWordPerline, struct S_INTERNAL_BUFFER_HEADER AllocatedBuffer[20L Uint8 NbBuffer)
This function configures the VPFE channel to communicate with the FPGA .
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Parameters: aNblinePerFrame Line per frame (within the VSYNC period). Valid range is (1-2) . aNbDWordPe.rline Number of 32-bit data words per line (within the HSYNC period).
The transmitted length is always NbDWordPerline + 1 ( to account for header). Valid range is (8- 512) AllocatedBuffer User supplied buffer. not supported must be NULL. NbBuffer Number of frame buffer to create. Using many Frame buffer allow the driver to accept many transfer request that will be automatically sequenced and processed by the driver.
Returns: 1: Initialization was succesfull, 0: Initialization failed. Note: See user's manual on how to optimize the VPFE configuration.
7.4.3 VPBE
The first step in sending data is to receive a free frame buffer from the driver. This is achieved by calling the following function: C Command: Int32 VPBE_GetFreeFrameBuffer (struct S_FRAME_BUFFER
*FrameBuf) The second step in sending data is to place data in the frame buffer. Use the line buffers address and length information to perform this step. The final step in sending data is to send the data by returning the frame buffer to the driver. C Command: Int32 VPBE_SendFrameBuffer (struct S_FRAME_BUFFER *FrameBuf); The functions can be used asynchronously. For example, if the driver is configured with ten buffers, it is possible to call VPBE_GetFreeFrameBuffer ten times before calling VPBE_SendFrameBuffer.
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7.4.4 VPFE
The first step in receiving data from the VPFE is to call the following function: C Command: Int32 VPFE_GetFrameBuffer (struct S_FRAME_BUFFER *FrameBuf); The second step in receiving data is to read the data from the frame buffer. Use the line buffers address and length information to perform this step. The final step in receiving data is to return the frame buffer to the driver with the following function: C Command: Int32 VPFE_ReleaseFrameBuffer (Uint32 HandleId); As with the VPBE, the function can be used asynchronously.
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The ChipScope Pro Serial I/O Toolkit provides a fast, easy, and interactive setup and debug of serial I/O channels in high-speed FPGA designs. The ChipScope Pro Serial I/O Toolkit allows to take bit-error ratio (BER) measurements on multiple channels and adjust high-speed serial transceiver parameters in real-time while your serial I/O channels interact with the rest of the system.
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As it is clear from the above figure that this figure is very much like that of simulation results as shown in Simulation part.
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CHAPTER 8
Analysis and Results 8.1 Comparison on the Basis of BER
To analyze the results obtained both in simulations and hardware implementation a lot of varying types of comparisons were performed as shown:
8.1.1 Comparison of OFDM-CDMA with OFDM and CDMA in AWGN Channel With the SNR varying from 0 to 15 in AWGN channel the results of the comparison between OFDM-CDMA, OFDM and CDMA are shown in the following figure:
In the above figure blue line representing OFDM-CDMA clearly shows that it outperforms individually OFDM and CDMA in terms of BER in the same conditions.
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8.1.2 Comparison of OFDM-CDMA with OFDM and CDMA in Rayleigh Fading Channel With the SNR varying from 0 to 15 in Rayleigh Fading channel the results of the comparison between OFDM-CDMA, OFDM and CDMA are shown in the following figure:
Here again it is clear in the above figure that blue line representing OFDM-CDMA clearly shows that it outperforms individually OFDM and CDMA in terms of BER in the same conditions.
With the SNR varying from 0 to 15 in SUI 6 channel the results of the comparison between OFDM-CDMA, OFDM and CDMA are shown in the following figure:
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SUI 6 channel provides the same parameters as in the real time environment as discussed earlier but it is clear from the results shown above that OFDM-CDMA still outperform individual OFDM and CDMA.
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Figure 8.4 Hardware Utilizations and Trade-Offs The bargraph above shows that although BER provided by OFDM-CDMA is much better but it uses almost 3 to 4 times greater number of hardware resources and its tranceiver is much complicated as compared to individual OFDM and CDMA.
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9.1 Equalization
One of the main problems faced during simulations and implementation was the decision of Equalization which was tackled by the method of Inverse filtering with the use of channel estimation through training sequence.
Figure 9.1 Use of Training Sequence for Estimation of Channel Coefficients After this process of Equalization through channel estimation the normal process of receiver part begins.
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CHAPTER 10 CONCLUSION
SDR platforms came into existence with their first generation around 20042006. Technology has progressed since then and there have been significant improvements in signal processing performance, connectivity, and in the quality of RF components such as mixers and data converters. Now it has become possible to implement most narrowband communication schemes (e.g., GSM) though not without significant effort and expertise. Our work has contributed as a module to this extensive work underway on SDR. We have successfully developed OFDM-CDMA prototype module in simulation and have implemented it reasonable results on SDR; which can now be used for academic and industrial research programs. In recent years technology has moved towards 3G and 4G wireless communication systems particularly in our country and this research prototype of 4G could be a reasonable contribution in near future due to successful comparison which we have gained between simulation and implementation results, because OFDM-CDMA outperforms other downlink techniques currently being used as shown by the BER plots and as the number of users increase its performance increases too. SDR platforms were previously challenged by increasing bandwidths, reducing minimum signal strengths, and reducing maximum allowable error vector magnitudes. But now application specific SDR platforms are being constructed with a combination of available technologies.
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CHAPTER 11 APPLICATIONS
3G and 4G wireless systems are being driven by the desire to support innovative broadband multimedia services. Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing Code Division Multiple Access (OFDM-CDMA) schemes can meet such demand, so they are broadly considered as effective methods for future wireless multimedia communications. Since variant OFDM-CDMA schemes will coexist for a long time, reconfigurable multimode transceivers (SDRs), which are compatible with OFDM-CDMA schemes, are indispensable for base station and mobile station. Some of the applications are listed below. Platform for 4G Communication Downlink (base to mobile) Communication High Data Rate UWB Systems such as WPAN
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Following are some recommendations for future work: 1) This OFDM-CDMA system can be implemented on SDR for wireless channel using RF module 2) This OFDM-CDMA system prototype can also be implemented for Broadband communication using suitable scheme such as BPSK or QPSK 3) Other implementations of IFFT can be used to increase the speed of the system 4) Hardware should be easily available and technical support must also be available for students 5) Latest version of Software and Hardware should be bought 6) Technical help of Software is really necessary for any student working on SDR 7) Error correction codes like turbo codes can be used to improve the performance for increased SNR 8) Other Equalization schemes rather than Training Sequence and Inverse filters can be used 9) Rake Receiver can be used instead of Equalization to check for better performance 10) Methods to reduce ICI should be used for future projects 11) Synchronization schemes should be adopted for OFDM to develop a system for real time environment applications 12) Walsh Codes for CDMA can be assigned to users in a random manner to improve security 13) Reconfigurable transceivers using OFDM-CDMA can be developed for SDR 14) MIMO-OFDM-CDMA Systems can be developed using SDR-SDR Implementation
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REFERENCES
1. OFDM-CDMA versus DS-CDMA: Performance Evaluation for Fading Channels Stefan Kaiser, German Aerospace Research Establishment (DLR), Institute for Communications Technology 2. A New System Structure to Reduce PAPR in the OFDM-CDMA Chen Ying, Ren Lixiang, Long Teng, Beijing Institute of Technology 3. A Novel Approach of Spreading Spectrum in OFDM Systems, Pingzhou Tu Xiaojing Huang, Eryk Dutkiewicz, University of Wollongong, Australia 4. PERFORMANCE EVALUATION OF CODE-SPREAD OFDM (OFDM-CDMA) WITH ERROR CONTROL CODING Muthanna AI-Mahmoud, MichaelD Zoltowski, Purdue University IN 47907-2035 5. I. Perez-Alvarez, I. Raos andetaI, "Interactive Digital Voiceover HF" in 9th International Conference on HF Radio Systems and
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