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Data and Computer Data and Computer

Communications Communications
Eighth Edition Eighth Edition
by William Stallings by William Stallings
Lecture slides by Lawrie Brown Lecture slides by Lawrie Brown
Chapter 2 - ProtocoI Architecture, Chapter 2 - ProtocoI Architecture,
TCP/IP, and Internet-Based TCP/IP, and Internet-Based
AppIications AppIications
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ProtocoI Architecture, ProtocoI Architecture,
TCP/IP, and Internet-Based TCP/IP, and Internet-Based
AppIications AppIications

To destrov communication completelv, there To destrov communication completelv, there

must be no rules in common between must be no rules in common between
transmitter and receiverneither of alphabet transmitter and receiverneither of alphabet
nor of svntax On Human Communication nor of svntax On Human Communication, ,
Colin Cherry Colin Cherry
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Need For Need For ProtocoI ProtocoI
Architecture Architecture

data exchange can involve complex data exchange can involve complex
procedures, cf. file transfer example procedures, cf. file transfer example

better if task broken into subtasks better if task broken into subtasks

implemented separately in layers in stack implemented separately in layers in stack

each layer provides functions needed to each layer provides functions needed to
perform comms for layers above perform comms for layers above

using functions provided by layers below using functions provided by layers below

peer layers communicate with a protocol peer layers communicate with a protocol
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Key EIements of a ProtocoI Key EIements of a ProtocoI

syntax - data format syntax - data format

semantics - control info & error handling semantics - control info & error handling

timing - speed matching & sequencing timing - speed matching & sequencing


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TCP/IP ProtocoI Architecture TCP/IP ProtocoI Architecture

developed by US Defense Advanced developed by US Defense Advanced

Research Project Agency (DARPA) Research Project Agency (DARPA)

for ARPANET packet switched network for ARPANET packet switched network

used by the global nternet used by the global nternet

protocol suite comprises a large collection protocol suite comprises a large collection
of standardized protocols of standardized protocols
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SimpIified Network SimpIified Network
Architecture Architecture
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TCP/IP Layers TCP/IP Layers

no official model but a working one no official model but a working one

Application layer Application layer

Host-to-host, or transport layer Host-to-host, or transport layer

nternet layer nternet layer

Network access layer Network access layer

Physical layer Physical layer

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PhysicaI Layer PhysicaI Layer

concerned with physical interface between concerned with physical interface between
computer and network computer and network

concerned with issues like: concerned with issues like:

characteristics of transmission medium characteristics of transmission medium

signal levels signal levels

data rates data rates

other related matters other related matters

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Network Access Layer Network Access Layer

exchange of data between an end system exchange of data between an end system
and attached network and attached network

concerned with issues like : concerned with issues like :

destination address provision destination address provision

invoking specific services like priority invoking specific services like priority

access to & routing data across a network link access to & routing data across a network link
between two attached systems between two attached systems

allows layers above to ignore link specifics allows layers above to ignore link specifics
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Internet Layer (IP) Internet Layer (IP)

routing functions across multiple networks routing functions across multiple networks

for systems attached to different networks for systems attached to different networks

using P protocol using P protocol

implemented in end systems and routers implemented in end systems and routers

routers connect two networks and relays routers connect two networks and relays
data between them data between them
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Transport Layer (TCP) Transport Layer (TCP)

common layer shared by all applications common layer shared by all applications

provides reliable delivery of data provides reliable delivery of data

in same order as sent in same order as sent

commonly uses TCP commonly uses TCP

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AppIication Layer AppIication Layer

provide support for user applications provide support for user applications

need a separate module for each type of need a separate module for each type of
application application


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Operation of TCP and IP Operation of TCP and IP
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Addressing Requirements Addressing Requirements

two levels of addressing required two levels of addressing required

each host on a subnet needs a unique each host on a subnet needs a unique
global network address global network address

its P address its P address

each application on a (multi-tasking) host each application on a (multi-tasking) host

needs a unique address within the host needs a unique address within the host

known as a port known as a port

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Operation of TCP/IP Operation of TCP/IP
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Transmission ControI ProtocoI Transmission ControI ProtocoI
( (TCP) TCP)

usual transport layer is (TCP) usual transport layer is (TCP)

provides a reliable connection for transfer of provides a reliable connection for transfer of
data between applications data between applications

a TCP segment is the basic protocol unit a TCP segment is the basic protocol unit

TCP tracks segments between entities for TCP tracks segments between entities for
duration of each connection duration of each connection


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TCP Header TCP Header
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User Datagram ProtocoI User Datagram ProtocoI
(UDP) (UDP)

an alternative to TCP an alternative to TCP

no guaranteed delivery no guaranteed delivery

no preservation of sequence no preservation of sequence

no protection against duplication no protection against duplication

minimum overhead minimum overhead

adds port addressing to P adds port addressing to P

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UDP Header UDP Header
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IP Header IP Header


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IPv6 Header IPv6 Header
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TCP/IP AppIications TCP/IP AppIications

have a number of standard TCP/P have a number of standard TCP/P

applications such as applications such as

Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP) Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP)

File Transfer Protocol (FTP) File Transfer Protocol (FTP)

Telnet Telnet
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Some TCP/IP ProtocoIs Some TCP/IP ProtocoIs
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OSI OSI

Open Systems nterconnection Open Systems nterconnection

developed by the nternational developed by the nternational

Organization for Standardization (SO) Organization for Standardization (SO)

has seven layers has seven layers

is a theoretical system delivered too late! is a theoretical system delivered too late!

TCP/P is the de facto standard TCP/P is the de facto standard

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OSI Layers OSI Layers
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OSI v TCP/IP OSI v TCP/IP
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Standardized ProtocoI Standardized ProtocoI
Architectures Architectures
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Layer Specific Standards Layer Specific Standards


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Service Primitives and Service Primitives and
Parameters Parameters

define services define services

between adjacent between adjacent
layers using: layers using:

primitives to specify primitives to specify

function performed function performed

parameters to pass parameters to pass

data and control info data and control info
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Primitive Types Primitive Types
REQUEST A primitive issued by a service user to invoke some
service and to pass the parameters needed to speciIy
Iully the requested service
INDICATION A primitive issued by a service provider either to:
indicate that a procedure has been invoked by the peer
service user on the connection and to provide the
associated parameters, or
notiIy the service user oI a provider-initiated action
RESPONSE A primitive issued by a service user to acknowledge or
complete some procedure previously invoked by an
indication to that user
CONFIRM A primitive issued by a service provider to acknowledge
or complete some procedure previously invoked by a
request by the service user
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TraditionaI vs MuItimedia TraditionaI vs MuItimedia
AppIications AppIications

traditionally nternet dominated by info traditionally nternet dominated by info

retrieval applications retrieval applications

typically using text and image transfer typically using text and image transfer

eg. email, file transfer, web eg. email, file transfer, web

see increasing growth in multimedia see increasing growth in multimedia

applications applications

involving massive amounts of data involving massive amounts of data

such as streaming audio and video such as streaming audio and video
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EIastic and IneIastic Traffic EIastic and IneIastic Traffic

elastic traffic elastic traffic

can adjust to delay & throughput changes can adjust to delay & throughput changes
over a wide range over a wide range

eg. traditional "data style TCP/P traffic eg. traditional "data style TCP/P traffic

some applications more sensitive though some applications more sensitive though

inelastic traffic inelastic traffic

does not adapt to such changes does not adapt to such changes

eg. "real-time voice & video traffic eg. "real-time voice & video traffic

need minimum requirements on net arch need minimum requirements on net arch


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MuItimedia TechnoIogies MuItimedia TechnoIogies
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Summary Summary

introduced need for protocol architecture introduced need for protocol architecture

TCP/P protocol architecture TCP/P protocol architecture

OS Model & protocol architecture OS Model & protocol architecture

standardization standardization

traditional vs multimedia application needs traditional vs multimedia application needs