IPN ESIME TICOMN ING. AERONUTICA ACAD.

ELCTRICA/ELECTRNICA SISTEMAS ELECTRNICOS DIGITALES UNIDADES III y IV

The difference between a microprocessor and a microcontroller lies in the presence of RAM, ROM, and other peripherals in a microcontroller. A microprocessor only contains the CPU and lacks the other components. A microcontroller (sometimes abbreviated C, uC or MCU) is a small computer on a single integrated circuit containing a processor core, memory, and programmable input/output As of December 2011, eight-bit microprocessors have the lowest cost and fewest features; 64-bit processors, on the other hand, represent the state of the art and have features such as floating-point arithmetic and on-chip cache memory Compared to microprocessors, microcontrollers tend to have simpler software dedicated to one particular task A circuit called a clock generates high-frequency electronic pulses used to synchronize all the activities in a microprocessor. Generally, the faster a processor's clock speed, the better its performance; however, faster clock rates also mean more power consumption, so battery-powered devices such as cell phones have moderate clock speeds. Simpler microprocessors and microcontrollers have speeds in the 500kHz-to-2MHz range. Newer and more sophisticated chips peak at between two and four GHz. At greater speeds, chips generate so much heat that cooling becomes a serious problem.

Eight-bit microcontrollers typically have 16-bit memory addresses capable of accessing between a few hundred bytes and a few kilobytes of RAM memory, and up to tens of kilobytes of ROM or flash memory. As address sizes increase from 16 to 32 and 42 bits, the processors memory range increases to 4GB and 4TB (terabytes), respectively.

Microprocessors are used to execute big and generic applications, while a microcontroller will only be used to execute a single task within one application A microcontroller is a small and low-cost computer built for the purpose of dealing with specific tasks, such as displaying information in a microwave LED or receiving information from a televisions remote control As Mentioned in the figures, Microcontroller and microprocessor both have got CPU, ALU and registers (PC, IR, etc). Microcontroller and microprocessor have address bus, data bus and control bus. Address bus carry data which point to specific locations on memory/external devices. Data bus carries data. Control bus carry control signals. The architecture of a typical microcontroller is complex and may include the following:

Elabor: M. en C. Jorge Sandoval Lezama

Marzo 2014

IPN ESIME TICOMN ING. AERONUTICA ACAD. ELCTRICA/ELECTRNICA SISTEMAS ELECTRNICOS DIGITALES UNIDADES III y IV
1. 2. 3. A CPU, ranging from simple 4-bit to complex 64-bit processers. Peripherals such as timers, event counters and watchdog. RAM (volatile memory) for data storage. The data is stored in the form of registers, and the general-purpose

registers store information that interacts with the arithmetic logical unit (ALU). 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. ROM, EPROM, EEPROM or flash memory for program and operating parameter storage. Programming capabilities. Serial input/output such as serial ports. A clock generator for resonator, quartz timing crystal or RC circuit. Analog-to-digital convertors. Serial ports.

10. Data bus to carry information. Microprocessors have one/two types of bit handling instructions while Micro controllers have many. Microprocessor is used for general purpose applications while microcontroller is program specific and designed for particular application in consideration. Microprocessors have one/two types of bit handling instructions while Micro controllers have many. Microprocessor is used for general purpose applications while microcontroller is program specific and designed for particular application in consideration. Voltage Reduction This method utilizes the fact that E U2 that is, the energy consumption is proportional to the square of the operating voltage. Hence, a reduction of the operating voltage has a significant impact on the power consumption. Unfortunately, it is not possible to reduce the voltage arbitrarily. The controller is generally specified for a certain voltage range. If the voltage drops below this level, the controller may behave arbitrarily. The mnimum voltage that still allows the controller to function correctly depends on the environmental conditions Since microcontrollers seldomly have d/a converters on-chip, controlling the speed of the motor by adjusting the voltage level requires external analog hardware. Fortunately, however, it is also possible to adjust the speed of a DC motor with a digital PWM signal. The idea here is to utilize the inertia of the motor to obtain a relatively constant speed The PWM signal will turn the motor on and off very fast. If the PWM signal is fast enough, the motor will be turned off before it reaches its full speed, and will be turned on again before it drops to zero speed. So on the average, the motor will attain a speed that is proportional to the duty ratio of the PWM signal, that is, v THI/TPWM. The period of the PWM signal is generally within 1-20 kHz. The shorter the period, the smoother the motor rotation will become. If the period is too small, however, then the motor will not be able to attain its intended speed anymore Characteristics of the motor, like its speed-torque curve, which gives the relationship between the speed of a motor and the torque it can employ to move a load. As a rule of thumb, the higher the speed of a DC motor, the smaller its torque Embedded System: A major application area for microcontrollers are embedded systems. In embedded systems, the control unit is integrated into the system3. As an example, think of a cellphone, where the controller is included in the device. This is easily recognizable as an embedded system. On the other hand, if you use a normal PC in a factory to control an assembly line, this also meets many of the definitions of an embedded system. The same PC, however, equipped with a normal operating system and used by the night guard to kill time is certainly no embedded system.

Elabor: M. en C. Jorge Sandoval Lezama

Marzo 2014

IPN ESIME TICOMN ING. AERONUTICA ACAD. ELCTRICA/ELECTRNICA SISTEMAS ELECTRNICOS DIGITALES UNIDADES III y IV
Real-Time System: Controllers are frequently used in real-time systems, where the reaction to an event has to occur within a specified time. This is true for many applications in aerospace, railroad, or automotive areas, e.g., for brake-bywire in cars. Embedded Processor: This term often occurs in association with embedded systems, and the differences to controllers are often very blurred. In general, the term embedded processor is used for high-end devices (32 bits), whereas controller is traditionally used for low-end devices (4, 8, 16 bits). Motorola for example files its 32 bit controllers under the term 32-bit embedded processors. Digital Signal Processor (DSP): Signal processors are used for applications that need to no surprise here process signals. An important area of use are telecommunications, so your mobile phone will probably contain a DSP. Such processors are designed for fast addition and multiplication, which are the key operations for signal processing. Since tasks which call for a signal processor may also include control functions, many vendors offer hybrid solutions which combine a controller with a DSP on one chip, like Motorolas DSP56800. Example: Watchdog Timer A popular example for a watchdog operating properly and successfully recognizing a program error while at the same time being unable to do anything about it is NASAs Mars Pathfinder mission of 1997. The Pathfinder successfully landed on the surface and began its mission of gathering data. However, after a couple of days, it began to experience system resets which entailed data loss. As it turned out, the reason lay with the watchdog timer: The operating system, the embedded real-time system VxWorks, used the priority inheritance protocol to manage access to mutually exclusive sections (which may only be executed by at most one task at any time). However, this protocol suffers from the so-called priority inversion problem, which can cause a high-priority task to be delayed by a task of lower priority. This occured in the pathfinder mission, and since the delayed high-priority task was responsible for resetting the watchdog, the watchdog timed out and reset the system. This was actually not a bad idea, even though it cost NASA some data, since in a way it did resolve the situation. However, the reset did not remove the cause of the problem, which simply arose from the conditions on Mars, so the problem occured again and again.

B e ll-B oei ng t o de sig n new i nt eg r at e d avi onic s pr oc es s or f or V -22 O s pr ey t il trot or ai rc r aft Posted by John Keller, April 18, 2010, http://www.militaryaerospace.com/articles/2010/04/bell-boeing-to-design-newintegrated-avionics-processor-for-v-22-osprey-tiltrotor-aircraft.html PATUXENT RIVER NAS, Md., 18 April 2010. U.S. Navy avionics experts are looking to the Bell-Boeing Joint Project Office in Amarillo, Texas, to design a new integrated avionics processor into the U.S. Marine Corps MV-22 and U.S. Air Force CV-22 tiltrotor aircraft. Bell-Boeing won a $42.1 million contract Thursday from the Naval Air Systems Command at Patuxent River Naval Air Station, Md., to develop, qualify, test, and integrate a new avionics processor for the Marine Corps and Air Force versions of the V-22 Osprey tiltrotor.

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Marzo 2014

IPN ESIME TICOMN ING. AERONUTICA ACAD. ELCTRICA/ELECTRNICA SISTEMAS ELECTRNICOS DIGITALES UNIDADES III y IV
The new integrated avionics processor for the MV-22 will resolve electronics obsolescence issues, add new network capabilities, increase data throughput for the Osprey's legacy Mil-STD-1553 avionics data bus, and re-host mission computer capabilities to enhance avionics and operations readiness for the V-22 program, Navy officials say.
The V-22 avionics system is based around a MIL-STD-1553 network. Network speeds, like processor speeds, have grown

exponentially over the past decade. Aircraft platforms are starting to implement gigabit per second networks, which are 1000 times faster than MIL-STD-1553. The increased bandwidth of these newer technologies makes possible new and more advanced technology insertion not currently supported by the MIL-STD-I 553 format. F -22 avi oni cs des ig ne rs r ely on obs ol e s ce nt el e c tr oni c s, but pl an f or f ut ur e upg r ade s By J.R. Wilson May 1, 2001 http://www.militaryaerospace.com/articles/print/volume-12/issue-5/news/f-22-avionicsdesigners-rely-on-obsolescent-electronics-but-plan-for-future-upgrades.html The U.S. Air Force's new F-22 Raptor advanced tactical fighter is finally preparing to move into production after more than a decade of development. In the process its avionics architecture has passed through at least three cycles of obsolescence and relies on an Intel microprocessor the i960MX that went out of production four years ago. There is nothing unusual about that, of course; the time frame for developing, testing, and producing a new military aircraft far exceeds the confines of Moore's Law, as well as the confines of commercial development, production, and eventual obsolescence of microprocessors. The F-22 avionics suite represented by Block 3.0 provides and controls the aircraft's "first look, first shot, first kill" warfighting capability to accurately acquire, track, identify and engage multiple targets. It also enables the Raptor to automatically detect and defeat incoming missiles by initiating counter-measures."Block 3 is the first sensor fusion software, fusing all the sensors on the airplane to give the pilot the most information long before the bad guy sees him," Harris says. "That is the heart of F-22 avionics." The i960 is about 30 million operations per second. What we get in the end is about one billion instructions per second for data processing and about 3 billion per second for signal processing

Boeing 787 Uses ProASIC 3 and ProASICPLUS FPGAs for Flight-Critical Applications Thu, Jan 21st, 2010. In Electronic Design Automation, EDA, IC, Chip, SoC, Programmable Logic The low-power ProASIC(R)3 and ProASICPLUS(R) FPGA families designed into flight-critical applications on the new Boeing 787 Dreamliner commercial airliner. Flight computers, cockpit displays, engine control and monitoring systems, braking systems, safety warning systems, cabin pressurization and air conditioning systems, and power control and distribution systems all make use of Actels highly-reliable flash-based FPGAs. The commercial aircraft successfully completed its maiden test flight on December 15, 2009. Actels flash-based FPGAs are immune to neutron-induced configuration upsets. For an avionic system designer, this immunity is essential because the occurrence of troublesome neutron radiation is approximately 150 times higher at commercial aviation altitudes than at sea level. Particularly detrimental in safety-critical aerospace applications, radiation-induced configuration upsets can cause SRAM-based FPGAs to lose vital configuration data and consequently behave unpredictably

Elabor: M. en C. Jorge Sandoval Lezama

Marzo 2014

IPN ESIME TICOMN ING. AERONUTICA ACAD. ELCTRICA/ELECTRNICA SISTEMAS ELECTRNICOS DIGITALES UNIDADES III y IV

Elabor: M. en C. Jorge Sandoval Lezama

Marzo 2014