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II. Convolution in time (distance) domain and d frequency f (wave ( number) b ) domain d i
The convolution ( (or Faltung) g ) of two function x(t) ( ) and y( y(t) ) is defined by :
z (t ) =
z (t ) = x (t ) * y (t )
Example
z (t ) =
z ( t ) = x ( t ) * y ( t ) = t x k y k
k =1
x ( ) e
y ( ) e
i t
FT
x ( ) =
x (t )e
i t
dt
i t
FT
y ( ) =
y ( t ) e i t dt
x ( ) e
d y (t ) d
x ( )
y ( t ) e i d d
Substitution:
Hence:
1 z (t ) = 2
x ( )
y ( ) e i ( t ) d d
or:
1 z (t ) = 2
x ( )
y ( ) e i d e i t d
Y ( )
Finally :
1 z (t ) = 2
X ( )Y ( ) e
i t
1 = 2
i t Z ( ) e d
Z ( )
It means:
z (t ) = x (t ) * y (t ) z ( t ) = x ( t ). y ( t )
FT
Z ( ) = X ( ).Y ( )
FT
1 Z ( ) = X ( ) * Y ( ) 2
SAMPLING THEORY
Di Discrete t function f ti
Discrete function xn
2. x(t) is equivalent with xn if there is no loss information during SAMPLING process 3 Wh 3. When a function f ti will ill be b sampled l d using i t i interval t l t should be chosen small enough, so
X(f)
f > fc
=0
So we have:
f f c
SAMPLING THEOREM valid for both of p periodic and non-periodic p function NYQUIST THEOREM 4. Aliasing A function cant be reconstructed from its sampling value if the function has frequency larger than nyquist freq. There is loss information or get new function with low frequency due to t too high
Frequency Aliasing
CORRELATION
Introduction
In correlation : needed d d signal i l information i f ti (recognize) more than filtering Example: It will be better if shape of signal known well or have better estimation of the signal So : The signal can be detected after disturbed by noise
One of correlation advantage from filtering: if signal and noise have : - same frequency band/amplitude spectrum - different in phase spectrum Correlation condition is enough for signal and noise separation
Correlation :
1. Cross Correlation :
The cross correlation function (CCF) of two aperiodic function x(t) and y(t) is defined by :
z (t ) =
x ( ). y ( t + ) d
-a a
The area under the product of Y(-t+) and x() is the value Of the CCF at time t = -t
z xy z
yx
2. Cross-correlation between Si(t) and p(t) is convolution between Si( (t) ) and time reverse of p(t) p( ) (its ( mirror image) g ) So: Cross correlation function (CCF) is to measure similarity/conformity of two function after movement of one of the function. The movement can be pos (+) or neg (-) CCF between x(t) and y(t) : CCFmax will be at time t0 in which y(t0+t) is best similarity with x(t) Interpretation of CCF result: - Quantitative - Qualitative normalization of CCF by CCFmax on t = t0 :
xy (t 0 )
n xy =
xy (t ) xy (t 0 )
So, that can be analyzed : - time t0 position in which conformity is highest - its it shape h changes h from f conform f to t un-conform f
Characteristic of CCF in Frequency q y Domain : - function q(t), p(t) and si(t) with q(t) = p(-t) - Convolution in time domain is multiplication in freq domain
So :
fsiq ( f ) = Si ( f ). ) Q( f )
Si ( f )
is FT of si(t) and
Q( f )
is FT of q(t)
Due to CCF si(t) and p(t) is CF si(t) and q(t), so CCF in frequency domain :
Qsiq ( f ) = Si ( f ).P*( f )
P*(f) is conjugate of Q(f)
2. Auto-Correlation
Auto-correlation Auto correlation is special case of correlation function (CF) that given by:
pp (t ) =
In frequency eque cy do domain: a
p ( ). ) p (t + ) d
P,P ( f ) = P( f ).P*( f )
Multiplication between two(2) ( ) conjugate j g complex function will have no phase spectrum (zero), and :
P,P ( f ) = A( f )
So: Autocorrelation function only has Amplitude spectrum (no information of phase spectrum) Autocorrelation function is fully defined by Amplitude Spectrum (energy) that independent to its phase.
ACF
to measure what the conformity of a function with its duplicate p after movement to measure the conformity (or conformity of mirror image) different part of a function
xx(t) xx(0)
- ACF max at t=0 - At t=0, t=0 both of the function are coincidence
ACF
xx(t) = xx(t)
y(t ) = yn (t tn ) n=1 xk xk +n1 n=1
5 Di 5. Discrete t ACF
x(t ) =
xn (t tn ) n=1
CCF discrete
xy (tn ) = t xk yk +n1
n=1
ACF (t ) = t discrete xx n
S(t) : signal shape from source S0(t) = aS(t - t0) : true signal n(t) : Noise x(t) = S0(t) + n(t) : Seismogram sx(t) : Correlogram (CCF)
Process:
We know S(t)
we get ss(t)
estimated a and t0
x(t) moved
sx (t ) = a S ( )S (t + t0 )d + S ( )n(t + )d
sn (t )
ss (t t0 )
So :
sx (t ) = ass (t t0 ) + sn (t )
ss (t t0 ) sx (t ) a ss (0)
sx (t ) ass (t t0 )
Where :
ss (t t0 )max = ss (0)
Hence :
sx (t0 ) = a
So, t0 and a can be estimated It is fail if : 1. Signal and noise is similar 2. Noise is higher than signal at close to t0 Condition needed : 1. Signal g shape p should be known well or can be assumed 2. Spectral character of noise and signal should be difference in some matter at least phase spectrum This CCF process called as MATCHED FILTER filter optimal to split out signal from noise
Discrepancy between Vibroseis and dynamite a. Source resulted from vibrator with specific character and duration induced into the earth. Energy input per sec is smaller than dynamite, hence risk is smaller than do not show reflector pulse that split out, due to source wavelength is long enough. more complicated.
b. Seismogram Vibrogram
To get reflection signal in time and amplitude, conducted CCF between source (SWEEP) and VIBROGRAM