Antarctica

The countries claim sovereignty over parts of the territory are: Germany : Georg von Neumayer ( [show location on an interactive map ] 70 38'00 " S , 08 15'48 " W) Argentina : Belgrano II , Hope, Jubany , Marambio , Orkney , San Martin Australia : Casey, Davis, Mawson Brazil: Comandante Ferraz ( [show location on an interactive map ] 62 05'00 " S , 58 23'28 " W) . Chile : Escudero, Frei , O'Higgins, Prat China: Great Wall, Zhongshan South Korea: King Sejong ( [show location on an interactive map ] 62 13'24 " S , 58 47'21 " W) United States : Amundsen -Scott, McMurdo , Palmer France: Dumont D' Urville , Concordia , operated jointly with Italy. India: Maitri ( [show location on an interactive map ] 70 45'57 " S 11 44'09 " E) Italy: Concordia ( [show location on an interactive map ] 75 06'06 " S , 123 23'43 " E) , operated in conjunction with France. Japan : Syowa ( [show location on an interactive map ] 69 00'25 " S , 39 35'01 " E) . Norway: Troll [show location on an interactive map ] 72 0'7 " S , 2 32'2 " E New Zealand: Scott ( [show location on an interactive map ] 77 51'00 " S , 166 45'46 " E) . Poland: Henryk Arctowski ( [show location on an interactive map ] 62 09'45 " S , 58 27'45 " W) UK : Halley, Rothera Russia: Bellingshausen , Mirny , Molodezhnaya , Novolazarevskaya , Progress , Vostok South Africa: SANAE IV ( [show location on an interactive map ] 71 40'25 " S , 2 49'44 " W) Ukraine: Akademik Vernadsky ( [show location on an interactive map ] 65 14'43 " S , 64 15'24 " W) . Former British base Faraday, transferred to Ukraine on February 6, 1996 . Uruguay : Artigas, on King George Island ( [show location on an interactive map ] 62 11'04 " S , 58 54'09 " W) and ECARE Hope Bay , which operates only in summer.

Other countries operate research stations only in austral summer, as: Bulgaria: St. Clement of Ohrid ( [show location on an interactive map ] 62 38'29 " S , 60 21'53 " W) Ecuador : Pedro Vicente Maldonado Spain : Juan Carlos I, Gabriel de Castilla Finland: Aboa basis attached to the Swedish Wasa Peru : Machu Picchu

The base operated by summer countries also maintain bases in winter are: Germany : Dallmann , Kohnen Argentina : Brown , Camera, Disappointment, Matienzo , Melchior , Petrel , Spring

The warmest month average temperature is below 0 C. The weather called tundra, where the average of the warmest month exceeds 0 C. The average temperature of this region is -17 Celsius , and the lowest was recorded at the Russian Antarctic station Vostok, the July 21, 1983 , when the thermometer marked -89.2 C , the lowest temperature recorded on the surface of the Earth. These low temperatures are due not only to its location in the polar zone , but to his great average height and low solar radiation received . Moreover, between 80% and 90% of the radiation received is reflected by the ice , avoiding heating the surface.