2010 China International Conference on Electricity Distribution

Study on the measurement of power-transmission-line parameters with induced voltage

Hui Fu, Zhicheng Zhou, Xu Wei, Fengbo Tao
(Jiangsu Electric Power Research Institute Corporation Ltd. Nanjing, 211100, Jiangsu Province, China) Abstract -- Parameters of the power transmission line are the gist of the power system load flow calculation as well as the protection setting value, which are important in the proper arrangement of power system operation mode, the reliability and sensitivity improvement of the relay protection, etc. However, the measurement of the power transmission line parameters will be affected easily by the induced voltage when the traditional meter-method or the non-power frequency method is employed, and the measurement methods mentioned above are also limited by the additional power supply. Due to the induced voltage, the open circuit voltage and the short circuit current of the power transmission line can be measured, furthermore, the sequence parameters of the linear transmission lines are independent when the lines have the symmetrical parameters of the triple-phase, i.e. the certain sequence current (voltage) will only bring the same sequence voltage (current). As a result, the sequence impedance of the power transmission line can be solved by decomposing the induced voltage (current) into positive, negative and zero sequence respectively. By simulating the sequence impedance of the transmission line with lumped parameters in the PSCAD, the results indicate that the error between the induction-method and the meter-method is less than 10%. Sequence impedance simulation of quadruple circuit lines on same tower by induction-method was also carried out, it reveals that the sequence impedance of the transmission lines can be accurately calculated by the induction-method. A sequence impedance measuring instrument was also developed based on the induction-method, sequence impedance of the analog lines as well as the quadruple circuit lines on same tower was measured, and the result shows that the instrument is fit for the measurement of the transmission lines. Effect of the voltage amplitude dispersion on the induction-method-measurement is also discussed in this paper, results reveal that the error of the zero sequence impedance will be reduced under the large voltage amplitude dispersion. Keywords: -- multi-circuit lines on same tower, induced voltage, power-transmission-line parame- ter, sequence component decomposition

1. INTRODUCTION
As an important part of the power transmission line in the power system, whose power frequency parameters are the gist of the power system load flow calculations, the protection setting value, the operation mode and so on. Power frequency parameters of the transmission line are important in the proper arrangement of power system operation mode, the reliability and sensitivity improvement of the relay protection, etc.[1]-[3]. The traditional meter-method(TMM) and the non-power frequency method(NPFM) are usually used in the line parameters measurement nowadays. The TMM is simple, but the measurement will be affected easily by the induced voltage. In order to reduce the measurement error caused by the induced voltage, method of phase inversion based on TMM is proposed to improve the accuracy[4]-[6], however, which has the defects including complicated process, big equipment volume, heavy weight. The anti-interference ability of NPFM is better than the TMMs, but the non-power frequency induced voltage will also influence the measurement[7]-[9]. Tens of volts of the applied voltage is enough in the line parameters measurement by the TMM when there is no interference. Generally, the amplitude of induced voltage on the transmission line is hundreds to thousands of volts under the condition of multi-circuit lines on same tower, and which is enough to measure the transmission line parameters[10], [11]. Furthermore, the induced

2010 China International Conference on Electricity Distribution

voltage and induced current is employed in this paper to measure the line parameters, the power supply can be omitted and the equipment weight can be reduced under the induction-method(IM).

2. THEORETICAL ANALYSIS
The sequence parameters of the linear transmission lines are independent when the lines have the symmetrical parameters of the triple-phase, i.e. the certain sequence current (voltage) will only bring the same sequence voltage (current). As a result, the sequence impedance of the power transmission line can be solved by decomposing the induced voltage (current) into positive, negative and zero sequence respectively. A transmission line model with the lumped parameters is illustrated in figure 1, the induced voltage is applied by the isolation transformer. By grounding one terminal of the three phases and measuring the open circuit voltage as well as the short circuit current, the positive sequence

impedance and zero sequence impedance could be calculated by sequence decomposition, the results are shown in table 1. Sequence impedance calculation was also carried out by the TMM in the PSCAD, the results are listed in table2.
r [ohm] E0 #1 #2

Ka Ia Ea

Ca [uF]

Ra [ohm]

La [H]

r [ohm]

#1 #2

Kb Ib Eb

Cb [uF]

Rb [ohm]

Lb [H]

r [ohm]

#1 #2

Kc Ic Ec

Cc [uF]

Rc [ohm]

Lc [H]

Figure 1 Model of the transmission line with lumped parameters

No. 1 2 3 4

Table 1 Calculation results of the sequence impedance by IM Lumped parameters Impedance R() 7.5 7.5 7.5 2.5 L(mH) 35 17.5 35 35 C(F) 1 1 3 1 Positive 9.17+j13.30 8.93+j6.91 9.71+j13.82 4.67+j13.45 Negative 9.17+j13.30 8.93+j6.91 9.71+j13.82 4.67+j13.45 Zero 9.69+j13.94 9.55+j7.13 9.91+j14.01 4.96+j13.52

No. 1 2 3 4

Table2 Calculation results of the sequence impedance by TMM Lumped parameters Impedance R() 7.5 7.5 7.5 2.5 L(mH) 35 17.5 35 35 C(F) 1 1 3 1 Positive 9.21+j13.12 8.75+j7.04 9.97+j13.89 4.53+j13.17 Negative 9.21+j13.12 8.75+j6.94 9.97+j13.89 4.53+j13.17 Zero 9.23+j13.44 8.62+j6.43 9.53+j13.32 5.24+j12.98

From table 1 and table 2, it can be seen that there are little difference of the calculation results between the IM and the TMM when the lumped parameters are employed. Figure 2 is the line connection schematic diagram of quadruple circuit lines on same tower. In figure 2, A, B, and C are three substations, the length of line 2Y01 and line 2Y02 on same tower is 54.6km, the length of line 2Y05 and line 2Y06 on same tower

is 19.7km, the length of the four lines on the same tower is 11.65km. The TMM was employed here to measure the positive sequence impedance and the zero sequence impedance, results are shown in table 3. In table 3, Rp1 is the positive sequence resistance, Rp2 is the positive sequence reactance, Rz1 is the zero sequence resistance, Rz2 is the zero sequence reactance.

2010 China International Conference on Electricity Distribution

Figure 2 line connection schematic diagram of quadruple circuit lines on same tower Table 3 Impedance of quadruple circuit lines on same tower calculated by the TMM Line 2Y01 2Y02 2Y05 2Y06 Rp1/ 1.542 3.396 1.71 1.32 Rp2/ 15.812 24.591 8.521 7.917 Rz1/ 15.74 20.33 6.09 5.554 Rz2/ 49.522 77.619 27.535 25.182

line impedance by induction-method was developed based on the embedded industrial computer. By decomposing the open circuit voltage and short circuit current, the sequence impedance can be solved automatically. This instrument mainly contains voltage divider unit, current detector, automatic switchover circuit, signal processing circuit, industrial computer processing system, etc. which is shown in figure 3.

Impedances of the transmission line in figure 2 were also calculated by the IM, the positive sequence impedance and the zero sequence impedance are listed in table 4. The meanings of the Rp1, Rp2, Rz1, Rz2 are the same as which in table 3. Table 4 Impedance of quadruple circuit lines on same tower calculated by the IM Line 2Y01 2Y02 2Y05 2Y06 Rp1/ 1.68 2.98 1.52 1.13 Rp2/ 17.84 26.63 8.91 7.53 Rz1/ 16.43 18.93 6.76 4.82 Rz2/ 47.55 81.34 29.15 27.04

Figure 3 Transmission line impedance measurement instrument based on induction-method Impedances of a transmission lines composed of lumped elements were measured by the instrument. The transmission lines are illustrated in figure 4, which have the symmetrical parameters of the triple-phase, and the endings of the three phases were grounded. The lumped elements include the adjustable resistance, inductance and capacitance. One winding of the isolation transformer was series connected into the line, another winding was connected to the output terminal of the voltage regulator, consequently, the induced voltage on the line can be adjusted. As the interference in the lab was small and the amplitude of the induced voltage on the line was low, impedance of this line measured by NPFM is employed here as the reference.

From table 3 and table 4, it can be seen that the difference between the calculation results by IM and the experiment results by TMM is small, the induction-method is fit for the measurement of transmission line parameters. The error of the impedance between table 3 and table 4 mainly comes from: (1) Interference, reading error in the field experiment leads to the inaccuracy of the traditional meter-method measurement; (2) The height, space length of the transmission lines, and the soil resistivity in the simulation is not the same as the practical situation, which results in the error.

3. EXPERIMENT AND DISCUSS

An instrument measuring power transmission

Figure 4 schematic diagram of the measurement circuit

2010 China International Conference on Electricity Distribution

In this experiment, the lines positive sequence impedance and zero sequence impedance were measured by both the NPFM and the IM under different values of the resistance, inductance and capacitance, which is listed in table 5. From table 5,

it can be seen that the measurement results of the positive sequence impedance are almost the same by the two methods. Difference between the results of the zero sequence impedance is not larger than 5%.

Table 5 Impedance of the transmission line under different measuring method R z/ C / F R/ L/ mH Method Rp / NPFM 10.17+j14.50 10.69+ j14.76 1 7.5 35.5 IM 10.02+j14.38 10.30+ j14.10 NPFM 9.63+j9.64 10.07+ j9.79 1 7.5 23.3 IM 9.65+j9.33 9.71+ j8.41 NPFM 6.94+j7.25 7.37+ j7.45 1 5 17.5 IM 6.94+j7.07 6.74+j6.20 NPFM 4.34+j7.15 4.83+ j7.52 1.5 2.5 17.5 IM 4.42+j7.44 4.59+j7.41 NPFM 4.23+j4.78 4.54+j5.03 3 2.5 11.67 IM 4.28+j4.81 4.76+j4.17 Xy Sequence reactance by NFPM. Effect of the voltage amplitude dispersion on the induction-method-measurement is also researched in this paper, which is illustrated in figure 5. In figure 5, Rp1 is the positive sequence resistance, Rp2 is the positive sequence reactance, Rz1 is the zero sequence resistance, Rz2 is the zero sequence reactance. De is the voltage amplitude dispersion, which is defined as:
De = (U A U B ) 2 + (U B U C ) 2 + (U C U A ) 2

Where: UA Induced voltage amplitude of A phase; UB Induced voltage amplitude of B phase; UC Induced voltage amplitude of C phase. is the relative error of the sequence resistance or the sequence reactance, which is defined as:

Figure 5 Effect of the voltage amplitude dispersion on the IM measurement From figure 5, it can be seen that under different voltage amplitude dispersion, the relative error of the positive sequence impedance between IM and NPFM is less than 7.6%. However, when the difference between the voltage amplitude is small, the max relative error of the zero sequence resistance is up to 59%, and which of the zero sequence reactance is up to 44%. The large error is because that when the voltage amplitude of the three phases is close to each other, the amplitude of zero sequence current is very small, any small error caused by sampling or calculation will bring a strong influence to the result. In the practical condition, due to the different position of the three phase lines, probability of the induced voltage amplitude closing to each other is very small, it will not influence the accuracy

=
or:

Rg R y Ry Xg Xy Xy

Where: Rg Sequence resistance by IM; Ry Sequence resistance by NFPM; Xg Sequence reactance by IM;

2010 China International Conference on Electricity Distribution

of the results in the practical application. And if the voltage amplitude dispersion is increased, the relative error of the zero sequence impedance will be less than 10%. From figure 5, it also can be seen that the error of zero sequence impedance is larger than that of positive sequence impedance, this is due to that the common mode interference will be superposed when calculate the zero sequence parameters, nevertheless, if increase the amplitude of the induced voltage, i.e. reduce the ratio of the common mode interference, the accuracy of the measurement results will be improved. Impedances of line 2Y02 in figure 2 were also measured, the measurement methods include TMM, NFPM and IM, results are listed in table 6. In figure 6, Rp1 is the positive sequence resistance, Rp2 is the positive sequence reactance, Rz1 is the zero sequence resistance, Rz2 is the zero sequence reactance. Table 6 Measurement results of line Impedance under different measuring method aPositive sequence impedance Method Calculation TMM NFPM IM Rp2/ Rp1/ 2.98 26.63 3.396 24.591 Instrument didnt work due to the strong interference 3.605 24.616

due to the strong interference, whereas the instrument based on IM could overcome the influence by the strong interference.

4. CONCLUSIONS
The induction-method for measuring the impedance of power transmission line is proposed in this paper, by simulating the parameters of the transmission line with the induction-method and the traditional meter-method, it reveals that the induction-method is feasible. A transmission line impedance measurement instrument was developed, by comparing the measurement results with that measured by other methods, it reveals that the instrument based on induction-method is fit for the impedance measurement of the transmission line.

REFERENCES
[1] Li S, Fan C, and Yu W. Adaptive fault location algorithm for parallel transmission lines based on online calculated parameters[J]. Relay, 2005, 33(3): 66-71. Tang Z, Wang D, Deng C, et al. Study for divisional dynamic equivalence of Fujian electric power system[J]. Fujian Power and Electrical Engineering, 2005, 25(4): 1-3. Peng S, Huang W, Guo Z, et al. Research on branch congruency power flow algorithm[J]. Relay, 2007, 35(11): 13-15. Zhang Z, Liu X, Zheng Y, et al. Study on new method of positive sequence parameter measurement for high voltage transmission lines[J]. Hebei Electric Power, 2008, 27(2): 8-10. Xu R. Zero sequence impedance measureme- nt of the transmission lines by changing the power supplys polarity[J]. East China Electric Power, 1991, 7: 10-14. Zheng Y, Wei G. Mutual inductance measurement between double circuit lines on same tower[J]. Hebei Electric Power, 1989,1 : 38-40. Liang Y, Ren L, and Xing Y. Study on existing measure parameters of transmission line[J]. Jilin Electric Power, 2005, 1: 32-35. Ma M, Dai R, and Wang W. Measuring and analyzing of power frequency parameters for

[2]

[3]

bZero sequence impedance Method Calculation TMM NFPM IM Rz1/ 16.43 20.33 19.141 18.094 Rz2/ 47.55 77.619 79.019 76.850 [4]

From table 6, it can be seen that the differences of sequence impedance between the calculation and measurement are large, which is due to the parameters such as the height, space length of the transmission lines, and the soil resistivity in the simulation is not the same as the practical situation. Measuring results by TMM, NFPM and IM are close to each other, it reveals that the instrument based on IM is fit for the transmission line parameters measurement. From table 6(a), it also can be seen that the instrument based on NFPM does not work

[5]

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[8]

2010 China International Conference on Electricity Distribution

overhead transmission lines based on non-power frequency method[J]. Journal of Electric Power, 2008, 23(4): 333-335. [9] Chen S, Geng C, Lv Z, et al. Application of intelligent anti-disturbance transmission lines instrument[J]. Henan Electric Power, 2008, 1: 39-41. [10] Han Y, Huang X, and Du Q. Induced voltage and current on double circuits with same tower[J]. High Voltage Engineering, 2007, 33(1): 140-142. [11] Fu Z. Emulation and study of induced voltage and current for 500kV double-circuit line on same tower[J]. Anhui Electric Power, 2007, 24(4): 1-3.

Biographies
Hui Fu was born in Nantong, Jiangsu province, she received the M.S. degree in Electrical Engineering from the Shanghai Jiaotong University. She is currently the senior engineer at Jiangsu Electric Power Research Institute Corporation Ltd. Her research interests include the technology of distribution network and overvoltage.