You are on page 1of 94

Pengantar Teknik Industri

TIN 4103
Lecture 6 & 7
Outline:
Perencanaan dan Perancangan Tata Letak Pabrik
Penentuan Lokasi Pabrik
Perancangan Layout Fasilitas

References:
Heragu, S. (2008). Facilities Design (3rd Ed.). CRC Press.
Wignjosoebroto, Sritomo. 1996. Pengantar Teknik dan
Manajemen Industri. Jakarta: Guna Widya.

Tata Letak Fasilitas
Pentingnya Perencanaan Fasilitas
Industrialisasi >>>
long-term capital assets
Perawatan dan modifikasi >>> kinerja
produksi
Overall planning process <<< anggaran
belanja besar
www.aeunike.lecture.ub.ac.id
Pentingnya Perencanaan Fasilitas
20-75% of product cost attributed to materials
handling (Sule, 1991 and Tompkins et al.
2003)
Layout of facilities affects materials handling
costs
Facilities
machines, departments, workstations,
locker rooms, service areas, etc.
www.aeunike.lecture.ub.ac.id
Tujuan Perencanaan Fasilitas
www.aeunike.lecture.ub.ac.id
Mencapai visi organisasi/enterprise
(perbaikan material handling, pengontrolan aliran material
dan pencapaian good housekeeping)
Meningkatkan efektivitas
personil, peralatan, ruang, dan energi
Meminimalkan investasi biaya
Menunjang proses perawatan yang teratur dan
adabtable
Menunjang keselamatan dan kepuasan pekerja
www.aeunike.lecture.ub.ac.id
Facilities Planning
Facilities Design
Structural
Design
Facilities Layout
Design
Material
Handling System
Design
Facilities Location
PENENTUAN LOKASI
Facilities Location
www.aeunike.lecture.ub.ac.id
Facilities Location
Retail
outlets
Retail
outlets
Manufacturing
plant
Manufacturing
plant
Assembly
plant
Central distribution
center(s)
Raw
material(s)
Supplier
Supplier
Regional distribution
center(s)
Regional distribution
center(s)
Supply Chain
Management
Logistics
Management
Transportation and Distribution
of Goods
(raw materials, subassemblies and finished goods)
Faktor - Faktor Pertimbangan dalam
Analisa & Pemilihan Lokasi Pabrik
1. Projected Requirement in Production Inputs
Human resources (skills, amounts, quality, etc)
Raw materials, parts, components, etc
Energy, water & other utilities/services
Transportation/distribution & communication facilities
Physical space for planned facilities & future expansion
2. Objective Factors
Factors will affect the cost and profits of new installation
Projected levels of annual demand
Projected annual operating costs (transportation, wages, energy, water, taxes, etc
Costs of construction of new facilities
Other economic factors
3. Subjective Factors
Factors will influence the community and site selection
Existing laws that will affect the firms activities
Labor market characteristics, transportation & distribution networks, supporting infra-structure (power,
water, waste treatment, telephone, etc.)
Community characteristics (demography/population make-up; cultural background, attitudes & tradition;
quality of life (noise, congestion); housing, recreation & education facilities; financial services; and other
services
www.aeunike.lecture.ub.ac.id
Procedure for Selecting a Location for
New Facilities/Plant
www.aeunike.lecture.ub.ac.id
Classifications of logistics management problems
Location problems
Determining the location of one or more new facilities
in one or more of several potential sites
Allocation problems
Determine how much each facility is to supply each
customer center
Location-Allocation problems
Determining how much each customer is to receive
from each facility, number, locations, and capacities of
facilities
www.aeunike.lecture.ub.ac.id
Classification of Location Models
www.aeunike.lecture.ub.ac.id
Location
Location-
Allocation
Multi-
facility
Single-
facility
Finite /
Discrete
Infinite /
Continuous
Qualitative Quantitative
Qualitative &
Quantitative
Minimize Total
Cost
Minimize
Maximum Cost
Techniques of Discrete Space
Location Problems
Qualitative Analysis
Ranking procedure
Quantitative Analysis
Transportation Simplex
Heuristic
Northwest corner
Vogels approximation
Hybrid Analysis
Brown-Gibson (1972) / Buffa-Sarin (1987)

www.aeunike.lecture.ub.ac.id
Penyelesaian Awal
Ranking Procedure
Metode kualitatif & subyektif
Untuk analisa & evaluasi untuk problem yang sulit untuk bisa dikuantitatifkan

www.aeunike.lecture.ub.ac.id
Buat Daftar Faktor2 ( Yij ) Lokasi
Yang Relevan
Beri Bobot Berdasar Derajat
Kepentingannya untuk Setiap
Faktor ( Wi )
Pengembangan Alternatif
Lokasi & Skoring
Bobot x Skor (Zj)
(untuk setiap alternatif lokasi)
Raw material supply
Labor supply
Market location
Climate condition
Law & rules
Factory utilities & services
etc.
Raw material supply X1
Labor supply X2
Market location X3
Dst-nya
Alternatif lokasi A (j) Skor (Wi) utk faktor Yij?
Alternatif lokasi B (j)
Alternatif lokasi C (j)
Dst-nya
Nilai alternatif lokasi
= Bobot x Skor utk setiap faktor
Zj = E(Wi x Yij)

Tentukan alternatif lokasi ( j )
Contoh kasus
PT. X ingin melakukan ekspansi pabrik dengan beberapa alternatif
lokasi sbb :
Alternatif lokasi 1 = Sidoarjo
Alternatif lokasi 2 = Pasuruan
Alternatif lokasi 3 = Krian
Faktor penentu yaitu Ketersedian bahan baku, Tenaga Kerja, dan
Transportasi


www.aeunike.lecture.ub.ac.id
Bobot ketiga faktor penentu tersebut :
Ketersedian bahan baku = 40%
Tenaga Kerja = 35% Total = 100%
Transportasi = 25%
www.aeunike.lecture.ub.ac.id
Penentuan total nilai dari masing-masing alternatif lokasi :
Z
Sidoarjo
= (40% x 8) + (35% x 7) + (25% x 9) = 7,9
Z
Pasuruan
= (40% x 5) + (35% x 8) + (25% x 7) = 6,55
Z
Krian
= (40% x 7) + (35% x 4) + (25% x 8) = 6,2

Total nilai terbesar adalah lokasi Sidoarjo dengan total nilai 7,9
Faktor Penentu Sidoarjo Pasuruan Krian
Ketersediaan bahan baku (40%) 8 5 7
Tenaga Kerja (35%) 7 8 4
Transportasi (25%) 9 7 8
Pemberian skor nilai antara 0 10 diberikan sbb:
Heuristic Method
Least cost assignment routine methode
Prinsip :
alokasi demand sebesar-besarnya pada lokasi
sumber yang memberikan biaya transportasi yang
sekecil-kecilnya secara berturut-turut
Sederhana, cepat, namun hasil tidak selalu
optimal

www.aeunike.lecture.ub.ac.id
Pada sel matrik dibawah ini diketahui adanya permintaan sebesar 10,000 ton dari 4 buah
lokasi permintaan dengan kemampuan supplai yang sama besar dari 3 buah sumber.
Dengan menggunakan metode heuristic akan ditentukan besarnya alokasi ke sel tertentu
sbb :
SUMBER
TUJUAN
Kapasitas
A
1
A
2
A
3
A
4

F
1

$ 10 $ 8 $ 5 $ 6
2400 ton
F
2

$ 5 $ 2 $ 6 $ 3
4000 ton
F
3

$ 9 $ 7 $ 4 $ 7
3600 ton
Permintaan
2300 ton 3400 ton 2500 ton 1800 ton 10000 ton
www.aeunike.lecture.ub.ac.id
Contoh kasus
Langkah Penyelesaian :
SUMBER
TUJUAN
Kapasitas
A
1
A
2
A
3
A
4

F
1
1200
$ 10 $ 8 $ 5
1200
$ 6
2400 ton (6) (4)
F
2

$ 5
3400
$ 2 $ 6
600
$ 3
4000 ton (1) (2)
F
3
1100
$ 9 $ 7
2500
$ 4 $ 7
3600 ton (5) (3)
Permintaan
2300 ton 3400 ton 2500 ton 1800 ton 10000 ton
Z = (1200x$10) + (1100x$9) + (3400x$2) + (2500x$4) + (1200x$6) + (600x$3) = $47700
www.aeunike.lecture.ub.ac.id
Northwest - Corner Rule
Prinsip :
alokasi pertama pada sel kiri atas, kemudian
alokasi horizontal ke sel kanan dan kemudian
vertikal kebawah, dst....

www.aeunike.lecture.ub.ac.id
SUMBER
TUJUAN
Kapasitas
A
1
A
2
A
3
A
4

F
1
2300
$ 10
100
$ 8 $ 5 $ 6
2400 ton
(1) (2)
F
2

$ 5
3300
$ 2
700
$ 6 $ 3
4000 ton
(3) (4)
F
3

$ 9 $ 7
1800
$ 4
1800
$ 7
3600 ton
(5) (6)
Permintaan 2300 ton 3400 ton 2500 ton 1800 ton 10000 ton
Z = (2300x$10)+(100x$8)+(3300x$2)+(700x$6)+(1800x$4)+(1800x$7) = $ 54400
www.aeunike.lecture.ub.ac.id
Contoh kasus
Soal sama dengan di atas:
Vogels Approximation Method
Prinsip :
alokasi ditentukan berdasarkan selisih terbesar
antara 2 unit biaya (Cij) terkecil dalam satu kolom
atau satu baris, Perhitungan selisih biaya terbesar
berlanjut sebanyak iterasi yang dilakukan, Alokasi
suplai maksimal pada sel yg terpilih
Lebih panjang prosesnya namun hasil lebih
optimal dibanding dua metode sebelumnya


www.aeunike.lecture.ub.ac.id
Langkah 1 :
SUMBER
TUJUAN
Kapasit
as
AC
ij

A
1
A
2
A
3
A
4

F
1

$ 10 $ 8 $ 5 $ 6
2400
ton
(6-5)
1
F
2

$ 5
3400
$ 2 $ 6 $ 3
4000
ton
(3-2)
1
(1)
F
3

$ 9 $ 7 $ 4 $ 7
3600
ton
(7-4)
3
Permintaan
2300 ton 3400 ton 2500 ton 1800 ton
10000 ton
AC
i
(9-5)
4
(7-2)
5
(5-4)
1
(6-3)
3
1. Perhitungkan selisih 2 unit cost terkecil (ACi) dari tiap baris dan kolom dari sel
matrik tersebut
2. Pengalokasian akan dilakukan pada kolom dengan hasil unit cost terbesar
(kolom ke-2) dan sel yang unit cost yang terkecil (sel (2,2))
www.aeunike.lecture.ub.ac.id
Contoh kasus
Soal sama dengan di atas:
Langkah 2 :
SUMBER
TUJUAN
Kapasitas AC
ij

A
1
A
2
A
3
A
4

F
1

$ 10 $ 8 $ 5 $ 6
2400 ton
(6-5)
1
F
2
600
$ 5
3400
$ 2 $ 6 $ 3
600 ton
(5-3)
2
(2) (1)
F
3

$ 9 $ 7 $ 4 $ 7
3600 ton
(7-4)
3
Permintaa
n
2300 ton 3400 ton 2500 ton 1800 ton
6600 ton
AC
i

(9-5)
4
(5-4)
1
(6-3)
3
1. Arsirlah kolom kolom ke-2, karena kolom tersebut sudah terpenuhi semua permintaannya
2. Hitung kembali selisih unit cost tiap kolom dan baris.
3. Dari sel matrik diatas (langkah 2), nilai selisih unit cost terbesar pada kolom 1, dan alokasi unit cost
terkceil pada sel (2,1). Namun karena supplai dari sumber 2 hanya memiliki 600 ton/minggu, maka
alokasi hanya bisa sebesar 600 ton/minggu ke sel (2,1).
4. Arsirlah baris ke-2.
www.aeunike.lecture.ub.ac.id
Langkah 3 :
SUMBER
TUJUAN
Kapasitas AC
ij

A
1
A
2
A
3
A
4

F
1

$ 10 $ 8 $ 5 $ 6
2400 ton
(6-5)
1
F
2
600
$ 5
3400
$ 2 $ 6 $ 3
600 ton
(5-3)
2
(2) (1)
F
3

$ 9 $ 7
2500
$ 4 $ 7
3600 ton
(7-4)
3
(3)
Permintaan
1700 ton 3400 ton 2500 ton 1800 ton
6000 ton
AC
i

(10-9)
1
(5-4)
1
(7-6)
1
1. Selisih unit cost terbesar berikutnya adalah pada baris ke-3, dan alokasi unit cost terkecil
pada sel (3,3) sejumlah 2500 ton/minggu.
2. Arsirlah kolom 3.
www.aeunike.lecture.ub.ac.id
Langkah 4 :
SUMBER
TUJUAN
Kapasi
tas
AC
ij

A
1
A
2
A
3
A
4

F
1

$ 10 $ 8 $ 5
1800
$ 6
2400
ton
(10-6)
4
(4)
F
2
600
$ 5
3400
$ 2 $ 6 $ 3
600
ton
(5-3) 2
(2) (1)
F
3

$ 9 $ 7
2500
$ 4 $ 7
1100
ton
(9-7)
2
(3)
Permintaan
1700 ton 3400 ton 2500 ton 1800 ton
3500 ton
AC
i

(10-9)
1
(5-4)
1
(7-6)
1
1. Selisih terbesar pada langkah ke-4 adalah pada baris pertama, dan alokasi unit cost
terkecil untuk sel (1,4) A
2. Arsirlah kolom 4.
www.aeunike.lecture.ub.ac.id
Langkah 5 :
SUMBER
TUJUAN
Kapasitas AC
ij

A
1
A
2
A
3
A
4

F
1
600
$ 10 $ 8 $ 5
1800
$ 6
600 ton 4
(5) (4)
F
2
600
$ 5
3400
$ 2 $ 6 $ 3
600 ton
(5-3)
2
(2) (1)
F
3
1100
$ 9 $ 7
2500
$ 4 $ 7
1100 ton 9
(5) (3)
Permintaa
n
1700 ton 3400 ton 2500 ton 1800 ton
1700 ton
AC
i

(10-9)
1
(5-4)
1
(7-6)
1
1. Selisih terbesar pada baris ke-3, alokasi unit cost terkecil pada sel (3,1)
2. Arsirlah baris ke-3.
3. Sel terakhir yang tersisa adalah sel (1,1) akan dialokasikan sebesar 600 ton/minggu.
www.aeunike.lecture.ub.ac.id
Hasil Akhir :

SUMBER
TUJUAN
Kapasitas
A
1
A
2
A
3
A
4

F
1
600
$ 10 $ 8 $ 5
1800
$ 6
1600 ton
(5) (4)
F
2
600
$ 5
3400
$ 2 $ 6 $ 3
600 ton
(2) (1)
F
3
1100
$ 9 $ 7
2500
$ 4 $ 7
1100 ton
(5) (3)
Permintaan
1700 ton 3400 ton 2500 ton 1800 ton
1700 ton
Z = (600x$10) + (600x$5) + (1100x$9) + (3400x$2) + (2500x$4) + (1800x$6) = $46500
www.aeunike.lecture.ub.ac.id
Perbandingan Hasil
METODE HASIL (Z) KESIMPULAN
LEAST COST $47700
BELUM OPTIMAL
NORTHWEST $ 54400
BELUM OPTIMAL
VOGEL $46500
SUDAH OPTIMAL???
Untuk mengoptimalkan hasil dari metode2 penyelesaian
awal diggunakan metode Stepping Stone
www.aeunike.lecture.ub.ac.id
Stepping Stone Method
Langkah Optimalisasi
Prinsip :
Alokasikan kembali supply pada sel yang kosong (belum teralokasikan)
dengan perbedaan biaya transportasi tiap sel yang terkecil
Semua sel kosong dihitung indeks cost sebagai indeks penyesuaian dan
dipilih sel yang negatif nilainya
Alokasi dilakukan pada rangkaian sel-sel dalam suatu unique closed
path
Iterasi dilakukan sampai semua indeks penyesuaian bernilai positif

www.aeunike.lecture.ub.ac.id
Menggunakan konsep Preference of measurement
konsep penilaian terhadap suatu alternatif solusi dengan kriteria tertentu
berdasarkan prinsip preferensi, yang menggabungkan faktor-faktor kristis
(critical), kuantitatif (obyektif) dan kualitatif (subyektif).

Langkah penyelesaian metode ini adalah sbb:
1. Eliminasi alternatif yang jelas tidak memenuhi syarat / tidak layak
(critical factor).
Misalnya : Harga lahan melebihi budget untuk investasi lahan,



2. Tentukan Performance of measurements dari Objective Factor (OF)

C
i
adalah total annual cost untuk alternatif i
Metode Brown-Gibson
(

E
=
)
1
(
1
Ci
C
OF
i
i
[
=
= =
p
i
ij ip i i i
CF CF CF CF CF
1
2 1
...
Contoh:

Alternatif
Yearly Cost (Rp,1,000,000,000,-) Total
(C
i
)
1/C
i

Labor Distribution Tax Others
Lokasi A 3,62 2,08 0,25 4,0 9,95 0,100503
Lokasi B 3,4 2,75 0,3 4,0 10,45 0,095694
Lokasi C 3,75 2,9 0,4 4,0 11,05 0,090498
Total: 0,286695
Sehingga dapat dihitung besarnya Performance of Measurement dari tiap
alternatif :
Total OF
i
= 0,35056 + 0,33378 + 0,31566 ~ 1
| | 286695 , 0 95 , 9
1
x
= 0,35056
OFA =
| | 286695 , 0 45 , 10
1
x
= 0,33378
OFB =
| | 286695 , 0 05 , 11
1
x
OFC =
= 0,31566
3. Tentukan Faktor Subyektif yang berpengaruh secara significant
terhadap penentuan lokasi dan tentukan SFi.

SFi = (W1xR1)+ (W2xR2)+ (W3xR3)+...

Wi = rating faktor untuk setiap faktor subyektif yang ada
Ri = rating faktor untuk setiap alternatif berdasarkan tiap faktor subyektif

Gunakan tabel perbandingan antar faktor subyektif membandingkan tingkat
kepentingan (Faktor mana yang lebih penting dari 2 faktor yang
dibandingkan? ).
Jika Faktor A lebih penting dibanding faktor B, maka faktor A diberi
nilai 1, faktor B diberi nilai 0.
Jika kedua faktor dinilai memiliki tingkat kepentingan yang sama maka
kedua faktor tersebut diberi nilai 1
Contoh:
Terdapat 3 faktor subyektif yaitu tersedianya :
a. Fasilitas pendidikan
b. Fasilitas perumahan
c. Sikap Masyarakat

Faktor
Subyektif
Pairwise Comparation
Total
Score Wi Pendidikan Perumahan Sikap Masy.
Pendidikan 1 1 1 3 0,43
Perumahan 0 1 0 1 0,14
Sikap Masy. 1 1 1 3 0,43
7 1,00
Dari tabel diatas diketahui bahwa :
-Faktor pendidikan lebih penting dari faktor perumahan
-Faktor pendidikan sama pentingnya dengan faktor sikap masyarakat.
-Faktor perumahan tidak lebih penting dari faktor sikap masyarakat.
Penentuan Index Faktor Subyektif
Perbandingan antar alternatif untuk faktor Pendidikan, Perumahan, Sikap
Masyarakat:
Faktor Pendidikan
Alternatif

Pairwise
Comparation
Total
Score Ri A B C
A 1 1 0 2 0,33
B 0 1 0 1 0,17
C 1 1 1 3 0,50
Total 6 1,00
Faktor Perumahan
Alternatif

Pairwise
Comparation
Total
Score

Ri A B C
A 1 1 1 3 0,50
B 0 1 0 1 0,17
C 0 1 1 2 0,33
6 1,00
Faktor Sikap Masyarakat
Alternatif

Pairwise
Comparation
Total
Score Ri A B C
A 1 1 0 2 0,33
B 0 1 1 2 0,33
C 1 0 1 2 0,33
Total 6 1,00

SFA = (0,43x0,33) + (0,14x0,5) + (0,43x0,33) = 0,3538
SFB = (0,43x0,17) + (0,14x0,17) + (0,43x0,33) = 0,2388
SFC = (0,43x0,50) + (0,14x0,33) + (0,43x0,33) = 0,4031
Total SF = 0,3538 + 0,2388 + 0,4031 ~ 1

Sehingga dapat ditentukan besarnya faktor subyektif dari tiap alternatif sbb:






4. Tentukan bobot faktor obyektif (k) dan nilai LPM
i
Antara faktor obyektif dan faktor subyektif perlu ditentukan besarnya bobot
dari kedua faktor tersebut, faktor mana yang lebih dianggap penting. Jika
diberikan bobot untuk faktor obyektif sebesar 80%, k = 80%.
Maka faktor obyektif memberikan kontribusi terhadap nilai total sebesar
80% dan nilai subyektif hanya memberikan kontribusi sebesar 20% saja.
Maka bobot untuk faktor subjective, (1-k) = 20%.

Tahapan terakhir dalam metode ini adalah menentukan nilai
LPM (Location Preference Measure)
LPM
i
= CF
i
[k (OF
i
) + (1-k) (SF
i
)]
Contoh:
Dari contoh soal diatas sudah dapat ditentukan nilai OF dan SF dari masing-masing
alternatif, dengan memberikan bobot untuk faktor obyektif sebesar 80%, k = 80%
(sehingga bobot faktor subyektif = (1-k) = 20%), maka dapat ditentukan nilai LPM sbb :




Total LPM = 0,351208 + 0,337784 + 0.323288 ~ 1

Kesimpulan : Alternatif terbaik adalah alternatif A dengan nilai LPM terbesar.
LPMA = (0,8 x 0,35056) + (0,2 x 0,3538) = 0,351208 (Alternatif Terbaik)
LPMB = (0,8 x 0,33378) + (0,2 x 0,3538) = 0,337784
LPMC = (0,8 x 0,31566) + (0,2 x 0,3538) =0,323288
Application in Location Problems
Seers Inc. telah memiliki 2 plants yang melayani permimtaan di 4 kota.
Saat ini Seers Inc. sedang mempertimbangkan untuk membuka satu
cabang lagi. Alternatif yang dimiliki adalah Atlanta atau Pitsburg. Kapasitas
maksimum yang diharapkan pada plant yang baru sebesar 330.
Catatan: kedua alternatif tempat baru tidak membatasi kapasitas.
TENTUKAN TEMPAT MANA YANG PALING SESUAI UNTUK MENDIRIKAN
PLANT BARU.
Data Costs, Demand, dan Supply adalah sbb:
www.aeunike.lecture.ub.ac.id
Boston Philadel-
phia
Galveston Raleigh Supply
Capacity
Albany 10 15 22 20 250
Little Rock 19 15 10 9 300
Atlanta 21 11 13 6 No Limit
Pitsburg 17 8 18 12 No Limit
Demand 200 100 300 280
Latihan Soal
Factors
Critical Objective Subjective
Water
Supply
Tax
Incentives
Revenue Labor Cost
Energy
Cost
Communit
y Attitude
Ease of
Transporta
tion
Labor
Unionizati
on
Support
Services
0.3 0.4 0.25 0.05
Albany
0 1 185 80 10 0.5 0.9 0.6 0.7
Kingston
1 1 150 100 15 0.6 0.7 0.7 0.75
Montreal
1 1 170 90 13 0.4 0.8 0.2 0.8
Ottawa
1 0 200 100 15 0.5 0.4 0.4 0.8
Plattsburg
1 1 140 75 8 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.55
Rochester
1 1 150 75 11 0.7 0.65 0.4 0.8
Mole-Sun Brewing Company is evaluating six candidate locations-Montreal,
Plattsburg, Ottawa, Albany, Rochester, and Kingston-for constructing a new
brewery. The two critical, three objective, and four subjective factors that
management wishes to incoporate in its decision making are summarized in the
table. The weights of the subjective factors are also provided in the table.
Determine the best location if the subjective factors are to be weigthed 50%
more than the objective factors.
Layout Problem
Sistematika Perancangan Fasilitas
www.aeunike.lecture.ub.ac.id
Prinsip-prinsip
Perancangan Fasilitas
www.aeunike.lecture.ub.ac.id
Integrasi Total
Jarak Perpindahan Bahan Yang Minimal
Aliran Proses Kerja
Pemanfaatan Ruangan
Kepuasan Dan Keselamatan Kerja
Fleksibilitas
Permasalahan Layout?
www.aeunike.lecture.ub.ac.id
Space Availability
Penempatan fasilitas secara utuh dalam ruangan
yang tersedia
Material Flow Process
Pengaturan untuk kelancaran arus perpindahan
Material Handling
Perpindahan material yang tidak dapat dihindari
Flexibility
Penyesuaian bila terjadi investasi lanjutan
Applications
Manufacturing
Healthcare
Service
Restaurants
Banks
Airports
Entertainment
Logistics and
Distribution
Ports/Terminals
Distribution Centers
www.aeunike.lecture.ub.ac.id
Types of layout problems
(Examples)
JIT manufacturer
Relayout of an existing facility
Relayout due to increased traffic (resulting from a
merger)
Consolidation of manufacturing operations from two
or more sites to one
Leasing of office space in a multi-story building
Find a better layout in existing space
Introduction of new product lines
www.aeunike.lecture.ub.ac.id
Types of layout problems
Layout of a service system
Layout of a manufacturing facility
Warehouse layout
Nontraditional layout
www.aeunike.lecture.ub.ac.id
Operations review for office layouts
(Suskind, 1989)
Is the company outgrowing its space?
Is available space too expensive?
Is building in the proper location?
How will a new layout affect the organization and service?
Are office operations too centralized or decentralized?
Does the office structure support the strategic plan?
Is the new layout in tune with the companys image
Does customer physically participate in service delivery?
www.aeunike.lecture.ub.ac.id
Plan, Factory & Pabrik?
Plant, factory, production & manufacturing
activities.
Proses fabrikasi & perakitan (assembly)
www.aeunike.lecture.ub.ac.id
Macam-macam pabrik / industri
Berdasarkan Output / Proses:
Raw Material/Primary
Industries
Manufacturing
Industries (Producer/
Consumer Goods)
Distribution/Transpor
tation Industries
Service Industries
www.aeunike.lecture.ub.ac.id
Macam-macam pabrik / industri
www.aeunike.lecture.ub.ac.id
Service system layout Dentists office

Staff Lounge

Dentists Room

Oral Hygienists
Room

X-Ray Room

Records Room
Orthodontists
Room
Oral Hygienists
Room

Mens Rest Room
Womens Rest
Room
Waiting
Area
Reception
www.aeunike.lecture.ub.ac.id
Service system layout Grocery store
www.aeunike.lecture.ub.ac.id
Office structures
Closed structure
Semiclosed structure
Open structure
Semiopen structure

www.aeunike.lecture.ub.ac.id
Closed structure
www.aeunike.lecture.ub.ac.id
Semiclosed structure
Teller Teller Teller
www.aeunike.lecture.ub.ac.id
Open structure
www.aeunike.lecture.ub.ac.id
Semiopen structure
www.aeunike.lecture.ub.ac.id
Manufacturing layout
Minimize transportation cost of raw materials, sub-
assemblies, work-in-process inventory, tools, parts,
finished products, etc.
Facilitate traffic flow
Improve employee morale
Minimize or eliminate risk of injury and property
damage
Ease of supervision and face-to-face communication
www.aeunike.lecture.ub.ac.id
Driveway layout
www.aeunike.lecture.ub.ac.id
Warehouse layout
www.aeunike.lecture.ub.ac.id
Nontraditional layout
Keyboard layout
IC board layout
Computer disk storage layout
Airport gate layout
www.aeunike.lecture.ub.ac.id
Product and Process
Analysis
www.aeunike.lecture.ub.ac.id
PRODUCT ANALYSIS
www.aeunike.lecture.ub.ac.id
Data required for developing good layouts
Product Analysis
Types of products and specifications
Detail of components
Production volume

Process Analysis
Material flow (patern, diagram, data)
Types of layout

www.aeunike.lecture.ub.ac.id
Product Analysis
www.aeunike.lecture.ub.ac.id
Specification a.Dimension, Weight, Material &
Drawing
b.Quality of product
c.Specific requirement
Volume Production quantity & variation
Parts
Breakdown
a.Flow process.
b.Assembly process.
c.Processing time.
d.Machine, jig, tool and other.
Process Flowcharts
Reserve
Storage
Quality
Assurance
Back to
Vendor
UPS
Parcel
Post
Next-Day
UPS
Mono-
gramming
Embroid-
ering
Hemming
Gift
Boxing
Receiving
Active
Bins
Picking Packing Shipping
www.aeunike.lecture.ub.ac.id
Process Maps
Place order
Drink
Eat salad or
soup
Eat dinner
Receives check
Gives payment to
waiter
Collect change,
leave tip
Fill in tip
amount
Give order
to waiter
Prepare dinner
order
Prepare soup or
salad order
Give order
to waiter
Is order
complete?
Give soup or salad order to chef
Give dinner order to chef
Get drinks for customer
Deliver salad or soup order to customer
Deliver dinner to customer
Deliver check to customer
Receive payment for meal
Cash or
Credit?
Bring change to customer
Run credit card through
Return credit slip to customer
Collect tip
Y
N
Credit
Cash
Customer Waiter Salad Chef Dinner Chef
www.aeunike.lecture.ub.ac.id
Make vs. Buy?
Can item be
purchased?
MAKE
Can we
make the
item?
BUY
Is it cheaper
for us to
make?
BUY
Is the capital
available?
MAKE
Yes
No
Yes Yes
No
No
No
BUY
Yes
www.aeunike.lecture.ub.ac.id
Found by superimposing the
route sheets and the
assembly chart, a chart
results that gives an
overview of the flow within
the facility.
Operations Process Chart
www.aeunike.lecture.ub.ac.id
Operator Machine Charts
Time Operator M1 M2 Time Operator M1 M2 M2
0.5 U1 UNLOAD RUN 0.5 U1 UNLOAD RUN RUN
1 U1 UNLOAD RUN 1 U1 UNLOAD RUN RUN
1.5 L1 LOAD RUN 1.5 L1 LOAD RUN RUN
2 L1 LOAD RUN 2 L1 LOAD RUN RUN
2.5 I&P RUN RUN 2.5 I&P 1 RUN IDLE RUN
3 T-2 RUN RUN 3 T-2 RUN IDLE RUN
3.5 U2 RUN UNLOAD 3.5 U2 RUN UNLOAD RUN
4 U2 RUN UNLOAD 4 U2 RUN UNLOAD RUN
4.5 L2 RUN LOAD 4.5 L2 RUN LOAD RUN
5 L2 RUN LOAD 5 L2 RUN LOAD RUN
5.5 I&P RUN RUN 5.5 I&P 2 RUN RUN IDLE
6 T-1 RUN RUN 6 T-3 RUN RUN IDLE
6.5 RUN RUN 6.5 U3 RUN RUN UNLOAD
7 RUN RUN 7 U3 RUN RUN UNLOAD
7.5 IDLE RUN RUN 7.5 L3 RUN RUN LOAD
8 RUN RUN 8 L3 RUN RUN LOAD
8.5 I&P 3 IDLE RUN RUN
Cycle Time 8 min 9 T-3 IDLE RUN RUN
Oper. Idle 2 min
Mach Idle 0 min Cycle Time 9 min
Prod Rate 0.25 pc/min Oper. Idle 0 min
Mach Idle 1 min
Prod Rate 0.333333 pc/min
TWO MACHINES THREE MACHINES
www.aeunike.lecture.ub.ac.id
PROCESS ANALYSIS
www.aeunike.lecture.ub.ac.id
Manufacturing Process: Simple Description
www.aeunike.lecture.ub.ac.id
Inventory
Suppliers
$ $
$
Material
Manufacturing Manufacturing
Manufacturing
Inventory
Quality Assurance
Distribution
CACAT
RECYCLE
RECYCLE
CACAT
CACAT
RECYCLE
CACAT
WIP Stotage WIP Stotage WIP Stotage
Five types of layout
Product layout
Process layout
Fixed-position layout
Group-technology layout
Hybrid layout
www.aeunike.lecture.ub.ac.id
Types of Departments/Layouts
Volume
High



Medium



Low
Low Medium High Variety
Product
Department
Fixed Materials
Location
Department
Process
Department
Product
Family
Department
Product
Layout
Fixed Location
Layout
Group Technology
Layout
Process
Layout
Source: John S. Usher class notes
www.aeunike.lecture.ub.ac.id
Product layout

www.aeunike.lecture.ub.ac.id
Product Layouts
L
L
L L
L M
M
M
D D
D
D G
G
G
G A
A
Product C Department
Product A Department
P
P
P
Product B Department
A
S
h
i
p
p
i
n
g


D
e
p
a
r
t
m
e
n
t

R
e
c
e
i
v
i
n
g


D
e
p
a
r
t
m
e
n
t

Source: John S. Usher class notes
www.aeunike.lecture.ub.ac.id
Process layout

TM
TM TM
TM
DM
DM
DM
VMM VMM BM BM
www.aeunike.lecture.ub.ac.id
The Process Layout
L
L
L
L
L
L
L
L
L
L
M
M
M
M
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
G
G
G
G
G
G
A A A
Receiving and
Shipping
Assembly
Painting Department
Lathe Department
Milling
Department Drilling Department
Grinding
Department
P
P
Source: John S. Usher class notes
www.aeunike.lecture.ub.ac.id
Flow of Materials in Process Layouts
L
L
L
L
L
L
L
L
L
L
M
M
M
M
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
G
G
G
G
G
G
A A A
Receiving and
Shipping
Assembly
Painting Department
Lathe Department
Milling
Department Drilling Department
Grinding
Department
P
P
Source: Russell & Taylor, 2007
www.aeunike.lecture.ub.ac.id
Project (Fixed-Position) Layout
L
L
L
L
M
D D D
G
G G
G
A
A
Receiving and
Shipping
P
S
t
o
r
a
g
e

S
t
o
r
a
g
e

Source: John S. Usher class notes
www.aeunike.lecture.ub.ac.id
Group technology layout

TM
TM
TM
TM
DM
DM
DM
VMM
VMM
BM
BM
www.aeunike.lecture.ub.ac.id
Hybrid layout

TM
TM TM
TM
DM
VMM BM
www.aeunike.lecture.ub.ac.id
Automated Manufacturing Cell
Source: John S. Usher class notes
www.aeunike.lecture.ub.ac.id
Systematic Layout Planning
Input Data and Activities
1. Flow of materials
2. Activity Relationships
6. Space Relationship
Diagram
5. Space Available 4. Space Requirements
3. Relationship Chart
8. Practical Limitations 7. Modifying Considerations
9. Develop Layout
Alternatives
10. Evaluation
A
N
A
L
Y
Z
E

S
E
A
R
C
H

S
E
L
E
C
T

Source: John S. Usher class notes
Systematic Layout Planning
Phase I - Determination of the location of the
area where departments are to be
laid out
Phase II - Establishing the general overall
layout
Phase III - Establishing detailed layout plans
Phase IV - Installing the selected layout
Systematic Layout Planning
P Product: Types of products to be produced
Q Quantity: Volume of each part type
R Routing: Operation sequence for each part type
S Services: Support services, locker rooms,
inspection stations, and so on
T Timing: When are the part types to be produced?
What machines will be used during this time
period?
SLP
SLP
COPYRIGHT 2005. RICHARD MUTHER & ASSOCIATES SLP OVERVIEW
Sample relationship diagram
1 2
4
3
5
COPYRIGHT 2005. RICHARD MUTHER & ASSOCIATES SLP OVERVIEW
Lecture 8 Preparation
Read:
Ekonomi Teknik


pens and calculator over the engineering drawings image by Elnur from Fotolia.com

You might also like