Photographic Atlas of Bioarchaeology

Photographic Atlas of
Bioarchaeology
from the Osteological Collection of the Croatian Academy of Sciences and Arts
Sapienti sat!
Photographic Atlas of
Bioarchaeology
from the Osteological Collection of the Croatian Academy of Sciences and Arts
Mario laus
MSc, PhD, Full Professor Croatian Academy of Sciences and Arts Anthropological Center
Mario Novak
MSc, PhD, Research Associate Croatian Academy of Sciences and Arts Anthropological Center
Vlasta Vyroubal
Instructor Croatian Academy of Sciences and Arts Anthropological Center
eljka Bedi
Instructor Croatian Academy of Sciences and Arts Anthropological Center
Hrvoje Brki
DDM, MSc, PhD, Full Professor University of Zagreb School of Dental Medicine Department of Dental Anthropology
Marin Vodanovi
DDM, MSc, PhD, Assistant Professor University of Zagreb School of Dental Medicine Department of Dental Anthropology
PHOTOGRAPHIC ATLAS OF BIOARCHAEOLOGY FROM THE OSTEOLOGICAL COLLECTION OF THE CROATIAN ACADEMY OF SCIENCES AND ARTS
Authors: Mario laus, Mario Novak, Vlasta Vyroubal, eljka Bedi, Hrvoje Brki, Marin Vodanovi Published by: School of Dental Medicine University of Zagreb and Croatian Academy of Sciences and Arts
Copyright 2013 by Mario laus www.marioslaus.com ISBN 978-953-7781-01-9
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior permission of the publisher. Permissions may be sought directly from Mario laus, e-mail: mario.slaus@zg.t-com.hr, web: www.marioslaus.com
A catalogue record for this title is available from the National and University Library in Zagreb, Croatia.
The authors and the publishers do not accept responsibility or legal liability for any errors in the text or for the misuse or misapplication of material in this book.
TABLE OF CONTENTS Archaeological research and excavation ................................................................................................. 7 Anthropological analysis and osteological collection............................................................................ 17 Taphonomy and preservation ............................................................................................................... 27 Associated materials recovered during the cleaning of the skeletons ................................................. 37 Dental disease ....................................................................................................................................... 51 Subadult stress ...................................................................................................................................... 61 Infectious diseases ................................................................................................................................ 71 Indicators of physical stress and habitual activities .............................................................................. 83 Osteoarthritis ........................................................................................................................................ 95 Antemortem trauma ........................................................................................................................... 103 Perimortem trauma............................................................................................................................. 119 Miscellaneous ...................................................................................................................................... 141 Bibliography......................................................................................................................................... 151 Index .................................................................................................................................................... 157
Chapter 1
Archaeological research and excavation
Archaeological research
Atlas of Bioarchaeology laus, Novak, Vyroubal, Bedi, Brki, Vodanovi
Chapter 1 Image 1 Aerial view of the Early Medieval cemetery in Radainovci in Dalmatia. At this point approximately 50% of the cemetery had been excavated (Juri, 2002; 2003).
Chapter 1 Image 2 Ground level view of the Radainovci cemetery.
10
Chapter 1 Image 3 Grave architecture in the Radainovci cemetery.
11
Chapter 1 Image 4 Excavation of a grave from the Radainovci cemetery.
12
Chapter 1 Image 5 The Early Medieval St. Lawrence cemetery in ibenik in Dalmatia (Krnevi, 1999; 2000).
13
Chapter 1 Image 6 Close up of a grave from the same cemetery.
14
Chapter 1 Image 7 The burial of an adult female from the same cemetery. This individual was aged between 30-39 years at the time of her death, and had most likely (because of bilateral deep pre-auricular sulci on the ilia, and deep pubic bone pits) previously given birth.
15
Chapter 1 Image 8 Close up of the pelvic girdle of this individual. The remains of a full term fetus are clearly visible in situ: A right parietal of the fetus; B left clavicle; C left ulna; D 4th right rib; E right humerus; F left humerus; G right ilium. The wrong orientation of the baby probably contributed to the tragic outcome of this birth (laus, 2006).
16
Chapter 2
Anthropological analysis and osteological collection
17
Anthropological analysis
Chapter 2 Image 1 Osteological collection of the Croatian Academy of Sciences and Arts.
19
Chapter 2 Image 2 Osteological collection of the Croatian Academy of Sciences and Arts.
20
Chapter 2 Image 3 Osteological material after transport to the laboratory, still in paper packages.
21
Chapter 2 Image 4 Removing earth from the bones using water and brushes.
22
Chapter 2 Image 5 Drying of the osteological material before analysis.
23
Chapter 2 Image 6 Anthropological analysis of the skeletal material.
24
Chapter 2 Image 7 Collecting samples for DNA testing.
25
Chapter 3
Taphonomy and preservation
27

Chapter 3 Image 1 Green oxidation marks on the mandible and maxilla of a 20-30 years old male from the Roman period Relja cemetery in Zadar in Croatia. The staining was caused by metal coins that had been placed in the oral cavity (Roman Period).
29

Chapter 3 Image 2 Close up of the green oxidation marks on the mandible and maxilla from the same burial with a reconstruction of the manner in which one of the coins may have been placed (Roman period). Although placing coins in the mouth of the deceased to pay for his journey to the other world has been reported in countless historical sources, this is the only time we have encountered physical proof for this practice in the Osteological collection of the Croatian Academy of Sciences and Arts a collection that has approximately 5500 skeletons of which approximately 2000 derive from the Roman period.
30

Chapter 3 Image 3 Oxidation marks on the left arm bones and fingers, and pelvic girdle of a 6.57.5 years old subadult from the Roman period Relja cemetery in Zadar in Croatia. The staining was caused by bronze artifacts (Roman Period).
31

Chapter 3 Image 4 Discoloration of the complete skull of a 20-30 years old male from the Bezdanjaa cave in continental Croatia caused by staining from a bronze helmet. Note marked staining of exposed tooth roots accompanied with slight staining of tooth crowns (Bronze Age Period).
32

Chapter 3 Image 5 Bones excavated in different archaeological sites. Note the difference in color caused by the different types of soil the bones were buried in. The second femur from the left side additionally exhibits clear oxidation marks from a belt buckle.
33

Chapter 3 Image 6 Well preserved inner ear bones: stapes (A), malleus (B), and incus (C) from a 30-40 years old male from the Early Medieval Velim cemetery in Dalmatia (Early Medieval Period).
34

Chapter 3 Image 7 Different conditions of preservation of the cortex, varying from excellently to poorly preserved.
35

Chapter 3 Image 8 Incinerated human bones originating from the Early Iron Age Kaptol Gradci site near Poega (Early Iron Age Period).
36
Chapter 4
Associated materials recovered during the cleaning of the skeletons
37
Associated materials
Chapter 4 Image 1 A small fragment of a tortoise shell. The grooves resembling the Peace sign so popular during the sixties of the last century are part of the normal morphology of a tortoise shell. The fragment was comingled with the remains of a subadult recovered from the Roman period Narona cemetery in southern Dalmatia (Roman Period).
39
Chapter 4 Image 2 A pair of gold and red glass paste earrings recovered from the skull of an older female from the Roman period Ankaran cemetery in Slovenia (Roman Period).
40
Chapter 4 Image 3 A well preserved bird's beak found comingled with the remains of a subadult recovered in the Eraci cemetery from the Dalmatian hinterland (Late Medieval Period).
41
Chapter 4 Image 4 A small well preserved scorpion commingled with the remains of an adult male buried in the Guran na Kriu cemetery in Istria (Late Antique/Early Medieval Period; laus et al., 2007).
42
Chapter 4 Image 5 A comb made out of animal bone found commingled with the remains of an adult female buried in the Roman period cemetery in Osijek in the continental part of Croatia (Roman Period).
43
Chapter 4 Image 6 A single gold and green glass paste earring recovered in the fragmented skull of an adult female from the Roman period cemetery Relja in Zadar in Dalmatia (Roman Period).
44
Chapter 4 Image 7 A small amber pendant depicting a phoenix holding a twig recovered with the remains of an adult female from the Roman period cemetery Relja in Zadar in Dalmatia (Roman Period).
45
Chapter 4 Image 8 Wooden rosary beads recovered with the remains of an adult female from the Early Modern cemetery in Rijeka on the Adriatic coast (Early Modern Period).
46
Chapter 4 Image 9 Golden threads that were at some time part of the clothing of an upper class male recovered from the Late Medieval Udbina cemetery in the Dalmatian hinterland (Late Medieval Period).
47
Chapter 4 Image 10 Small bronze earring commingled with the remains of an adult female buried in the Roman period cemetery Zmajevac in the continental part of Croatia (Roman Period, Filipovi, 2010).
48
Chapter 4 Image 11 Glass beads, possibly part of a necklace or bracelet commingled with the remains of an adult female buried in the Roman period cemetery Zmajevac in the continental part of Croatia (Roman Period).
49
Chapter 4 Image 12 A part of the clothing - golden hooks and eyes commingled with the remains of an adult female buried in the Roman period cemetery Zmajevac in the continental part of Croatia (Roman Period).
50
Chapter 5
Dental disease
51
Dental disease
Chapter 5 Image 1 Large interproximal caries on the first right mandibular molar of an adult male from the Early Medieval Konjsko polje cemetery in Dalmatia (Early Medieval Period; Novak et al., 2008).
53
Dental disease
Chapter 5 Image 2 Pronounced dental wear on the anterior maxillary teeth of a 40-50 years old male from the Late Medieval Litani cemetery in Bosnia and Herzegovina (Late Medieval Period).
54
Dental disease
Chapter 5 Image 3 Large interproximal caries on two molars in an adult female from the Roman period cemetery Relja in Zadar in Dalmatia (Roman Period; Vodanovi et al., 2012).
55
Dental disease
Chapter 5 Image 4 An alveolar abscess on the left maxillary first molar in an adult male from the Early Medieval Velim cemetery in Dalmatia (Early Medieval Period).
56
Dental disease
Chapter 5 Image 5 Antemortem tooth trauma to the right maxillary incisors in an adult male from the Early Medieval Velim cemetery in Dalmatia (Early Medieval Period).
57
Dental disease
Chapter 5 Image 6 Extreme occlusal abrasions on the anterior maxillary teeth of an adult male from the Early Medieval Velim cemetery in Dalmatia (Early Medieval Period; laus et al., 2011).
58
Dental disease
Chapter 5 Image 7 Complete antemortem tooth loss in the maxilla of an adult female buried in the Poega cathedral (Early Modern Period).
59
Chapter 6
Subadult stress
61
Subadult stress
Chapter 6 Image 1 Cribra orbitalia in a 1.5-2.5 years old subadult from the Late Medieval Dugopolje cemetery in the Dalmatian hinterland (Late Medieval Period; Novak and laus, 2007).
63
Subadult stress
Chapter 6 Image 2 Severe, active cribra orbitalia in a 3.5-4.5 years old subadult from the Late Medieval Korlat cemetery in Dalmatia (Late Medieval Period).
64
Subadult stress
Chapter 6 Image 3 Deep linear enamel hypoplastic defects on the left central permanent incisor of a 30-40 years old female from the Medieval Kranj cemetery in Slovenia (Medieval Period).
65
Subadult stress
Chapter 6 Image 4 Linear enamel hypoplasia on the anterior mandibular teeth of a 20-30 years old female from the Roman period cemetery Relja in Zadar in Croatia (Roman Period; laus, 2008).
66
Subadult stress
Chapter 6 Image 5 Linear enamel hypoplasia on the anterior maxillary and mandibular teeth of a 30-40 years old male from the Roman period cemetery Relja in Zadar in Croatia (Roman Period; Novak and laus, 2010).
67
Subadult stress
Chapter 6 Image 6 Severe, active cribra orbitalia in a 2.5-3.5 years old subadult from the Roman period cemetery in trbinci in Slavonia in continental Croatia (Roman Period; laus et al., 2004).
68
Subadult stress
Chapter 6 Image 7 Healed cribra orbitalia in a 11.5-12.5 years old subadult from the Roman period cemetery in trbinci in Slavonia in continental Croatia (Roman Period).
69
Subadult stress
Chapter 6 Image 8 Deep, bilateral linear enamel hypoplastic defects on the permanent maxillary central incisors of a 12.5-13.5 years old subadult from the Early Medieval Velim cemetery in Dalmatia (Early Medieval Period).
70
Chapter 7
Infectious diseases
71
Infectious diseases
Chapter 7 Image 1 Active periostitis on the tibial shaft of an adult male from the St. Dominics church in Zadar, Dalmatia (Early Modern Period).
73
Infectious diseases
Chapter 7 Image 2 Active periostitis on the femoral shaft (note newly formed layers of bone) of a subadult recovered in the Eraci cemetery from the Dalmatian hinterland (Late Medieval Period).
74
Infectious diseases
Chapter 7 Image 3 Chronic osteomyelitis of the right fibula in a 30 to 40 years old male from the Late Medieval Udbina cemetery in the Dalmatian hinterland (Late Medieval Period).
75
Infectious diseases
Chapter 7 Image 4 Close up of the same fibula. A large cloacal opening (A) with a small irregularly shaped sequestrum (B) is located in the involucrum (C).
76
Infectious diseases
Chapter 7 Image 5 Spinal tuberculosis. Complete destruction of the vertebral bodies of the 7th, 8th, and 9th thoracic vertebrae resulting in a sharp-angled kyphosis (Potts gibbus) caused by tuberculosis in an adult female from the Nin St. Anselm cemetery (Late Medieval Period; laus, 2006).
77
Infectious diseases
Chapter 7 Image 6 Spinal tuberculosis. Complete destruction of the vertebral bodies of the 10th, 11th, and 12th thoracic, and 1st, 2nd , 3rd and 4th lumbar vertebrae caused by tuberculosis in an adult female from the Early Modern cemetery in Rijeka on the Adriatic coast (Early Modern Period).
78
Infectious diseases
Chapter 7 Image 7 Irregularly shaped lytic lesions on the pleural sides of ribs caused by tuberculosis in a 5-7 years old subadult from the Early Modern cemetery in Rijeka on the Adriatic coast (Early Modern Period).
79
Infectious diseases
Chapter 7 Image 8 Severe active osteomyelitis with superficial cavitations surrounded by active periostitis in combination with concentric swelling of the cortex on the left tibia and fibula as a result of venereal syphilis. Adult female recovered from the Crkvari St. Lawrence cemetery in continental Croatia (Early Modern Period; laus and Novak, 2007).
80
Infectious diseases
Chapter 7 Image 9 Advanced stage of leprosy (facies leprosa) characterized by severe resorption of the central section of the maxilla followed by the enlargement of the nasal aperture in an adult male from the Early Medieval Radainovci cemetery in Dalmatia (Early Medieval Period; laus, 2006; Watson et al., 2009).
81
Infectious diseases
Chapter 7 Image 10 Large irregular defect surrounded by porous bone on the palatine of the same individual (Early Medieval Period).
82
Chapter 8
Indicators of physical stress and habitual activities
83
Indicators of physical stress

Chapter 8 Image 1 Benign cortical defects usually referred to as rhomboid fossae at the attachment sites of the costoclavicular ligaments on the inferior surfaces of the sternal ends of both clavicles in an adult male buried in the Roman period cemetery Vinkovci in the continental part of Croatia (Roman Period).
85

Chapter 8 Image 2 Bilateral rhomboid fossae in an adult male from the Roman period cemetery Relja in Zadar in Dalmatia (Roman Period).
86

Chapter 8 Image 3 Deep benign cortical defect at the insertion of the biceps brachii muscle on the right radius of a young male recovered from the Eraci cemetery from the Dalmatian hinterland (Late Medieval Period).
87

Chapter 8 Image 4 Benign cortical defect at the insertion of the pectoralis major muscle on the right humerus of an adult male from the Dubravka St. Barbara cemetery near Dubrovnik (Late Medieval Period).
88

Chapter 8 Image 5 Irregular-shaped Schmorls node on the inferior plate of the seventh thoracic vertebrae in a 30 to 40 years old male from the Koprivno Kod Kria cemetery in the Dalmatian hinterland (Early Modern Period; Novak and laus, 2011).
89

Chapter 8 Image 6 Schmorls node on the inferior plate of the seventh thoracic vertebrae in an adult male from the Koprivno Kod Kria cemetery from the Dalmatian hinterland (Early Modern Period).
90

Chapter 8 Image 7 Teeth facets caused by habitually holding objects (nails?) in the mouth in a 35 to 45 years old male recovered from the Medieval Korlat cemetery (Late Medieval Period).
91

Chapter 8 Image 8 Lateral epicondylitis (tennis elbow) in an adult male from the Early Modern Period cemetery in Sisak. Although commonly called tennis elbow this overuse injury has been recorded in a variety of occupations including bricklayers, carpenters, plumbers, dentists, bakers, shoemakers and violinists (Early Modern Period).
92

Chapter 8 Image 9 Large bilateral squatting facets on the distal tibias of an adult female from the Medieval Kranj cemetery in Slovenia. Squatting facets occur when the foot is in hyperdorsiflexion in other words when the toes and forefoot are raised towards the knee (Medieval Period).
93
Chapter 9
Osteoarthritis
95
Osteoarthritis
Chapter 9 Image 1 Severe osteoarthritis on the distal femur (most likely caused by a poorly healed antemortem fracture to the corresponding tibia) characterized by osteophytes, micro- and macro-porosity, and eburnation in a 40 to 50 year old female from the Late Medieval Dugopolje cemetery in the Dalmatian hinterland (Late Medieval Period).
97
Osteoarthritis
Chapter 9 Image 2 Severe osteoarthritis characterized by micro- and macroporosity, and eburnation in 50 to 60 year old male from the Late Medieval Litani cemetery in Bosnia and Herzegovina (Late Medieval Period).
98
Osteoarthritis
Chapter 9 Image 3 Severe osteoarthritis characterized by osteophytes, macroporosity, and eburnation on the 5th cervical vertebrae in 50 to 60 year old male from the Late Medieval Litani cemetery in Bosnia and Herzegovina (Late Medieval Period).
99
Osteoarthritis
Chapter 9 Image 4 Severe osteoarthritis characterized by mild osteophyte development, and eburnation in the left shoulder of 30 to 40 year old male from the Late Medieval Udbina cemetery in the Dalmatian hinterland (Late Medieval Period).
100
Osteoarthritis
Chapter 9 Image 5 Severe osteoarthritis characterized by moderate osteophyte development, micro- and macroporosity, and eburnation in the proximal tibia of 50 to 60 year old female from the Late Medieval Zagvozd Gradac cemetery in the Dalmatian hinterland (Late Medieval Period).
101
Chapter 10
Antemortem trauma
Antemortem trauma
Chapter 10 Image 1 Healed blunt force trauma to the cranium of a 50 to 60 year old male from the Late Medieval Kozica cemetery in Dalmatia (Late Medieval Period).
105
Antemortem trauma
Chapter 10 Image 2 Poorly healed antemortem fracture of the right radial diaphysis with pronounced displacement in a 50 to 60 year old male from the Late Medieval Kruevo cemetery in Dalmatia (Late Medieval Period).
106
Antemortem trauma
Chapter 10 Image 3 Poorly healed antemortem fractures of the left radial and ulnar diaphyses with pronounced angulations in a 30 to 40 year old male from the Late Medieval Udbina cemetery in the Dalmatian hinterland (Late Medieval Period).
107
Antemortem trauma
Chapter 10 Image 4 Antemortem traumas to both nasal bones in a 30 to 40 year old male from the Late Medieval Crkvari St. Lawrence cemetery in Slavonia in continental Croatia. Note pronounced deviation of the nasal septum that may have been caused by the same blow that fractured the nasal bones (Late Medieval Period; laus and Novak, 2006).
108
Antemortem trauma
Chapter 10 Image 5 Poorly healed antemortem fractures of the 3rd and 4th metacarpal bones in a 30 to 40 year old male from the Late Medieval Eraci cemetery in Dalmatia (Late Medieval Period).
109
Antemortem trauma
Chapter 10 Image 6 Close up of antemortem fractures to the 3rd and 4th metacarpal bones of the same individual. Note marked mediolateral and longitudinal displacement of the broken ends (Late Medieval Period).
110
Antemortem trauma
Chapter 10 Image 7 Well healed antemortem trauma to the cranium of a 30 to 40 year old male from the Late Medieval period Koprivno cemetery in the Dalmatian hinterland. Note partially remodeled but still visible fracture lines (Late Medieval Period; laus et al., 2012).
111
Antemortem trauma
Chapter 10 Image 8 Close up of the same injury. Note the healed margins of the fracture and the absence of any evidence of inflammation (Late Medieval Period).
112
Antemortem trauma
Chapter 10 Image 9 Fracture and non-union of the 7th left rib in a 30 to 40 year old male from the Early Medieval Glavice Gluvine kue cemetery in the Dalmatian hinterland (Early Medieval Period).
113
Antemortem trauma
Chapter 10 Image 10 Fracture and non-union of the left ulna in a 50 to 60 year old male from the Late Medieval Kozica cemetery in Dalmatia. Note also traumatic dislocation of the left elbow (Late Medieval Period).
114
Antemortem trauma
Chapter 10 Image 11 Close up of non-union of the left ulna in the same individual. Note extensive callus formation and remodeling of the broken ends of the bone that suggest a considerable amount of time had passed between the time that the fracture had been incurred and this individuals death. Of interest is the fact that this individual also exhibits a large healed depression fracture on the sagittal suture of the skull, spiral fractures of the right ulna and radius, a fracture of the left talus, and a fracture of the 5th left tarsal bone (Late Medieval Period).
115
Antemortem trauma
Chapter 10 Image 12 Subcondylar fracture of the left mandibular ramus with non-union in a 15 to 20 year old male from the Early Medieval cemetery in Stenjevec in continental Croatia. The fracture has completely separated the condyle from the mandibular ramus. There is new bone formation on both the outer and inner sides of the left ramus. The fragment is completely separated from the rest of the mandible with both elements exhibiting closed margins and no bone union (Early Medieval Period; Bedi and laus, 2010).
116
Antemortem trauma
Chapter 10 Image 13 Close up of the same fracture from the lateral side. Of potential interest is the fact that this individual also exhibits chipped teeth (antemortem damage to the crown of the tooth) on the left side of both his maxilla and mandible. Small pieces of enamel are missing on the buccal sides of the left maxillary canine, both maxillary premolars, and the first maxillary molar, as well as on the labial side of the left mandibular first molar. There is also a well healed antemortem fracture to the left superior articular facet of the first cervical vertebra (Early Medieval Period).
117
Chapter 11
Perimortem trauma
119
Perimortem trauma
Chapter 11 Image 1 Sharp force trauma on the posterior side of the right scapula of a 10 to 15 year old subadult from the Late Medieval period cemetery in epin in continental Croatia (laus et al., 2010). The injury was most likely inflicted with a saber. This individual is one of three subadults (out of a total of 22 individuals that include 12 males, 7 females, and 3 subadults, that exhibit evidence of perimortem trauma in the epin skeletal series. These individuals were most likely victims of a raid carried out in 1441 by Ottoman Turkish light cavalry.
121
Perimortem trauma
Chapter 11 Image 2 Perimortem sharp force trauma to the anterior left side of the skull in a 20 to 30 year old male from epin (Late Medieval Period).
122
Perimortem trauma
Chapter 11 Image 3 Close up of the same injury. The cut is 49 mm long and was inflicted from above. It was most likely inflicted with a saber (Late Medieval Period).
123
Perimortem trauma
Chapter 11 Image 4 The same individual also exhibits a sharp force perimortem injury that bisected the right mandibular ramus, as well as the inferior portion of the right mastoideus (not shown).
124
Perimortem trauma
Chapter 11 Image 5 The same individual also exhibits a small, sharp force perimortem injury to the distal part of the first phalange of the left 4th finger.
125
Perimortem trauma
Chapter 11 Image 6 Right side of the skull of a 30 to 40 year old female from the epin cemetery. This individual exhibits a total of 11 relatively short, shallow (none have penetrated the cranial vault) sharp force perimortem injuries to the cranium (Late Medieval Period).
126
Perimortem trauma
Chapter 11 Image 7 View of the same skull from above showing the longest (22 mm), and deepest cut located on the right posterior part of the frontal bone.
127
Perimortem trauma
Chapter 11 Image 8 Close up of the same injury.
128
Perimortem trauma
Chapter 11 Image 9 The location of four sharp force injuries on the right side of the skull. Note that they are all shallow, relatively short, and parallel to each other. To some degree they are reminiscent of scalping injuries with, however, the important distinction that scalping injuries are horizontally oriented while these are vertical.
129
Perimortem trauma
Chapter 11 Image 10 The articulated pelvic bones of a 20 to 30 year old female from epin. This individual exhibits a total of 22 perimortem injuries (21 sharp force, and 1 penetrating injury) all of which are located on the innominates and proximal right femur. The most inferior cut is located on the anterolateral side of the right femur, 101 mm inferior of the lesser trochanter, while the most superior injury is located 14 mm inferior of the left iliac crest. All 22 injuries are, therefore, concentrated in an area of the skeleton that is approximately 270 mm long (Late Medieval Period).
130
Perimortem trauma
Chapter 11 Image 11 The proximal right femur of the same individual showing numerous sharp force perimortem injuries.
131
Perimortem trauma
Chapter 11 Image 12 Close up of some of the injuries to the femur. Note that these injuries were inflicted from below.
132
Perimortem trauma
Chapter 11 Image 13 Close up of the two deepest and largest injuries to the femur. The injuries are located on the lateral side of the femur and, similar to the previously shown ones, were inflicted from below. The injuries were most likely inflicted with a saber.
133
Perimortem trauma
Chapter 11 Image 14 Schematic representations of the sharp force perimortem injuries identified on the right femur.
134
Perimortem trauma
Chapter 12 Image 15 Schematic representations of the sharp force perimortem injuries identified on the right femur with the directions from which the injuries were inflicted. As is evident from this picture, eight (8) injuries are located on the lateral side of the femur and all have been inflicted from below. Five (5) sharp force perimortem injuries are located on the anterior side of the femur, and all have been inflicted from above.
135
Perimortem trauma
Chapter 11 Image 16 The right posterior side of the pelvic girdle exhibits three (3) perimortem injuries: two (2) sharp force injuries on the posterior part of the right ilium, and one (1) penetrating injury.
136
Perimortem trauma
Chapter 11 Image 17 The dorsal view of the penetrating injury to the right ilium. The injury is roughly oval in shape, and exhibits slight beveling on its posterior surface. Experiments carried out with Ottoman Turkish weapons curated at the History Museum in Zagreb suggest that this injury may have been produced with the beak of a war hammer.
137
Perimortem trauma
Chapter 11 Image 18 Close up of two sharp force injuries inflicted to the posterior right ilium. The shorter cut is 25 mm long, while the longer one measures 58 mm. This cut sliced off the posteriormedial part of the right ilium. Note that both injuries had been inflicted from below. The injuries were most likely inflicted with a saber.
138
Perimortem trauma
Chapter 11 Image 19 The left ilium exhibits six shallow, roughly parallel cuts on its anterior surface that were inflicted from above. Because of the concave nature of the anterior iliac surface 3 of the 6 cuts are discontinuous. It is, however, clear that each injury was the result of a single action, most likely a horizontal cut through the left abdominal area of the victim with a war knife whose point scraped along the anterior iliac surface.
139
Perimortem trauma
Chapter 11 Image 20 Schematic representations of the sharp force perimortem injuries inflicted to the left ilium.
140
Chapter 12
Miscellaneous
141
Miscellaneous
Chapter 12 Image 1 Pathological changes consistent with osteochondritis dissecans in the medial femoral condyles of a subadult aged between 13 to 15 years from the Early Medieval Glavice-Gluvine kue cemetery in the Dalmatian hinterland (laus et al., 2010). The lesion on the right femoral condyle is an oval crater-like defect with well defined margins and a porous floor of rough trabecular bone. The defect is slightly larger than the one on the left side with an anteroposterior diameter of 24 mm and a transverse diameter of 19 mm. Careful analyses of all of the recovered osseous material from the grave failed to identify the displaced bone fragment (Early Medieval Period).
143
Miscellaneous
Chapter 12 Image 2 Radiological image made with computed tomography in the sagittal direction of the right medial femoral condyle of the same individual. The right medial femoral condyle shows a well-demarcated radiolucent defect in the articular surface of the joint surrounded by a thin sclerotic repair zone (Early Medieval Period).
144
Miscellaneous
Chapter 12 Image 3 Spina bifida occulta of the sacrum in an adult male from the Late Medieval Korlat cemetery in Dalmatia (Late Medieval Period).
145
Miscellaneous
Chapter 12 Image 4 Ossified pleura found in the skeleton of an adult female from the Late Medieval Litani cemetery in Bosnia and Herzegovina (Late Medieval Period).
146
Miscellaneous
Chapter 12 Image 5 Ankylosing spondylitis in an adult male recovered from the Early Medieval cemetery Velim in Dalmatia (laus et al., 2012): a) anterior view of the spinal column and pelvic girdle; b) antero-lateral lateral (left side) view of fused thoracic vertebrae (T3-T7) T7) and ribs; ribs c) anterior view of the fused sacroiliac joints jo of the same individual; (Early Medieval Period).
147
Miscellaneous
Chapter 12 Image 6 CT scan close up of the pelvic girdle of the same individual.
148
Miscellaneous
Chapter 12 Image 7 Radiographic image (anterior view) of fused lumbar vertebrae and sacroiliac joints from the same individual.
149
Miscellaneous
Chapter 12 Image 8 Bone tumor (osteochondroma) on the anterior side of the neck of the right femur in an adult male recovered from the Early Medieval cemetery Lobor in northwestern Croatia (Early Medieval Period; laus et al., 2000; laus, 2002).
150
Bibliography
151
Bibliography
Bedi , laus M. 2010. Supernumerary teeth and pseudarthrosis of the mandible in a young male from the mediaeval cemetery in Stenjevec. Bull Int Assoc Paleodont 4: 4-10.
Filipovi S. 2010. Kasnoantika nekropola u Zmajevcu. Osijek: Muzej Slavonije Osijek.
Juri R. 2002. Novija istraivanja srednjovjekovnih groblja na zadarskom podruju. Histria Antiq 8: 295-312.
Juri R. 2003. Radainovci Vinogradine 2002. Obavijesti HAD-a 2/2003: 83-84.
Krnevi . 1999. Rezultati istraivanja srednjovjekovnih arheolokih lokaliteta na ibenskom podruju u godini 1997. i 1998. Obavijesti HAD-a 2/1999: 79-86.
Krnevi . 2000. Sustavna arheoloka istraivanja na lokalitetu sv. Lovre u ibenskom Donjem polju rezultati kampanja 1999. i 2000. Obavijesti HAD-a 3/2000: 122-126.
Novak M, laus M. 2007. Uestalost i distribucija cribrae orbitaliae u kasnosrednjovjekovnoj populaciji iz Dugopolja. Starohrv prosvj 34: 451-475.
Novak M, Vyroubal V, Bedi , laus M. 2008. Antropoloka analiza groblja Konjsko polje-Livade u kontekstu drugih ranosrednjovjekovnih groblja iz Dalmacije. Starohrv prosvj 35: 211-238.
Novak M, laus M. 2010. Health and disease in a Roman walled city: an example of Colonia Iulia Iader. J Anthropol Sci 88:189-206.
Novak M, laus M. 2011. Vertebral pathologies in two Early Modern period (16th-19th century) populations from Croatia. Am J Phys Anthropol 145: 270-281.
153
Bibliography
laus M. 2002. The Bioarchaeology of Continental Croatia. An analysis of human skeletal remains from the prehistoric to post-medieval periods. Oxford: Archaeopress, BAR International Series.
laus M. 2006. Bioarheologija. Demografija, zdravlje, traume i prehrana starohrvatskih populacija. Zagreb: kolska knjiga.
laus M. 2008. Osteological and dental markers of health in the transition from the Late Antique to the Early Medieval period in Croatia. Am J Phys Anthropol 136: 455-469.
laus M, Orli D, Peina M. 2000. Osteochondroma in a skeleton from an 11th century Croatian cemetery. Croat Med J 41: 336-340.
laus M, Peinalaus N, Brki H. 2004. Life stress on the Roman limes in continental Croatia. Homo 54: 240-263.
laus M, Novak M. 2006. Analiza trauma u srednjovjekovnim uzorcima iz Klikovca i Crkvara. Pril Inst Arheol Zagrebu 23: 213-228.
laus M, Bedi , Vyroubal V. 2007. Forenzinoantropoloka analiza ljudskih kostiju iz groba 1 s nalazita Guran Na kriu u Istri Davno poinjeno ubojstvo i primjer kako postmortalna oteenja kostiju mogu oponaati ubojstvo. In: Beki L, editor. Zatitna arheologija na magistralnom plinovodu PulaKarlovac. Zagreb: Denona. p 42-48.
laus M, Novak M. 2007. A Case of Veneral Syphilis in the Modern Age Horizon of Graves near the Church of St. Lawrence in Crkvari. Pril Inst Arheol Zagrebu 24: 503-510.
laus M, Cicvara-Peina T, Lucijani I, Peina M, Strinovi D. 2010. Osteochondritis dissecans of the knee in a subadult from a medieval (ninth century AD) site in Croatia. Acta Clin Croat 49: 189-195.
154
Bibliography
laus M, Bedi , Raji ikanji P, Vodanovi M, Domi Kuni A. 2011. Dental health at the transition from the Late antique to the Early medieval period on Croatia's eastern Adriatic coast. Int J Osteoarchaeol 21: 577-590.
laus M, Novak M, Vyroubal V, Bedi . 2010. The harsh life on the 15th century Croatia-Ottoman Empire military border: Analyzing and identifying the reasons for the massacre in epin. Am J Phys Anthropol 141: 358372.
laus M, Novak M, Bedi , Strinovi D. 2012. Bone fractures as indicators of intentional violence in the Eastern Adriatic from the Antique to the Late Medieval period (2nd-16th century AD). Am J Phys Anthropol 149: 26-38.
laus M, Novak M, avka M. 2012. Four cases of ankylosing spondylitis in medieval skeletal series from Croatia. Rheumatol Int 32: 3985-3992.
Vodanovi M, Pero K, Zukanovi A, Kneevi M, Novak M, laus M, Brki H. 2012. Periodontal diseases at the transition from the late antique to the early mediaeval period in Croatia. Arch Oral Biol 57: 1362-1376.
Watson CL, Popescu E, Boldsen J, laus M, Lockwood DNJ. 2009. Single nucleotid polymorphism analysis of European archaeological M. Leprae DNA. PLoS ONE 4(10): e7547. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0007547.
155
Index
157
Index
A
abscess, 56 amber, 45 animal bone, 43 Ankaran, 40 ankylosing spondylitis, 147 antemortem trauma, 108 anthropological analysis, 17, 24
cribra orbitalia, 63, 64, 68, 69 Crkvari, 80, 108 Croatia, 4, 29, 31, 32, 43, 48, 49, 50, 66, 67, 68, 69, 80, 85, 108, 116, 121, 150 Croatian Academy of Sciences and Arts, 1, 3, 4, 19, 20 CT scan, 148
epin, 121, 122, 126, 130
B
belt buckle, 33 Bezdanjaa cave, 32 bird's beak, 41 blunt force trauma, 105 bone tumor, 150 Bosnia and Herzegovina, 54, 98, 99, 146 bracelet, 49 Bronze Age Period, 32 bronze artifacts, 31 burial, 15, 30
D
Dalmatia, 9, 13, 34, 39, 44, 45, 53, 55, 56, 57, 58, 64, 70, 73, 81, 86, 105, 106, 109, 114, 145, 147 dental wear, 54 discoloration, 32 DNA testing, 25 drying, 23 Dubravka St. Barbara, 88 Dubrovnik, 88 Dugopolje, 63, 97
C
callus, 115 canine, 117 caries, 53, 55 cavitations, 80 cemetery, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 29, 31, 34, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 74, 75, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 97, 98, 99, 100, 101, 105, 106, 107, 108, 109, 111, 113, 114, 121, 126, 143, 145, 146 chipped teeth, 117 clavicle, 16, 85 cloacal opening, 76 collecting samples, 25 comb, 43 computed tomography, 144 condyle, 116, 143, 144 cortex, 35, 80 cortical defect, 85, 87, 88 costoclavicular ligaments, 85 cranial vault, 126 cranium, 105, 111, 126
E
ear bones, 34 Early Iron Age, 36 Early Medieval cemetery, 9, 13, 34, 42, 53, 56, 57, 58, 70, 81, 82, 113, 116, 117, 143, 144, 147, 150 Early Modern Period, 46, 59, 73, 78, 79, 80, 89, 90, 92 earring, 40, 44, 48 eburnation, 97, 98, 99, 100, 101 elbow, 92, 114 enamel, 65, 66, 67, 70, 117 enamel hypoplasia, 65, 66, 67, 70 Eraci, 41, 74, 87, 109 excavation, 12
F
facets, 91, 93 facies leprosa, 81 femoral shaft, 74 femur, 33, 97, 130, 131, 132, 133, 134, 135, 150 fetus, 16 fibula, 75, 76, 80 finger, 125
159
Index
fracture, 97, 106, 107, 109, 110, 111, 112, 115, 116, 117 frontal bone, 127
M
macroporosity, 98, 99, 101 malleus, 34 mandible, 29, 30, 116, 117 mandibular ramus, 116, 124 maxilla, 29, 30, 59, 81, 117 metacarpal bones, 109, 110 metal coins, 29 microporosity, 97, 98, 101 molar, 53, 55, 56, 117
G
glass beads, 49 Glavice Gluvine kue, 113, 143 golden threads, 47 grave architecture, 11 Guran na Kriu, 42
H
helmet, 32 History Museum in Zagreb, 137 hooks and eyes, 50 humerus, 16, 88 hyperdorsiflexion, 93
N
Narona, 39 nasal aperture, 81 nasal bones, 108 nasal septum, 108 necklace, 49 Nin St. Anselm, 77
I
ilium, 16, 136, 137, 138, 139, 140 incinerated human bones, 36 incisor, 57, 65, 70 incus, 34 involucrum, 76 Istria, 42
O
occlusal abrasions, 58 oral cavity, 29 Osijek, 43 osteoarthritis, 97, 98, 99, 100, 101 osteochondritis dissecans, 143 osteochondroma, 150 osteological collection, 19, 20, 30, 83 osteological material, 21, 23 osteomyelitis, 75, 80 osteophyte, 97, 99, 100, 101 Ottoman Turkish light cavalry, 121 Ottoman Turkish weapons, 137 oxidation marks, 29, 30, 31, 33
K
Kaptol Gradci, 36 Konjsko polje, 53 Koprivno, 89, 90, 111 Koprivno Kod Kria, 90 Korlat, 64, 91, 145 Kozica, 105, 114 Kranj, 65, 93 Kruevo, 106 kyphosis, 77
P L
palatine, 82 paper packages, 21 pelvic bones, 130 pelvic girdle, 16, 31, 136, 147, 148 pendant, 45 penetrating injury, 130, 136, 137 periostitis, 73, 74, 80 phalange, 125 phoenix, 45 pleura, 146 porosity, 97 porous bone, 82
Late Antique, 42 Late Medieval Period, 41, 47, 54, 63, 64, 74, 75, 77, 87, 88, 91, 97, 98, 99, 100, 101, 105, 106, 107, 108, 109, 110, 111, 112, 114, 115, 122, 123, 126, 130, 145, 146 lateral epicondylitis, 92 leprosy, 81 Litani, 54, 98, 99, 146 lytic lesion, 79
160
Index
Potts gibbus, 77 Poega, 36, 59 pre-auricular sulci, 15 premolar, 117 pubic bone pits, 15
subadult, 31, 39, 41, 63, 64, 68, 69, 70, 74, 79, 121, 143 syphilis, 80
R
ibenik, 13 trbinci, 68, 69
Radainovci, 9, 10, 11, 12, 81 radial diaphysis, 106 radiographic image, 149 radiological image, 144 radius, 87, 115 Relja, 29, 31, 44, 45, 55, 66, 67, 86 removing earth, 22 rhomboid fossae, 85, 86 rib, 16, 79, 113, 147 Rijeka, 46, 78, 79 Roman Period, 29, 30, 31, 39, 40, 43, 44, 45, 48, 49, 50, 55, 66, 67, 68, 69, 85, 86 rosary beads, 46
T
talus, 115 tarsal bone, 115 teeth, 54, 58, 66, 67, 91, 117 tennis elbow, 92 tibia, 80, 97, 101 tibial shaft, 73 tooth crowns, 32 tooth loss, 59 tooth roots, 32 tooth trauma, 57 tortoise shell, 39 tuberculosis, 77, 78, 79
S
saber, 121, 123, 133, 138 sacroiliac joints, 147, 149 sacrum, 145 sagittal suture, 115 scalping injuries, 129 scapula, 121 Schmorls node, 89, 90 scorpion, 42 sequestrum, 76 sharp force trauma, 121, 122 Sisak, 92 skull, 32, 40, 44, 115, 122, 126, 127, 129 Slavonia, 68, 69, 108 Slovenia, 40, 65, 93 spina bifida occulta, 145 spinal tuberculosis, 77, 78 St. Dominics church, 73 St. Lawrence, 13, 80, 108 staining, 29, 31, 32 stapes, 34 Stenjevec, 116 Udbina, 47, 75, 100, 107 ulna, 16, 114, 115 ulnar diaphyses, 107
V
Velim, 34, 56, 57, 58, 70, 147 vertebrae, 77, 78, 89, 90, 99, 147, 149 Vinkovci, 85
W
war hammer, 137
Z
Zadar, 29, 31, 44, 45, 55, 66, 67, 73, 86 Zagvozd Gradac, 101 Zmajevac, 48, 49, 50
161

Photographic Atlas of Bioarchaeology

Uploaded by

Document Information

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Photographic Atlas of Bioarchaeology

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Photographic Atlas of

Copyright 2013 by Mario laus www.marioslaus.com ISBN 978-953-7781-01-9

Archaeological research and excavation

Chapter 1 Image 2 Ground level view of the Radainovci cemetery.

Chapter 1 Image 3 Grave architecture in the Radainovci cemetery.

Chapter 1 Image 4 Excavation of a grave from the Radainovci cemetery.

Chapter 1 Image 6 Close up of a grave from the same cemetery.

Anthropological analysis and osteological collection

Chapter 2 Image 5 Drying of the osteological material before analysis.

Chapter 2 Image 6 Anthropological analysis of the skeletal material.

Chapter 2 Image 7 Collecting samples for DNA testing.

Taphonomy and preservation

Taphonomy and preservation

Taphonomy and preservation

Taphonomy and preservation

Taphonomy and preservation

Taphonomy and preservation

Taphonomy and preservation

Taphonomy and preservation

Taphonomy and preservation

Associated materials recovered during the cleaning of the skeletons

Indicators of physical stress and habitual activities

Indicators of physical stress

Indicators of physical stress

Indicators of physical stress

Indicators of physical stress

Indicators of physical stress

Indicators of physical stress

Indicators of physical stress

Indicators of physical stress

Indicators of physical stress

Chapter 11 Image 8 Close up of the same injury.

Filipovi S. 2010. Kasnoantika nekropola u Zmajevcu. Osijek: Muzej Slavonije Osijek.

Juri R. 2003. Radainovci Vinogradine 2002. Obavijesti HAD-a 2/2003: 83-84.

epin, 121, 122, 126, 130

You might also like