Destiny Cobb

Biology
Chapter 8
pgs.200-225
Main Idea Notes/Vocabulary
• Osmosis is the diffusion of water through a
Section 8.1 selectively permeable membrane.
Cellular • Passive Transport moves a substance with the
Transport concentration gradient and requires no energy from
the cell.
• Active transport moves materials against the
concentration gradient and requires energy to
overcome the opposite flow of materials with the
concentration gradient.
• Large particles may enter a cell by endocytosis and
leave by exocytosis.
Osmosis: Diffusion of Water
Osmosis- diffusion of water across a selectively
permeable membrane depending on the
concentration of solutes on either side of the
membrane

-Isotonic solution- in cells, a solution in which the

concentration of dissolved substance in the solution
is the same as the concentration of dissolved
substances inside the cell

-Hypotonic Solution- in cells, the solution in which

the concentration of dissolved substances is lower
in the solution outside the cell than the
concentration inside the cell; causes cells to swell,
and possibly burst as water enters the cell

-Hypertonic Solution- in cells, the solution in which

the concentration of dissolved substances outside
the cell is higher the concentration inside the cell;
causes a cell to shrink as water leaves the cell

Passive Transport
Passive Transport- movement of cell particles across
cell membranes by diffusion of osmosis; the cell uses
no energy to move particles across the membrane

-Facilitated Diffusion- passive transport of materials

across a plasma membrane by transport proteins
embedded in plasma membrane

Active Transport
 Destiny Cobb
Biology
Chapter 8
pgs.200-225
Active Transport- energy-expending process by which
cells transport materials across the cell membrane
against a concentration gradient
Transport of Large Particles:
Endocytosis- active transport process where a cell
engulfs materials with a portion of the cell’s plasma
membrane and releases the contents inside the cell

Exocytosis- active transport process by which

materials are secreted or expelled from a cell
• Cell size is limited largely by the diffusion rate of a
Section 8.2 materials into and out of the cell, the amount of DNA
Cell Growth and available to program the cell’s metabolism, and the
Reproduction cell’s surface area-to-volume ratio.
• The life cycle of a cells divided into two genetic
periods: a period of active growth and metabolism,
known as interphase, and a period of cell division
known as mitosis.
• Mitosis is divided into 4 phases: prophase,
metaphase, anaphase, and telophase.
• The cells of most multicellular organisms are
Section 8.2
organized into tissues, organs, and organ system.
Cell Growth and
Reproduction
Cell Reproduction
(continued)
Chromosome- cell structures that carry the genetic
material that is copied and passed from generation to
generation of cells

Chromatin- long, tangled strands of DNA found in the

eukaryotic cell nucleus during interphase

Cell Cycle
Cell Cycle- continuous sequence of growth
(interphase) and division (mitosis) in a cell

Interphase- cell growth phase were a cell increases in

size, carries on metabolism, and duplicates
chromosomes prior to division

Mitosis- period of nuclear cell division in which two

daughter cells are formed, each containing a
complete set of chromosomes
The Phases of Mitosis:
1) Prophase- 1st and longest phase of mitosis where
chromatin coils into visible chromosomes
 Destiny Cobb
Biology
Chapter 8
pgs.200-225

A) Sister Chromatids- identical halves of a

duplicated parent chromosome formed during the
prophase stage of mitosis; the halves are held
together by a centromeres

B) Centromere- cell structure that joins two sister

chromatids of a chromosome

C) Centriole- in animal cells, a pair of small

cylindrical structures composed of microtubules
that duplicate during interphase and move to
opposite ends of the cell during interphase

D)Spindle- cell structures composed of

microtubules fibers; form between the centrioles
during prophase and shorten during anaphase,
pulling apart sister chromatids

2) Metaphase- short second phase of mitosis where

Section 8.2 doubled chromosomes move to the equator of the
Cell Growth and spindle and chromatids are attached by centromeres
Reproduction to a separate spindle fiber
(continued)
3) Anaphase- phase of mitosis where the
centromeres split and the chromatid pairs of each
chromosome are pulled apart by microtubules

4) Telophase- final phase of mitosis during which

new cells prepare for their own independent
existence

Division of the Cytoplasm

Cytokinesis- cell process following meiosis or
mitosis in which the cell’s cytoplasm divides and
separates into new cells
Result of Mitosis
Tissue- group of cells that work together to
perform a specific function

Organ- group of 2 or more tissues organized to

perform complex activities within an organism

Organ System- multiple organs that work together

to perform a specific life function
 Destiny Cobb
Biology
Chapter 8
pgs.200-225
Section 8.3 • The cell cycle is controlled by key enzymes that are
Control of the produced at specific points in the cell cycle.
Cell Cycle • Cancer is caused by genetic and environmental
factors that change the genes that control the cell
cycle.
• For some types of cancer, research has shown that
lifestyle choices like eating a healthy diet and
exercising regularly can reduce the incidence of
cancer

Normal Control of the Cell Cycle

Cancer- uncontrolled cell division that may be caused
by environmental factors and/or changes in enzyme
production in the cell cycle

Gene- segment of DNA that controls the protein

production and the cell cycle