Fan Coil Guidelines

engineering guidelines - fan coils
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Table of Contents
Engineering Guidelines - Fan Coils
overview
Engineering Guidelines Overview...................................................................................................................................................B3
fan coils
Fan Coils.........................................................................................................................................................................................B4 Types of Fan Coils...................................................................................................................................................................B4 Heat Transfer...........................................................................................................................................................................B8 Hydronic (Fan Coil) System....................................................................................................................................................B8 Room Load Calculations ........................................................................................................................................................B9 Psychrometrics.....................................................................................................................................................................B10 Properties of Coils and Coil Design ......................................................................................................................................B12 Vertical Stack Risers ............................................................................................................................................................B13 Riser Sizing...........................................................................................................................................................................B13 Expansion Loops...................................................................................................................................................................B14 Controls and Valve Packages................................................................................................................................................B15 Thermostat............................................................................................................................................................................B16
ENGINEERING GUIDELINES
B2
Overview

Air Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE) Standard 70, Standard 113, Standard 130 and AHRI 880. Although Titus has no control over the system, design and application of these products, a function which rightfully belongs to the designer, this data accurately represents the product performance based on the results of laboratory tests. Furthermore, the recommended methods of applying this information have been shown by field experience to result in optimum space air distribution.
The selection and performance data contained in this catalog are the result of extensive studies conducted in the Titus engineering laboratories under professional engineering guidance, with adherence to sound engineering applications. They are intended to be aids to heating and air conditioning engineers and designers with skill and knowledge in the art of air distribution. The data have been obtained in accordance with the principles outlined within the American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and
ENGINEERING GUIDELINES
B3
Types of Fan Coils

Vertical Stack
The Vertical Stack unit consists of a blower and motor capable of supplying up to 1200 cfm to the space, a cooling/ heating water coil, a drain pan for coil condensation and large amount of accessories to reduce installation times and cost. The purpose of the Vertical Stack Fan Coil is to provide cooling and heating to single or dual room spaces in response to a control signal from a single room thermostat. The unit is typically mounted in the room walls forming part of the conditioned area. There are four types of Vertical Stack units to meet various water distribution designs. Model VSR (Vertical Stack Stand Alone) vertical mounted unit with wall mounted return air/access panel and discharge grilles normally have the water distribution risers as an integral part of the unit to facilitate the unit installation and reduce cost and time in the field. Model VSRM (Vertical Stack Remote Master) as per the model VSR, however the risers are manufactured with various alternatives of connections for field connection to a remote Drone (VSRS) unit. Model VSRS (Vertical Stack Remote Drone) as per the VSR unit, however the unit does not have risers and pipe connections are manufactured ready for connection to a remote Master (VSRM) unit. Model VSM/S (Vertical Stack Master/Drone) twin pack unit, pre-piped at the factory, sharing a single set of risers and typically used when conditioning similar space areas such as hotel rooms.
Figure 110.Typical Vertical Stack Application
FAN COILS
VSR
VSRM
VSRS
VSM/VSS
B4
Types of Fan Coils (continued)

Horizontal Basic
The Horizontal Basic unit consists of a blower and motor capable of supplying up to 1200 cfm to the space, a cooling/ heating water coil and a drain pan for coil condensation. The purpose of the Horizontal Basic Fan Coil unit is to provide cooling and heating to a single room space in response to a control signal from the room thermostat. The unit is typically mounted above the space ceiling in a ceiling drop or soffit to maximize the usable floor space in the conditioned area. There are four types of Horizontal Basic units to meet various structural requirements. Model HBC (Horizontal Basic Cabinet) mounts in the ceiling plenum and is ducted to a high sidewall air outlet. The HBC is an economical source of supplying warm or cool air to a room in response to the room thermostat. Model HBP (Horizontal Basic Plenum) is the same unit as the HBC with the fan and blower housed inside an insulated plenum. The plenum provides sound absorption for the fan noise and a housing to mount an optional plenum air filter. Model HBR (Horizontal Basic Recessed) is mounted with the face exposed to the room on the ceiling. The face of the unit houses the return air inlet for inducing room air directly back to the unit for recirculation. The face is painted. Model HBE (Horizontal Basic Exposed) is mounted below the ceiling line with the entire unit under the ceiling line. This unit is commonly used in high bay open areas.
Figure 111.Typical Horizontal Basic Application
FAN COILS
HBC
HBE
HBP
HBR
B5

Vertical Basic
The Vertical Basic unit consists of a blower and motor capable of supplying up to 1200 cfm to the space, a cooling/ heating water coil and a drain pan for coil condensation. The purpose of the Vertical Basic Fan Coil unit is to provide cooling and heating to a single room space in response to a control signal from the thermostat. The thermostat could be located on the unit or on the wall. The unit is typically mounted beneath the window to be located in the area of the maximum load in the conditioned area. There are four types of Vertical Basic units to meet various structural requirements. Model VBC (Vertical Basic Cabinet) mounts in an enclosed area on the perimeter beneath or adjacent to the window. The unit is enclosed with material similar to the room walls. A supply grille mounted atop the unit discharges conditioned air vertically into the space. Model VBF (Vertical Basic Flat Top) typically mounts on the floor beneath the window but can be located on a wall adjacent to the window. The unit is encased in a painted sheet metal enclosure. An integral supply air grille is located atop the unit for conditioned air to be discharged vertically into the space. Model VBA (Vertical Basic Angle Top) typically mounts on the floor beneath the window but can be located on a wall adjacent to the window. The unit is encased in a painted sheet metal enclosure. An integral supply air grille is located on an angled
Figure 112.Typical Vertical Basic Application surface atop the unit for conditioned air to be discharged vertically into the space. The angled surface discourages placing items on top of the unit, which blocks the air supply into the space. Model VBL (Vertical Basic Low Profile) typically mounts on the floor beneath the window. The unit is encased in a painted sheet metal enclosure. An integral supply air grille is located atop the unit for conditioned air to be discharged vertically into the space. The VBL is mounted in a lower profile cabinet for use with a window, which is mounted closer to the floor. The smaller cabinet limits the maximum airflow to 600 cfm for this model. Model VBLC (Vertical Basic Low Profile Concealed Floor) mounts in an enclosed area on the perimeter beneath or adjacent to the window. The unit is enclosed with material similar to the room walls. A supply grille mounted atop the unit discharges conditioned air vertically into the space. The VBLC is mounted in a lower profile cabinet for use with a window, which is mounted closer to the floor. The smaller cabinet limits the maximum airflow to 600 cfm for this model.
VBLC
FAN COILS
B6
VBA
VBC
VBF
VBL

High Output Series

The High Output Series units consist of a blower and motor capable of supplying up to 2000 cfm to the space, a cooling/ heating water coil and a drain pan for coil condensation. The purpose of the High Output Series Fan Coil units is to provide cooling and heating to a multi-room space in response to a control signal from the area thermostat. The unit is typically mounted outside the conditioned area to minimize the noise generated by a larger blower. There are three Horizontal High Output models and one Vertical High Output model. Model HHC (Horizontal High Output Cabinet) is typically mounted in a ceiling plenum space above a hallway or non-critical room. Care must be taken to provide access to the unit for service. Ductwork attached to the unit discharge will deliver the conditioned air to the air outlets mounted in the ceiling or high sidewall of the rooms being served. Return air inlets from the room to the ceiling plenum are required for units mounted above a ceiling. Model HHP (Horizontal High Output Plenum) is the same unit as the HHC with the fan and blower housed inside an insulated plenum. The plenum provides sound absorption for the fan noise, and a housing to mount an optional plenum air filter. The return air inlets can be ducted directly to the unit plenum. Model HHE (Horizontal High Output Exposed) is designed for larger spaces where noise is not critical. The galvanized steel cabinet is typically not painted. The unit is mounted above the conditioned space and can be ducted to multiple air outlets or discharged directly above the space. Model VHC (Vertical High Output Cabinet) is designed for larger spaces where ease of maintenance is desired. The unit is typically located in a closet where a door from the occupied space opens for easy access.
Figure 113.Typical Horizontal High Output Application
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Figure 114.Typical Vertical High Output Application
FAN COILS
HHC
HHP
HHE
VHC
B7
Heat Transfer

Heat loss is measured in Btu which is the amount of heat required to raise 1 lb. of water 1BF. Coefficients used to estimate the value of the heat loss include: K Factor, which is the amount of heat transferred in 1 hour through 1 sq. ft. of material, 1 thick at 1BF of temperature difference. C Factor, which is the amount of heat transferred in 1 hour through 1 sq. ft. of material through the specified thickness of the material used. R Value, is the resistance to heat transfer, measured as the reciprocal of conductance (1/K or 1/C). U Value, designates the overall transmission of heat in 1 hour per sq. ft. of area for the difference of 1BF across specified material. Conductance of individual materials is not directly applicable to the heat loss calculation. First, it must be converted to the R value, which is (1/K or 1/C).
ASHRAE defines heat transfer as the flow of heat energy induced by a temperature difference. Thermal energy can be transferred or be affected by: Conduction Convection Radiation Humidity
Thermal conduction is the mechanism of heat transfer by the transfer of kinetic energy between particles or groups of particles at the atomic level. With solid bodies, such as with an air jet near a window, thermal conduction dominates only very close to the solid surface. Thermal convection is the transfer by eddy mixing and diffusion in addition to conduction. The transfer of fluid currents produced by external sources, such as by a blower, is called forced convection.
Equation 1: For a structure with multiple skin materials, the total heat transmission can be calculated as:
U = 1/(R1 + R2 + ..Rn)
When the fluid air movement is caused by the difference in density and the action of gravity, it is called natural convection. Natural convection is very active near windows and near heat sources in the occupied spaces. The colder air falls and the warmer air rises. Radiant heat transfer takes place through matter. It is a change in energy form, from internal energy at the source to electromagnetic energy for transmission, then back to internal energy at the receiver. Examples of radiation are sunshine through the air and window to the inside floor or ceiling light to occupants and to the floor. All of these methods of heat transfer effect a persons comfort reaction. In addition, humidity has some effect caused by a change in evaporation rate from the body. Heat transfer is also affected by the following factors: A greater temperature difference will result in a greater amount of heat transfer. The amount of surface area is directly proportional to the amount of heat transfer. The amount of time is also directly proportional to the amount of heat transfer. The thermal resistance of the material use affects the rate of heat transfer.
HYDRONIC (FAN COIL) SYSTEMS

For hydronic heating and cooling fan coil systems heat is removed from the occupied space (cooling) or added to the occupied space (heating) via a closed looop water system. Return air from the space passes across a fin tube coil. The re-conditioned air is returned to the space through the supply air outlets. During the cooling season, heat from the return air is transferred to the water passing through the coil. The warmer water is piped to the chiller where the heat is removed and the cooler water is re-circulated. After the return air passes through the coil and the heat is removed, it is directed back to the space through the supply air outlets as directed by the room thermostat. During the heating season, the cool return air passes through the fin tube coil. Return air is heated by the warm water being piped through the coil, and is directed back to the room through the supply air outlets as directed by the room thermostat. Manufacturers performance data will quantify the coil heat transfer rate (Btu/H), given the airflow rate (cfm), entering air temperature dry and wet bulb (eat), water-flow rate (gpm) and entering supply water temperature (ewt) or entering and leaving water temperature (ewt/lwt) instead of water flow rate.
FAN COILS
B8
Room Load Calculations

For fan coil products the typical application characteristics are similar to multi-family residential building. For these structures heating and cooling load calculations will differ from commercial applications. Some of the unique features differentiating fan coil applications from other commercial applications include: Heat gains are primarily imposed on the building through walls, windows, ceilings, doors and infiltration. Loads imposed by people and lighting is less significant. Load characteristics for fan coil zones can be more narrowly defined than zones for commercial spaces. The factors for a specific zone orientation, outdoor exposure and climate zone need to be considered. Exterior or interior shading and the time of the day affect the solar load. Another load on the space may be imposed by infiltration of outdoor air through windows and doors. Additional implements may be used for occupant comfort during extreme design situations. Ceiling fans can provide occupant comfort during warm conditions. Heat from sources such as a fireplace may provide extra comfort for cold conditions. For sleeping rooms, bed linens may be added or removed to enhance comfort. Most fan coil systems are used for relatively small capacity systems. Because loads are commonly determined by outdoor conditions, and very few days during a heating or cooling season are at design conditions, partial load conditions are prevalent. Therefore, over sizing the unit can decrease comfort in the space, especially during humid conditions. During high humidity operations with lower dry bulb temperatures, the thermostat will direct an oversized unit to short cycle, leaving uncomfortable levels of humidity in the space. For climate zones with higher humidity levels, selecting a smaller capacity unit will allow for maximum dehumidification and comfort for the majority of the cooling season with slight discomfort on the few days when design conditions occur. Additional information and a detailed discussion of calculating the cooling and heating loads in a space can be found in the Air Conditioning Contractors Association (ACCA) Manual N for Commercial Load Calculation, ASHRAE SDL Curriculum on Heating and Cooling Loads, or ASHRAE TC-4.0 Technical Committee for Load Calculations. The following are some equations commonly used for heating and cooling load calculations in a space.
Equation 2: Heat transfer through a window or wall:

Q = U * A (t1 t2) Where : Q is the Btu/H U is the overall coefficient Btu/HA A is the area in Ft2 t1 and t2 are the temperatures in BF
Equation 3: Equation for exterior surfaces cooling:

Q = U * A * Dt Where: Q is the heat flow in Btu/H U is the value for the component under consideration Dt is the temperature difference across the component under consideration
Equation 4: Equation for heating and non-exterior cooling:

Q = U * A * Dt Where: Q is the heat flow in Btu/H U is the value for the component under consideration Dt is the temperature difference in degrees F between indoors and outdoors across the component under consideration, taking into account the combined effect of radiation, time lag, storage and temperature
Equation 5: Equation for sensible heating and cooling load:

Q = 1.08 * cfm * Dt Where : Q = is the load in Btu/H 1.08 is a constant for density at sea level. cfm is the volume of conditioned air Dt is the temperature difference between the supply air and the room control temperature
Equation 6: Equation for latent cooling load:

Q = .68 * cfm * GR Where: Q = Load in Btu/H .68 is the latent load constant GR = difference between absolute humidity between indoor humidity/area and outdoor humidity/area
FAN COILS
B9
Psychrometrics

The Wet-bulb Temperature (WBT), is the temperature measured using a wetted thermometer. Wet-bulb is used to determine the moisture content of air. The Absolute Humidity (AH), is the vapor content of air. It is described in terms of moisture per lb of dry air or grains of moisture per lb of dry air. AH is also referred to as moisture content or humidity ratio. There are 7000 grains in a lb. of water. The Relative Humidity (RH), is the vapor content of air. It is described as the percentage of saturation humidity at the same temperature (%). The goal for optimum space comfort is 30-35% for heating conditions, and 45-60% for cooling conditions. Saturation humidity is the maximum vapor content (lb/lb) per lb dry air that air can hold at a fixed temperature. The Dew Point Temperature (DPT), is the temperature at which vapor begins to fall out of air to form condensation. DPT is the temperature at which a state of saturation humidity occurs, or 100% RH. It is also known as the saturation temperature.
One of the four major elements of thermal energy and comfort is humidity. Psychrometrics uses thermodynamics properties to analyze conditions and processes involving moist air. A detailed study of psychrometrics can be found in Chapter 1 of ASHRAE 2009 Fundamentals Handbook. This section is a summary of how knowledge of psychrometrics can be used to maximize space comfort and system performance. Atmospheric Air (the air that you breathe), contains many gaseous components including water vapor and containments. Dry Air is atmospheric air with all moisture removed and is used only as a point of reference. Moist Air is a combination of dry air and water vapor and can be considered equal to atmospheric air for this discussion. A psychrometric chart (Figure 115) is a graphical representation of the thermodynamic properties of moist air. There are several charts available to cover all common conditions. The one shown here is taken from ASHRAE 2009 Fundamentals Handbook, Chapter 1 and illustrates conditions of 32 to 100BF at sea level. The Dry-bulb Temperature (DBT), is the temperature measured using a standard thermometer. Dry-bulb is also known as the sensible temperature.
55
60
90
50
.028 85
Sensible Heat Ratio : 1.0 1.0

2.0 4.0 8.0 : -48.0 -2 .0 .0
60
15.0
0.8
0.6 0.5
0.4
Sensible Heat Total Heat
Qs Qt
-1
-2000 -1000
0
.026
0.
0.2
0.1
ir
ry
of
ou nd
pe
ra tu r
e,
rP
Te m
pe
tu
-B
lp y
En th a
Sa t
25
ur a
tio
Humidity Ratio - Pounds Moisture per Pound Dry Air
FAN COILS
15
40 35
40
Dry Bulb Temperature, F
105
110
100
10
15
20
B10 B10
Enthalpy - Btu per Pound of Dry Air
Figure 115. Psychrometric Chart
115
35
50
65
80
95
40
45
55
60
70
75
85
90
120
20
00
3000
35
12.5
5000
45
85 We t Bu lb
.024
Te mp era
.0
55
tur e, F
50
80
40
.5 -0 .4 -0 3 -0.
.022
-0.2
-0.1
20
15 00
80
35
1000
.020
50
Enthalpy Humidity Ratio
Dh DW
75 .018
14.5
75
30
70
.016
70
65
.014
45
60
90
%
%
65
.012
14.0 Vo lum
55
80
60
.010
40
ecu.
% 70
ft. p .D er lb
50 45
45
55
50
.008
60
%
13.5
ry A
50%
ir
.006
35
40%
30%
.004
13.0
20%
10% Relative
Humidity
.002
30
Psychrometrics (continued)

Sensible heating (Qsen), is the heat that raises the dry-bulb temperature of air without increasing the moisture content. Because we can easily sense this change in temperature, it is called sensible. Sensible cooling is the removal of heat without removing moisture content of the air. Latent Heat (Qlat), is the heat content of air due to the presence of water vapor. Latent heat is the heat required to evaporate this same amount of water (970 Btu/lb), also known as the latent heat of vaporization. As latent heat increases, moisture content increases. Water can be heated to 212BF. If more heat is added, the water will vaporize but the temperature will not change. Latent Cooling (Qlat), is the removal of latent heat from air without lowering the dry-bulb temperature. To retrieve 1 lb. of condensate, 970 Btus would need to be removed. As latent heat decreased, moisture content decreases. Latent Heat of Fusion is the heat required to change a liquid into a solid (144 Btu/lb. Water can be cooled to 32BF. If more heat is removed, it wall cause ice to form. To retrieve 1 lb of water from ice, 144 Btus will need to be added. Sensible processes can be shown as horizontal paths on a psychrometric chart. Latent processes can be shown as vertical paths on a psychrometric chart. Most processes include both, resulting in an angled or diagonal path. Sensible heat factor is the measure of sensible heat to latent heat. Sensible heating only is 1.0. Equal proportions result in 0.5. SHF is generally higher than 0.5 because of the cooling processes that remove more sensible heat than latent heat. For residential applications the typical Sensible heat factor is 0.8.
The Specific Volume (Spv), is the reciprocal of air density which is described in terms of cubic feet per lb of dry air (cu ft/lb). An increase in air temperature will result in a decrease in density and an increase in volume. A decrease in atmospheric pressure also decreased air density while increasing volume. At 5000 feet above sea level, density is decreased by 17%. Higher altitudes require larger motors and blowers to move the same effective mass, due to the increase in specific volume. The Enthalpy (H) is the heat content of air. Enthalpy is also known as the total heat of air. Enthalpy is dependant on the wet-bulb temperature of air. It is described in terms of Btus per lb dry air (Btu/lb). A Status Point is a location on the psychometric chart defined by any two psychometric properties. A hydrometer or psychrometer is commonly used to define a status point. Using a psychrometer. A sling psychrometer incorporates a standard thermometer and a wetted thermometer. The wetted thermometer should be dipped in room temperature distilled water. The psychrometer is spun (slung) until the wet-bulb temperature has stabilized. When the wet-bulb temperature has stabilized, record both the dry-bulb and wet-bulb temperatures on your log sheet. Because of evaporation, the wet-bulb temperature will be equal to or less than the dry-bulb temperature. At 100% RH the wet-bulb will equal the dry-bulb temperature. (Locate an umbrella before continuing the test). As the temperature difference between temperatures increases, the RH will decrease. To locate your status-point, find the dry-bulb temperature on the bottom of the psychometric chart. Follow this line upward until it intersects with the wet-bulb temperature from the left side of the chart. From the status point you can locate:
Absolute Humidity (AH) Relative Humidity (RH) Dew Point Temperature (DPT) Specific Volume (Spv)
When will condensation occur? To determine if a supply air duct or air outlet device will form condensation on the surface: First, using the R-value of any thermal barrier, determine the minimum surface temperature.
FAN COILS
Next, determine the DPT of the atmospheric air in contact with the surface. If the surface temperature is equal or lower than the DPT, the surface will form condensation. If yes, an additional thermal barrier may be required to solve the problem.
B11
Properties of Coils and Coil Design


Air Stream
Fan coil units are typically selected and sized to heat and cool a small zone with specific load requirements. Each unit defines a small zone, which typically serves a few rooms with a centrally located thermostat. Basic and vertical stack units are usually selected for single room applications. The hot and cold water supply usually serves all or part of a single building. Water can be supplied to each unit through a two-pipe or four-pipe water supply system. Two-pipe systems will have a lower installed cost. With a two-pipe system, both hot and cold water are supplied using the same pair of pipes. The lower cost usually translates to a lower level of occupant comfort. This limitation can cause problems when heating is desired in one unit at the same time cooling is desired in another due to solar or internal load requirements. For moderate climate regions, two-pipe systems can operate in the cooling mode with supplemental resistance heat available in zones requiring heat. Four-pipe systems maintain higher levels of occupant comfort for all seasons. Both hot and cold water are left operational during the spring and fall seasons. This additional comfort may result in higher operational cost for utilities to operate both the chiller and the boiler during the spring and fall months. Water side applications for fan coil designs use a chiller to lower the water temperature for heat removal and a boiler to raise the water temperature to overcome heat losses. The water supply used is typically supplied by the local utilities. Other chemicals may need to be added to the water. Sometimes, local climate conditions require that additives such as Ethylene glycol, Propylene glycol, Methanol, Calcium chloride or Sodium chloride be added to the water supply. Care should be taken to account for changes in heat transfer caused by these additives.
T = 80F
T = 60F
Ts = 45F T = 55F
Ts = 45F T = 45F
Figure 116.Coil Design
In
Out
Air
Return Bend End

Figure 117.Parallel Flow
Out
Out
Air
FAN COILS
In Return Bend End

Figure 118.Cross Flow
In
B12 B12
Vertical Stack Risers

For high-rise buildings where a common floor to floor footprint is present, it may be economical to design the system using vertical stack fan coil units.

VSR VSM VSR VSM VSR VSM
Vertical stack models can minimize installation cost because the units are orientated one on top of the other and use common supply and return water pipes. For tall structures with more than three floors, it is recommended to adjust the pipe size for optimum performance. The term riser describes the pipe used to transport supply or return water (chilled or hot) to or from the vertical stack unit water coil as well as condensate water from the drain pan. Risers are typically insulated with elastomeric, closed cell, thermal insulation to minimize heat loss or gain from the water to the ambient space. If the unit is not equipped with a riser pipe of adequate length to reach from floor to floor, a riser extension can be installed to connect the vertical stack unit to a unit located on an adjacent floor. The riser extension can also act as the transition where the pipe size changes from one floor to the next. The diameter of the pipe will increase or decrease as piping extends throughout the building in order to equalize pressure and velocity of the water flow.
VSR VSM
VSR VSM
VSR VSM
VSR VSM
VSR VSM
VSR VSM
VSR VSM
VSR VSM
VSR VSM
R R CHILLER S
S S R BOILER
Figure 119. Piping Layout for a Horizontal 2-Pipe System with Standard Return Piping
RISER SIZING
A detailed discussion on water pipe sizing can be found in the ASHRAE 2009 Fundamentals Handbook, Chapter 22. In general, operating pressure between the supply and return riser is in the range of 10 to 15 psi. Design velocities are typically between 1 and 4 fps. Typical riser pressure loss is designed for about 3 feet of head pressure loss per 100 feet of piping. As a rule of thumb, 10 feet of head pressure equates to about 5 psi. Water delivery can be made through a two-pipe system using three risers (one each supply, return and condensate) or a four-pipe system using five pipes (chilled water supply, chilled water return, hot water supply, hot water return and condensate pipe) as specified. Reminder: Two-pipe systems may require supplemental electric heat for moderate times when some zones require cooling while other zones require heat. Two different configurations are available for return piping, standard return and reverse return. In the standard configuration, (Figures 119 and 120), water flows from the first fan coil in the loop through the last, and returns from the last unit back through the first. In a reverse return system, (Figures 121 and 122), both the supply and return flow run from the first unit in the system through the last and returns to the chiller through a separate riser.
R CHILLER S S R BOILER
VSR VSM
VSR VSM
VSR VSM
FAN COILS
Figure 120. Piping Layout for a Vertical Stack 2-Pipe System with Standard Return Piping
B13
Vertical Stack Risers (continued)


VSR VSM
VSR VSM
VSR VSM
R
VSR VSM VSR VSM
S CHILLER
BOILER S
R
VSR VSM VSR VSM
R VSR VSM
VSR VSM
VSR VSM
VSR VSM
VSR VSM
VSR VSM
VSR VSM
S R CHILLER S S R BOILER
VSR VSM S
Figure 121. Piping Layout for a Horizontal 2-Pipe System with Reverse Return Piping
Figure 122. Piping Layout for a Vertical 2-Pipe System with Reverse Return Piping
S CHILLER
R BOILER
R CHILLER
R BOILER
R
VSR VSM
R VSR VSM
VSR VSM
VSR VSM
VSR VSM
VSR VSM
S S
FAN COILS
S S
Figure 124.Vertical Stack 4-Pipe System with Reverse Return Piping
Figure 123.Vertical Stack 4-Pipe System with Standard Return Piping
EXPANSION LOOPS
B14 B14
Copper pipe will expand and contract with changes in pipe temperature created by changes of water temperature. Each Titus vertical stack unit is equipped with an internal expansion loop.
For two-pipe systems where the same pipe carries both chilled and hot water and high rise buildings with more than five floors, additional expansion loops may be required.
Controls and Valve Packages

Comfort control for occupants in the space is regulated by a room thermostat and control valve package mounted on the unit water coil.

Air Vent Port Shut Off Valve Motorized 2-Way Valve Coil
The room thermostat performs the function monitoring the room temperature conditions and signaling the unit fan and valve controls to operate within in preset limits to maintain occupant comfort. Figure 125 shows a basic two-pipe system package. Supply water is piped to the bottom of the coil to ensure that any air bubbles forming in the supply water will be transmitted to the upper level where they can be discharged from the system through the optional air vent on the return pipe immediately outside the coil. Shut off valves are located on both supply and return waterlines to enable the coil to be isolated during installation and maintenance. Drain valves allow the coil to be drained during maintenance or removal. A two-way water valve is used to adjust and balance the water flow into the coil to provide the specified amount of heat to the zone. A valve motor operates on a signal from the room thermostat to adjust the water flow in response to space heating conditions. The air vent allows air bubbles to escape the system for maximum heat transfer system performance. Optional control components, (Figure 126), are available to enhance the operations of the system or improve the process of installation and maintenance. Automatic air vent ports keep the water supply system free of air build up on a continuous basis.
Return Supply Drain

Shut Off Valve
Figure 125.2-Pipe with 2-Way Valve and 2 Shut off Valves Unions can be provided for the connection of the water coil to the supply and return water lines. Unions allow the water coil to be removed from the unit without cutting into the water lines and soldering them together during installation and maintenance. Petes Plugs provide the installer or maintenance technician a tool for connecting a pressure gage for reading the water pressure at the coil. Flow Control Valves are available as fixed or adjustable options. A fixed valve will be sized in accordance to the CV specified by the design engineer to provide the water flow required to meet the maximum load conditions required in the zone. This feature may save time during the initial start up. An adjustable valve must be commissioned at the jobsite during start up to limit the specified water flow to the coil. The adjustable feature does provide for future changes to match changes in load requirements.
Flow Control Valve Adjustable - Option 1 & 2 Fixed - Option 3 & 4 Air Vent Port Automatic - Option A Pete's Plug option B & C (2-pipe) Pete's Plug option D (4-pipe) Union option B (2-pipe) Union option D (4-pipe) Shut Off Valve With Memory Stop
Return
Coil
Supply
Shut Off Valve Union option B (2-pipe) Union option D (4-pipe) Pete's Plug option A & C (2-pipe) Pete's Plug option D (4-pipe)
FAN COILS
Motorized 2-Way Valve Y Strainer option A (2-pipe) Y Strainer option B (4-pipe)
Figure 126.2-Way Valve Component Options
B15
Controls and Valve Packages (continued)


THERMOSTAT
The zone thermostat may be mounted on the fan coil unit, on the wall near the unit, or mounted on the wall or in the return duct away from the unit. Thermostats may be powered by a 24-volt power supply (with transformer) or by the same line voltage as the unit. Economically, if the thermostat is physically located more than 8 feet from the unit, line voltage is preferred. Each fan coil controls the room space temperature in response to a signal from the thermostat. The thermostat is programmed with cooling and heating set-point values as directed by the occupant or building manager. Typically, the zone thermostat provides a read out to tell the occupant what the set-point temperature is for the unit and what the temperature is the temperature in the space at present. Space temperature control is + or -1BF from the set point temperature. (Thermostats with an auto-changeover feature have a 4BF dead-band for switching.) Other thermostat features include a three-speed switch for the occupant to adjust the fan output volume, a manual changeover switch to change operation from cooling to heating conditions and an on/off switch to override the thermostat and shut the unit off as desired by the occupant.
A Motorized Water Valve can be provided. The motor will be operated in response to a signal from the zone thermostat to automatically reset the water flow to meet changing zone load requirements. A two-way valve controls water flow by opening or closing the flow control valve to the coil with a spring return. A three-way valve controls flow to the coil by bypassing excess water directly to the return pipe. The Y-Strainer option is installed in the supply water line ahead of the coil. It will remove sediment from the water supply before it can enter the coil and restrict water flow and reduce system performance. Manual Shut Off Valves are available with or without memory stops. The basic valve allows maintenance personal to shut off the flow of water to the coil at the unit. The optional memory stop lets the operator re-open the valve to it previous position without re-balancing. An Aquastat Switch can be installed in the water supply line and connected to the thermostat. Aquastats are most commonly used where there is a two-pipe system or supplemental electric heat. The Aquastat senses when the supply water is for heating or cooling. For a two-pipe system, if a zone thermostat is calling for heat and the supply water is cold, the thermostat will be locked out. For supplemental heat, the heat will be locked out when warm water is available in the supply lines.
B16 B16
FAN COILS
References
GRILLES AND DIFFUSERS
ASHRAE Handbook of Equipment ASHRAE Handbook of Fundamentals ASHRAE Handbook of Systems

ANSI/AHRI 250-2008 Performance and Calibration of Reference Sound Sources
This standard applies to all reference sound sources (RSSs) used in conjunction with AHRI sound rating standards and covers the one-third octave band frequency range from 50 to 10,000 Hz.
ASHRAE Standard 55-2010, Thermal Comfort Conditions, American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers, Inc., 2010. Bauman F., Et Al, Air Movement, Ventilation, and Comfort in a Partitioned Office Space, ASHRAE Transactions, Vol. 98, Pt. 1, 1992. Int-Hout, D., Thermal Comfort Calculations/A Computer Model, ASHRAE Transactions, Vol. 96, Pt. 1, 1990. Koestel, A., Computing Temperature and Velocities in Vertical Jets of Hot or Cold Air, ASHRAE Transactions, Vol. 60, p. 385, 1954. Miller, P.L. and Nash, R.T., A Further Analysis of Room Air Distribution Performance, ASHRAE Transactions, 1972. Nevins, Ralph C., Air Diffusion Dynamics, Theory, Design and Application, 1976. Straub, H.E., Principles of Room Air Distribution, Heating, Piping & Air Conditioning, April 1969. Straub, H.E., What You Should Know About Room Air Distribution, Heating, Piping and Air Conditioning, January 1962. Straub, H.E., Room Air Distribution with a Variable Volume System, presented at ASHRAEs Annual Meeting, 1969.
ANSI/AHRI 280-2008 Requirements for the Qualification of Reverberation Rooms in the 63Hz Octave Band
This standard applies to products rated in the 63 Hz octave band (50, 63 and 80 Hz one-third octave bands) where the sound power is determined from measurements made in a reverberation room by using the comparison method as specified per ANSI Standard S12.51/ISO: 3741. ASHRAE Standard 130-2008 Methods of Testing Air Terminal Units First published in 1996 and reaffirmed in 2006, Standard 130 specifies instrumentation and facilities, test installation methods, and procedures for determining the capacity and related performance of constant-volume and variable-volume air terminal units. The standard is classified as an ASHRAE standard method of measurement. This revision of the standard includes updates and revisions to all parts of the standard, including its title, purpose, and scope. It updates definitions, adds modulating diffusers, redefines airflow sensor performance testing, and adds a method to determine the power factor. New appendices contain some material that was formerly in the body of the standard and some new reference material. This standard is required for compliance with AHRI Standard 880.
ACOUSTICS
Gregerson, Setting Sounder Standards for Acoustical Performance, Building Design and Construction, p.58-60, April, 1992. Int-Hout, D., Total Environmental Quality, ASHRAE Transactions, Vol. 99, Pt. 1, 1993. Int-Hout, D., The Use of Manufacturers Acoustical Data, ASHRAE Transactions, Vol. 90, Pt. 2, 1986.
TERMINAL UNITS
AHRI 220-2007 Reverberation Room Qualification and Testing Procedures for Determining Sound Power of HVAC Equipment
This standard provides the methodology for the determination of sound power levels of noise sources that emit broadband sound and/or discrete frequency sounds/Tones in reverberation rooms.
ANSI STANDARDS
ANSI S12.32, Precision Methods for the Determination of Sound Power Levels of Broadband Noise Sources in Reverberant Rooms. This standard tells how to take the acoustic measurements in reverberant rooms, and is referenced as the method of test in both AHRI 880 and ASHRAE 130. Other ANSI standards referenced in this catalog are as follows: ANSI/ASHRAE 70 Method of testing for rating the performance of air outlets and inlets, Isothermal and cooling. Similar to ADC1062: GRD 84. It only shows the mounting for acoustical testing, referencing the following acoustical standard. ANSI S1.31 Precision Methods for the Determination of Sound Power Levels of Broadband Noise Sources in Reverberant Rooms. This tells how to take the acoustic measurements in ASHRAE Standard 70.
AHRI 880-2011 Performance Rating of Air Terminals

The purpose of this standard is to establish for air terminals: definitions; classifications; test requirements; rating requirements; minimum data requirements for published ratings; marking and nameplate data and conformance conditions. This standard applies to air control devices used in air distribution systems.
REFERENCES
AHRI 885-2008 Procedure for Estimating Occupied Space Sound Levels in the Application of Air Terminals and Air Outlets
This standard provides a consistent industry-accepted method for estimating sound pressure levels in a conditioned space for the application of air terminals and air outlets. Air terminals, air outlets, and the low pressure ductwork which connects them are considered sound sources and are the subjects of this standard. The method described in this standard can be used to identify acoustically critical paths in the system design. The design effects of inserting alternative components and changes in the system can be evaluated.
B17
References (continued)

ASHRAE/IES STANDARD 90.1 Energy Efficient Design of New Buildings Except Low Rise Residential Buildings. ANSI/ASHRAE 55 Thermal Environmental COnditions for Human Occupancy. ASHRAE 113 Method of Testing for Room Air Distribution. This is a definitive method to determine ADPI in a space.
AHRI STANDARDS
AHRI Standards are typically developed for rating purposes. When an appropriate method of test does not exist, then AHRI Standardwill develop one. Otherwise, by agreement, they will reference an ASHRAE Standard method of test. AHRI STANDARD 880 The purpose of this standard is to establish definitions and classification: requirements for testing and rating; specifications, literature and advertising requirements; and conformance for air terminals. Appendix A is the method of test, which is expected to be replaced by ASHRAE Standard 130. AHRI STANDARD 885 This standard gives sound transmission losses through ceilings, effects of plenum, loss through ducts and all consideration of the sound paths to the space. With many items that affect the final sound, it gives a procedure to estimate what the space sound levels will be. AHRI Standard 885 Procedure for Estimating Occupied Space Sound Levels in the Application of Air Terminals and Air Outlets This standard gives sound transmission losses through ceilings, effects of plenum, loss through ducts and all consideration of the sound paths to the pace. With many items that affect the final sound, it gives a procedure to estimate what the space sound levels will be. This standard is unique among acoustical standards in that it provides the most current available acoustical application data for boxes and diffusers. Most of the data comes form ASHRAE sources, but some parts are unique to this standard, including a flexible duct attenuation table and a combined ceiling/plenum attenuation table. Unique and important AHRI Standard885 elements are listed in the Paths section of this manual. AHRI STANDARD 890 The Air Conditioning and Refrigeration Institute has recently developed a Certification Standard for Diffusers. It references the ASHRAE-70 Standard for the test method and specifies rating points and procedures. No diffusers are currently certified under this standard.
ISO STANDARDS
ISO Standards are developed through a combination of committee members from several countries. One country is designated the Secretariat and is the lead in developing the standards assigned. The USA was the Secretariat for the two ISO Standards related to Boxes and GRDs. Other ISO Standards referenced in this catalog are as follows: ISO 5219 Air distribution and air diffusion. Laboratory aerodynamic testing and rating of air terminal devices. This was for GRDs. ISO 5220 Air distribution and air diffusion. Aerodynamic testing and rating of constant and variable dual or single duct boxes and single duct units. This standard is not in use at present in the U.S. It is very similar, however, to ASHRAE 130 and the AHRI 880, Appendix A procedures. ISO 5135 Acoustics. Determination of sound power levels of noise from air terminal devices, high/low velocity/ pressure assemblies, dampers, and valves by measurement in a reverberation room. All of the diagrams and methods shown in the ADC standards are shown in this standard. ISO 3741 Acoustics. Determination of sound power levels of noise sources, and precision methods for broadband sources in reverberation rooms. This explains actual measurements for the configurations given in ISO 5135. ISO 7244 Air distribution and air diffusion. Aerodynamic testing of dampers and valves.
ASHRAE STANDARDS
ASHRAE has developed, or is developing, consensus standards for testing both boxes and air outlets and inlets (GRDs). ASHRAE strives to provide current relevant testing standards which represent the best known data and methods available as consensus standards. ASHRAE Standards are submitted to American National Standards Institute (ANSI) and are usually adopted as ANSI standards as well. When applicable ANSI standards are available for part of ASHRAE Standards for both Boxes (130) and diffusers (70). ASHRAE 62 Ventilation of Acceptable Indoor Air Quality. The purpose of this standard is to specify minimum ventilation rates and indoor air quality that will be acceptable to human occupants and are intended to avoid adverse health effects. This standard also specifies that energy conservation should be promoted and that comfort conditions should be maintained. Therefore the next two standards are listed to implement these requirements.
REFERENCES
ISO 7730 Thermal comfort using the PMV/PPD single number rating.
B18 B18
References (continued)

OTHER STANDARDS
ADC 1062 One of the original of standards dealing with testing and certifying registers, diffusers, dampers and terminals. Tests including pressures, throw, velocity and sound under isothermal conditions are included. Also included is a cooling test to correlate isothermal throw with room conditions as a room velocity. It tells how to set up, take readings, determine the number of readings and sizes to test, analyze, interpolate and report. The ADC 1062 Test Code has been supplanted by ASHRAE, ARI, ANSI and ISO procedures. At present, there are no ADC certified products or Certified Laboratories in the US.
B19
REFERENCES
Glossary

device. It is measured indirectly by one of several methods. It is reported as dB (the log base 10 of the value) referenced to a base power level, typically 10-12 watts. It is reported by frequency, typically in octave bands, although sometimes in 1/3 octave bands. Sound Pressure -The directly measurable fluctuation in pressure, heard as sound. The sound pressure is reported in dB (the log base 10 of the value), referenced to a pressure 0.0001 microbars. It is reported by frequency, typically in octave bands, although sometimes in 1/3 octave bands. Space Effect -The calculated attenuation of a space which is different in each frequency band, and is a function of room volume and distance from the source. Terminals (Boxes) -Devices which vary the flow through a duct with a moveable damper. They typically have a control device to vary the flow in response to a control signal. In some cases, the term terminals can also mean boxes and GRDs. In those cases, Boxes are referred to as Air Control Devices (ACDs). The terminology is inconsistent throughout the industry.
Breakout - Sound which passes through the walls of a duct or device and is passed directly to an observer. Casing Radiated Sound - A type of Breakout Sound which passes through the walls of a device. In some cases, it includes induction port radiated sound as well. dBA - A single number rating of a broadband spectrum. Typically used to rate outdoor noise levels. Not practical for use in rating indoor sound levels as it bears little relevance to occupants needs. Discharge Sound -Airborne sound which is transmitted through ductwork from a noise source to an observer. End Reflection -The reduction in sound, typically in low frequencies only, resulting from a rapid change in the shape or size of a duct or a duct termination. Environmental Adjustment Factor (Environmental Effect) - A correction required to accurately use data obtained in accordance with AHRI Standard 880 (or the proposed ASHRAE 130), it corrects for a calibration difference between the Free Field calibration of the Reference Sound Source and the reverberant field in which it is used. GRD - Grilles, Registers and Diffusers.A grille is typically a device which directs air out of a duct nearly the same size as the opening. A register is a grille with a damper. A diffuser is usually different in size than the supply duct, and usually changes the direction of the air while mixing it with room air. These definitions are not always used as indicated. Incoherent Sound - Sound which is broadband and contains no repeating fluctuations. Induction Port Radiated Sound - That sound which passes out from the induction port of a VAV device. In practice it is impossible to differentiate from Casing Radiated sound, and is reported as a combined value under Casing Radiated sound levels. Insertion Loss -The reduction in sound resulting from inserting an attenuation device, such as a section of lined duct. The difference before and after the insertion of such a device is the insertion loss. Multiple Outlet Effect -When an airstream is split, the sound traveling in the duct is also reduced, typically in proportion to the percent of airflow in each duct. The amount of reduction must be calculated logarithmically, not arithmetically, however.
GLOSSARY
B20
Pure Tone -A sound spectrum which is very concentrated in a narrow band. Radiated Sound -Sound which travels from the source to the observer in a direct path, outside ductwork. Room Effect -Typically a 10 dB reduction in all bands, this is the assumed value for attenuation of a room. In practice, it is reasonable for diffusers which peak in the mid-frequencies, but not necessarily for VAV terminals, which peak in lower frequencies. Sound Power -The energy released as acoustic energy by a
Engineering Guidelines Index

T Thermostat......................................................................... B16 V Vertical Basic Fan Coils.......................................................... B6 Vertical Stack Fan Coils........................................................ B4 Vertical Stack Risers........................................................... B13 W Wet-bulb Temperature (DBT)................................................ B10
A Absolute Humidity.............................................................. B10 ANSI Standards.................................................................. B17 AHRI Standards.................................................................. B17 Aquastat............................................................................... B16 ASHARE 70-2006............................................................... B17 ASHRAE Standards............................................................ B17 Atmospheric Air.................................................................... B10 C Coils and Coil Design.......................................................... B11 Controls and Valve Packages.............................................. B15 D Dew Point Temperature...................................................... B10 Dry Air.................................................................................. B10 Dry-bulb Temperature (DBT)................................................. B10 E Enthalpy (H)........................................................................ B11 Expansion Loops................................................................... B14 F Fan Coils............................................................................... B4 H Heat Transfer........................................................................ High Output Series Fan Coils............................................... Horizontal Basic Fan Coils.................................................... Hydronic (Fan Coil) Systems................................................. B8 B7 B5 B8
I ISO...................................................................................... B18 L Latent Cooling (Qlat).......................................................... B11 Latent (Qlat)........................................................................ B11 M Moist Air............................................................................. B10 P Properties of Coils and Coil Design...................................... B12 Psychometrics.................................................................... B10 R Relative Humidity (RH)....................................................... B10 Riser Sizing......................................................................... B13 Room Load Calculations....................................................... B9 S Sensible Heating (Qsen)....................................................... B7 Sound Power Level............................................................... B8 Sound Pressure Level........................................................... B8 Specific Volume (Spv)......................................................... B11 Status Point.......................................................................... B11
B21
INDEX
Notes

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Fan Coil Guidelines

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engineering guidelines - fan coils

Engineering Guidelines - Fan Coils

Engineering Guidelines - Fan Coils

Types of Fan Coils

Engineering Guidelines - Fan Coils

Figure 110.Typical Vertical Stack Application

Types of Fan Coils (continued)

Engineering Guidelines - Fan Coils

Figure 111.Typical Horizontal Basic Application

Types of Fan Coils (continued)

Engineering Guidelines - Fan Coils

Types of Fan Coils (continued)

Engineering Guidelines - Fan Coils

High Output Series

Figure 113.Typical Horizontal High Output Application

Engineering Guidelines - Fan Coils

HYDRONIC (FAN COIL) SYSTEMS

Room Load Calculations

Engineering Guidelines - Fan Coils

Equation 2: Heat transfer through a window or wall:

Equation 3: Equation for exterior surfaces cooling:

Equation 4: Equation for heating and non-exterior cooling:

Equation 5: Equation for sensible heating and cooling load:

Equation 6: Equation for latent cooling load:

Engineering Guidelines - Fan Coils

Sensible Heat Ratio : 1.0 1.0

Sensible Heat Total Heat

Humidity Ratio - Pounds Moisture per Pound Dry Air

Dry Bulb Temperature, F

Enthalpy - Btu per Pound of Dry Air

Figure 115. Psychrometric Chart

Enthalpy Humidity Ratio

Engineering Guidelines - Fan Coils

Properties of Coils and Coil Design

Engineering Guidelines - Fan Coils

Figure 116.Coil Design

Return Bend End

In Return Bend End

Vertical Stack Risers

Engineering Guidelines - Fan Coils

Vertical Stack Risers (continued)

Engineering Guidelines - Fan Coils

Figure 123.Vertical Stack 4-Pipe System with Standard Return Piping

Controls and Valve Packages

Engineering Guidelines - Fan Coils

Return Supply Drain

Motorized 2-Way Valve Y Strainer option A (2-pipe) Y Strainer option B (4-pipe)

Figure 126.2-Way Valve Component Options

Controls and Valve Packages (continued)

Engineering Guidelines - Fan Coils

Engineering Guidelines - Fan Coils

AHRI 880-2011 Performance Rating of Air Terminals

Engineering Guidelines - Fan Coils

Engineering Guidelines - Fan Coils

Engineering Guidelines - Fan Coils

Engineering Guidelines Index

Engineering Guidelines - Fan Coils

Engineering Guidelines - Fan Coils

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