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Single Phase Induction Motor

Electrical and Electronics Science

Single Phase Induction Motor

SINGLE PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR


INTRODUCTION
The single-phase induction machine is the most frequently used motor for refrigerators, washing machines, clocks, drills, compressors, pumps, and so forth. The single-phase motor stator has a laminated iron core with two windings arranged perpendicularly. (i) One is the main and (ii) The other is the auxiliary winding or starting windings.

Figure 1 Single Phase Induction Motor

These single-phase motors are truly two-phase machines. The motor uses a squirrel cage rotor, which has a laminated iron core with slots. Aluminum bars are molded on the slots and short-circuited at both ends with a ring.

Figure 2

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Single Phase Induction Motor

Figure 3, Squirrel cage rotor

OPERATION OF SINGLE PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR


The single-phase induction motor operation can be described by two methods: Double revolving field theory; and Cross- field theory Double revolving theory is perhaps the easier of the two explanations to understand

DOUBLE REVOLVING FIELD THEORY


A single-phase ac current supplies the main winding that produces a pulsating magnetic field. Mathematically, the pulsating field could be divided into two fields, which are rotating in opposite directions. The intersection between the field and the current induced in the rotor bars generates opposing torque. The interaction between the fields and the current induced in the rotor bars generates opposing torque. Under these conditions with only the main field energized the motor will not start. However, if an external torque moves the motor in any direction, the motor will begin to rotate.
Figure 4 Single-phase motor main winding generates two rotating fields, which oppose and counter balance one another

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Single Phase Induction Motor

The pulsating filed is divided a forward and reverse rotating field. Motor is started in the direction of forward rotating field this generates small (5%) positive slip. ( )

Reverse rotating field generates a larger (1.95%) negative slip. ( ) The three-phase induction motor starting torque inverely depends on the slip (|
( )

( )

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This implies that a small positive slip (0.01-0.03) generates larger torque than a larger negative slip (1.95-1.99) This torque difference drives the motor continues to rotate in a forward direction without any external torque. Each of the rotating fields induces a voltage in the rotor, which drives current and produces torque. An equivalent circuit, similar to the equivalent circuit of a three phase motor, can represent each field. The parameters of the two circuits are the same with the exception of the slip. The two equivalent circuts are connected in series. Figure 5 shows the equivalent circuit of a single-phase motor in running condition. The current, power and torque can be calculated from the combined equivalent circuit using the Ohm Law.

Figure 5 Equivalent circuit of a single-phase motor in running condition.

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Single Phase Induction Motor

SPLIT PHASE MOTOR


A Split induction motor is provided with main winding and auxiliary winding placed in space quadrature and are connected in parallel to a single phase supply. The main winding has a low resistance and high reactance, where as the auxiliary winding has a high resistance and low reactance. The auxiliary winding is effective during the starting of the motor and is disconnected from the supply, when the motor attains 75 percent of its synchronous speed. A centrifugal switch, S is used to disconnect the auxiliary winding rom the sources as shown in Fig-6 (a). Under the normal running condiction, only the main winding is effective.

Figure 6 Split-phase motor

At the time of starting, both the winding draw curent from the suuply. As the main windings ahs low resistance and highreactance, the current drawn by the main winding, lags the applied voltage by a greater angle, . Similarly, the auxiliary winding draws a current, which lags the applied voltage by a comparatively lesser angle, , as it has high resistance and low reactance. The phasor diagram of the motr, takin applied voltage, as the reference, is shown in Fig 6 (b). In a well designed split phase motor, the phase shift between the two current and may be as high as 60. Due to this phase spliting action, the motor is called split-phase induction motr. As the two phase windings are in quadrature in space and carry a out of phase current, they set up an unbalanced rotating magnetic field. Due to this rotating magnetic field, the motor develops a starting torque and enables the rotor to start. The typical torque-speed charateristic of the motor is shown in Fig-6 (c). The starting torque depends upon the magnitude of two current and the phase angle between them. It can eb depicted from the charateristic that toque is decreased suddenly at the time of disconnection of the auxiliary winding from the supply. The Automobile Society (India) Page 4

Electrical and Electronics Science

Single Phase Induction Motor

Split-phase induction motors are built in a wide variety of output rating and speed ratings. These type of motors find application in washing machines, fans and blowers, refrigerators, grinders, centrifugal pumps, etc. All the above applications require a moderate starting torque.

CAPACITOR START MOTOR


In a capacitor start induction motor, a capacitor is included in series with the auxiliary windings as shown in Fig -7 (a). The phase angle between the main winding current and the auxiliary windings current is increased as shown in Fig-7 (b). Thus, a higher starting torque can be obtained with a capacitor start motor. If the capacitor value is properly choosed, it is possible to achieve a phase shift of 90 between the two current resulting in maximum starting torque. The torque-speed charateristic of capacitor start induction motor is shown in Fig-7 (c). Similar to split-phase motr, the auxiliary winding and the capacitor are disconnected by centrifugal switch, when the motor attains 75 percent of the synchronous speed. At rated speed the motor operates with only the main windings. The addition of capcitor makes the motor expensive compared to split-phase induction motor. As the capacitor is used only during starting, an inexpensive and relatively small ac electrolytic type capacitor can be used. High starting torque of the order of 4 to 5 times the rated torque can be developed with the capacitor start induction motor.

Figure 7 Capacitor start motor

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Single Phase Induction Motor

SHADED-POLE MOTOR
Shaded-pole motor has a salient pole stator similar to the stator of dc machine. The pole is laminated to reduce the core losses. The pole is physically divided into two sections as shown in Fig 8 (a). A heavy, short-circuited copper ring, called the shading coil, is placed on the smaller section of the pole. This section covers around one-third of the pole arc and is called the shaded portion of the pole. The remaining two-third section of the pole arc is referred as unshaded portion. The main single phase winding is wound on the entire pole section. The rotor used is similar to the rotor of any other single phase induction motor. When single phase supply is fed to the main windings, an alternating flux is produced in the pole. A portion of this flux links with the shading coild and induces a voltage in it. As shading coil is a short-circuited coil, a large current flows in it. The current in the shading band causes the flux in the shaded portion of the pole to lag the flux in the unshaded portion of the pole. Thus, the fluxin the shaded portion reaches its maximum value after the flux in the unshaded portion reaches its maximum. This is equivalent to to a progressive shift of the flux from the unshaded to the shaded portion of the pole, that is it is similar to a rotating field moving from the unshaded to the shaded portion of the pole. Hence, the motor produces a starting torque. Since the rotor follows the revolving field, the direction of rotation of the motor will be clockwise as shown in Fig - 8(a). From the above, it is clear that one the motor is built, its direction of rotation cannot be reversed. The typical torque-speed characteristic of the motor is shown in Fig- 8(b). These motors are built in fractional horse power rating up to about 1/20 hp. The shaded-pole induction motor is simplest in construction, low cost, extremely rouged and reliable. However, its efficiency and torque are poor, when compared with other types of induction motors.

Figure 8 Shaded-pole motor

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