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For exam. use 1 Scale to

100%
Paper 1 x2
SMJK Perempuan China Pulau Pinang
Paper 2:
STPM Trial Examination 2009 Section A
Section B
BIOLOGY
Paper 2

Time : 2 Yo hours

Name: Ting . U6S_

Section A : [40 marks]

Answer all the questions in this section.

1. Table 1.1 below shows the relative amounts of bases adenine, th ymine, guanine and cytosine
in DNA from different organisms .

Source Adenine Thymine Guanine Cytosine

Bacterium 23.8 23.1 26.8 26 3
1 .
Maize 26.8 27.2 22. 8 23 2
1 .
Drosophila 30.7 29.5 19.6 20.2 I
Chicken 28.0 28.4 22 .0 21.6

Human 29.3 30.0 20.7 20.0

Table 1. 1

a) Analyze the table given .

i) Based on the infor'T'ation from the table, what can you deduce about the ratio of the bases. (1)

ii) State the importance of your deduction to the structure of DNA. (2)
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Diagram 1 shows a protein synthesis process occurring in an eukaryotic cell.

:)l fl rJ .~.

':1.:1 tt'l' in(' ac d

,"-Iel \ ·l ctl")i;)ni"'C'
y
Diagram 1

b) On the diagram, label the following :

i) 5' and 3' end of DNA and mRNA. (1)

ii) Transcribing (sense) and non-transcribing (antisense) strands . (1)

c) Define processes X and Y (2)

d) Explain what happens in steps I, II and III. (3)

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2. Diagram 2 shows an outline of the main stages in the Calvin cycle.

GP
(PGA)

TP
RuBP (PGAL)

regeneration
of
RuBP

Diagram 2

a) State precisely where the Calvin cycle occurs. (1) _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __

b) Complete Diagram Z to show where the following occur: (5)

i) CO, fixation
ii ATP is converted to ADP
iii Reduced NADP is oxidized
iv Glucose is synthesised

c) Enzyme X IS needed in the b) i) process above .

i) Identify enzyme X. (1) _ __ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __

ii) Explain the relationsh ip between the low efficiency of photosynthesis in C, plants during low
concentration of C02 with referen ce to enzyme X. (3)
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3. In an investigation into the flowering of a variety of tobacco, different light and dark treatments were
carried out.

Diagram 3 shows six different light and dark treatments given to the said lant over several 24-hour eriods.

Peri",i11O II r Pcriod/hollr
,0
8 Ie 10 20 24 Ii 4 12 10
..24'

A Non- Ilowerin g
D

B rlowering
E

<I L-_ _ __
!'i 011- t1 0 I>. eri ng.
f

R : red light FR : far red light Critical night

lellb>th

Diagram 3

G; ) Predict, for treatment D, E and F shown in Diagram 3, whether flowering would occur in the
plant In each case, give a reason for your answer. (6)

Treatment Prediction Reason

~ .
The graph~below shC'\'>' the effect of the concentration of two phytohormones (plant hormones), A
and B on the growth of a species of plant.
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60
60
50 -
E 50
E E
.c 40 E
1! 40

!30~
o I
Lo
1::
~
20 ..,,
Lo '
~J
IO~
o -t""'--;,--.I----,!- r·- -r---i-..
..'- -+-- ..--
10 4
10 :! 10 ' Hi ' 10' l C~
o r-r I ,--..
Phytohormone A concentration! ~, ~ Inrn '
o 0.2 0.4 0 .6 O.B 1.0 1.2
Phyt Ohormone B concent ra Tloni Jig mm '

b) Id entify phytohormones A and B (1)

A: B:
------------------------ ------------------------
c) Explain how farmers can use phytohormones A and B to produce seedless fru its. (3)

4. Diagram 4 represents a female human cell with only the sex chromosome pair is shown in the
cell.

, ,
\,' \, .'
, 'I

~
X ; , Xiii
i
\ J
! !
' ....-
1

Diagram 4

a) State what is meant by non-d isjunction , (1)

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b) The cell mentioned above undergoes meiosis. If non-disjunction of sex chromosomes occurs only
during meiosis I, draw and label the end product of meiosis I. (1)

c) If non-disjunction of the sex chromosomes occurs only during meiosis II , draw two types of
gametes that may form. (1)

d) With reference to b) , if the gamete with the lesser chromosomes is fertili zed by a normal X
sperm,
i) draw the result of the fertilization . (Tip : autosomes need not be drawn) (1)
i) state the abnormalities (syndrome) that will be inherited by the progeny produced . (1)
ii) State ON E major characteristic that will be observed in the progeny. (1)

i) Result of
fertilization:

! )

ii)) Abn ormality :

iii) Major
Ch2racteristic :

I
e) In another unrelated case, referring to c) If the gamete w ith t he most chromosomes is fertilized
by a normal Y sperm,

I) draw the resu lt of the fertilization. (Tip: autosomes need not be drawn) (1)
ii) state the abnormalities (syndrome) that will be inherited by the progeny produced . (1)

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iii) Sta te ONE major characteristic that will be observed in the progeny. (1)

i) Result of
fertiliza tion :

( )

I
ii ) Abnormality :

iii) Major
Characteristic:

I
e) Non-disjunction is sometimes induced in plants . Give one rea son wh y th is is done. (1)

Section B : (60 marks)

Answer any four questions from this section.

5. a) 'Prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells are different with respect to s ize & structural
orga nization'. Explain what is meant by this statement. (5)

b) Discuss the extent to which the angiospermophytes and filicinophytes are adapted to life
on land . (1 0)

6. a) In mice, coat colour is determ ined by the action of genes at several different loci. A
mutant allele at one coat-colour locus produces an unpigmented coat. The usua l allele at
this locus produ ces a pigmented coat. Pure-breeding pig mented mice were crossed with
pure-breeding unp igmented mice. Their offspring were mated.

i) Draw a genetic diagram to e xplain these crosses up to F2, using A for norma l
pigmentation alle le and a for the unpigmented allele . (4 )

In the F2 generation, the actua l numbers were 141 pigmented and 59 unpigmented mice .

ii) Run and detail a:\'.2 (chi-squa re) test to determine if these results supports your
pred iction from a i). Use the following 'Ie probability table to help you . (6)
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nip .80 .70 .50 .30 .20 .10 .05 .02 .0 1

1
,.064 .148 .455 1.074 1.642 2.706 3.841 5.142 6.635
2 .446 .713 1.386 2.408 3.219 4.605 5.991 7.824 9.210
3 \ 1005 1.424 2.366 3.665 4.642 6.251 7.815 9.837 11 .341
4 1.649 2·195 3.357 4 .878 5.989 7.779 9.488 11 .668 13.277

b) Name three pharmaceutical products obta ined by using recombinant DNA technology.
(3)

c) Why is it that patients using recombinant DNA pharmaceutical products would unlikely to
suffer from allergic reactions? (2)

7. a) Using adrenaline as an example, explain how non-steroid hormone acts. (11)

b) Suggest how chemical compounds ba sed on the following act to prevent pregnancy. (4)

i) oestrog en ii ) progesterone

8. a) Exp lain how resting potential and action potential is generated on an axon. (8)

b) State the mechanism present in the nerves that allow only unidirectional impulses and
prevents fatigue. (7)

9. a) Explain briefly the following ecological terms:

i) Biotic potential (3)

ii) Environmental resistance (3)
iii) Carrying capacity (3)

b) Descri be how the population size of a named animal in a named habitat can be
estimated. (6)

10. Three types of natural selection can occur in any natural population. Using suitable
examples, discuss all three . (15)

Prepared by-: :::l-- .

... Approved by f\ 0
LEE wAI YE(r TaYYOkeCheV -\
KElVA PANITIA BIOlOGI
Guru Kanan Sains dan M " tt::~::­
SMJK PEREMPUAN CHINA !?MJK PEREMPUAN CHINA , p;r, .'-.. G
PUlAU PINANG
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SMJK Perempuan China Pulau Pi nang

STPM Trial Exam 2009 : Biology SUGGESTED ANSWER
Prepared by Madam Lee Wai Vee

Paper 2:

I. a) i) amount of A consistent with amount ofT, while C consistent with G for all the
organisms. (.1 m)

ii) The importance of the ratios A to T and G to C :

-Adeni)le (a double-ringed structure) always linked by two hydrogen bonds to its (1 m)
complementary base, thymine in a ratio of 1: 1
-Gu 4nine is always linked by three hydrogen bonds to its complementary base
cytosine in a ratio 1:1

this will give a stable structure for the double helix (as the width between the two (1m)
polynucleotides is consistent)

b)
Non.trj"scri bing strand
B

~
5'~3' aa, ~
eJlIJl6J
G T A lANA

5· ~,~3·

mANA

aa :;: amino aCid

Mel = Methionine

b) i) 1m, ii) t m

c) X: Transcription is the synthesis of messenger RNA (mRNA) containing a hase sequence

complementary to a certain section of DNA representing a cistron or gene. (1 m)

Y: Translation is a process in which the sequence of bases on the mRNA is translated on the
ribosome to become a sequence of amino acids in the polypeptide. (1m)

d) I: activation of amino acids occurs/ tRNA with specific anticodon is attached to specific amino
acid /specific aminoacyl-tRNA complex is formed (1m)
,
II: specific amin o acid-tRNA complex with specific anticodon attaches complementarily to codon
011 the A site of ribosome (1 m)
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,
III: Elongation o\!polypeptide occurs through the condensation of a mino acids at the tips of
amino acid-tRNA complex on the A site and P site of the ribosome. (1 m)

2. a) stroma of chloroplast (1 m)

b) (Sm)

RuBP TP
(PGAL)

- - -. Glucose

'\
~ OfRUBP regenernti on r ATP

(Dr
c) i) X: RuBP carboxylase (1 m)
ii)
• oxygen act as a competitive inhibitor for C02 to attach to the active site of RuBP
carboxylase
• if C02 concentration is low, the affinity of RuBp carboxylase towards C02 is reduced.
• Photorespiration occurs, resulting in a lower yield in the plants. (3m)

3. a)
Trealment Prediction Reason
The far· red light fl ash immediately after the red·light ca nce ls th e red·light effect.
D Flowering (1m) Plant still experi ence critica l nig ht length needed. (1 m)
Red-light is fl ashed after th e far-red light flash so it is not cance lled off. Dark
E Non- flowering period is interru pted and shortened. (1 m)
(tm) ".
W hen th e plant is alterna tely exposed to red and far red light, th e plant wi ll
F Fl oweri ng (1 m) respond to th e last fl ash of light, whi chever it is.
Pl an t still experi ence criti ca l night length needed. (1m)

b) A: auxin B: gibberellin BOTH correct 1m (Note: DO NOT GIVE Y, m)

c) Parthellocarpy (1): When IAA (auxin)/ gibberellin is applied to th e stigma ofaflower (1) it can
cause fruit development Wit/lOlit f ertilisation producing seedless fruits. (1)

4. a)
T he failure of a pair or pairs of homologous chromosomes or sister chromatids to
separate (and to move to opposite poles of the cell) during cell division. (1 m)
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b)

n = 22 + 0
Both correct - 1m
c)

no
H
x lj x
i)
V
X I\
I\ / \
IUI I)I U
! \
n = 22 + 0
n = 22 + XX n = 22 + X
Any two: Both correct -1m
"

d) (3m) e) (3m)
i) Result of i) Result of
fertilization:

n
fertilization :
1fTI(h
xV X~\X 1'1
Y

U ~~ 44 +XXY
44.XO

ii) Abnormality: Klinefelter syndrome

ii)Abnormality: Turner syndrome
iii) Major Sterile male, development of
iii) Major Sterile female (ovary Characteristic: feminine body characteristics
Characteristic development is not such as enlarged breasts.
complete)
.,
I)
To produce polyploidy plant species / to increase the number of chromosomes in the cells.
Polyploidy plants are usually larger, tend to grow faster and are more robust than
diploid plants of similar type. (either one: 1m)

Section B:
5. a)
Size Prokayotic cell Eukaryotic cell BOTH correct
Range of size Small (0.5-10.0 J,lm) in Usually larger (10-100 J,lm) 1m
diameter in diameter
Structural
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Nucleus No di stinct nucleus; on ly A dinstinct membrane- 1m

diffused area of bound nucleus
nucleop lasm wi th no
nuclear envelope
Chromosomes No chromosomes; has Present in nucleus
:pircular strands of DNA in
the nucleoid region
Ribosomes 70S 80S
Membrane None Present Any 3 (3m)
bound
organ'ell es
Cell wall Made up of peptidoglycan Made up of pol ys ace aharide
\ called cellulose
(5)

b)Angiospermophytes and fi licinophytes

-adapted to life on land t h ro ugh thei r morphological structures & reproductioll methods.

A n210spermopilYIh t es :
Morphological structu res :
- specia lised cells for efficient water transport, i.e. xylem vessels
'.
Reproduction methods:
- pollination using wind or insect to fertilise the ovum in the ovary, reduce the need forI
- seed dispersa l: animal, wind or water dispersal, sp litting dependence on water
mechanism
- seed survival: seed can remain dormant when the conditions on
land are unfavourable for germi nation (eg.
- end os perms can provide nutrients for the growing embryo
(Sm)
Filicinophytes "-
Morpho l02ical structures :
- vessels for water transport
- have rhizomes with adventitious roots wh ich help to absorb water quickly from the soil.
- leaves are usually large fronds consisting of pinn ules and rachis. Reduce water loss
- pinnul es reduce water loss through transpiration
- young fern leavl;\s are often coiled to reduce exposed surface area
Reproduction methods:
- through spore production produced by sporophyte which is the reduce the need forI
dominant phase. dependence on water
- spores are easily dispersed through the wind.

- spores survival: spores can survive for long periods w ithout

requiring a lot of water.

(Sm)
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6. a)

Pure-breeding F1
homozygous recessive
""-
PHEN OTYPES
unpigmented mouse all pigmented mice
aa

Puro-b'''d,n', (\ Aa Aa
homozygous dominant ®
~igmented mouse a ® : 4 ••••••••• • ",

AA/@.Aa Aa . . ~~, ~
"'- @ I-"A""""a~~ A'~ " " A'a" ':

3 pigmented: 1 unpigmente~
Cross within F1 mice
and produce r F2
gametes : PHENOTYPES

AA Aa

@ AA
® Aa Aa aa

Genetic fork diagram with correct format also accepted. (4m)

b) To test if the F2 result of 141pigmented and 59 unpigmented mice supports the 3: 1 ratio
predicted from a), chi-square value is calculated using the following formula:
(0 - E)2
• Chi-square ('1'2 ) = L --------
E
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• I = the sum of
• 0 = observed results
• E = ex~ ected results
Phcnolypic Predicled Observed (0) Expecled (E) (0- E) (0 - E)- (0 - E)z
cUlegory ratio
E

Pigmented 3 141 150 -9 81 0.54

mice
Unpigmented I 59 50 9 81 1.62
mice
" Chi-square value, )' 2.16
Tab le: 2m
Correct chi-square value (2.16) : 1m
- The number of degree of freedom, n is one less than the number of phenotypic ratio,
therefore n =1 (I m)

-from the chi-square table given, chi-square value of2.16 when n=l, corresponds to a
probability between 0.10 to 0.20 (I m)

- by convention, a probability of > 0.05 is not rejected, the deviation is not significant therefore
the results supports the 3: I prediction in ai). (I m)

b) Insulin, human growth hormone (HGH), Tissue Plasminogen Activator (TPA),

erythropoietin, interferon , (1 - I-antitrypsin (A AT) ANY 3 (3m)

c) - product of tn; nscription & translation from the real human gene (I m)
- compound identical to naturally-produced secretions (1m)

7. a)
• Adrenaline: peptide / non-steroid hormone
Not soluble in lipid & cannot diffuse through plasma membrane.
Acts as 1st messenger& binds to a specific receptor protein in the plasma membrane of
liver cells.
The hormone-receptor complex formed increases the affinity of receptor to bind with and
activate G protein.
Once G protein is activated, it moves to stimu late the enzyme adenylyl cyclase (located on
the plasma membrane)
This enzyme would then convert ATP into cAMP (cyclic adenosine monophosphate)
cAMP acts as a secondary messenger (which then activates other enzyme)
th e cascade effect occurs to produce a large amo unt of cAMP from a small a mount of
adrena lin e.
cAM P activates inactive protein kinase A into active protein kinase A via the cascade
effect
the active protein kinase A then activates phosphorylase kinase via the cascade effect.
Phosphorylase kinase then activates glycogen phosphorylase also via the cascade effect.
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Glycogen phosphorylase catalyses the phosphorylation of glycogen into glucose-I-phosphate.

The glucose-I-phosphate that is formed goes through a series of enzyme catalysed

,'eactions to form glucose. Glucose produced in liver cells are released into the blood.
(11m)
b) Chemical compounds based on oestrogen or progesterone can be used in oral contraceptive
pills to prevent pregnancy.
i) Oestrogen: High level of this hormone inhibit the production of gonadotrophic hormone
namely FSH, from the pituitary gland. (l m)
Development of follicles in the ovary will be inhibited. (1 m)

i ii) Pregesterone : High level of this hormone inhibit the production of gonadotrophic
hormone narr.dy LH from the pituitary gland. (1 m)
The absence of LH will prevent ovulation from occurring (1m)

8. a)
Res ting potential refers to the difference in charge (electrical potential difference) between
the in sid e & the outside of the cell membrane. The resting potential difference across the
neuron e membrane is generated by the following events: maintain ed by :

• T he sodium & potassium voltage gated channels are both closed. (l m)

• While tire sodium-potassium pump (Na+/K+ ATPase) is always working. For every 2 K+
pump into the cell, 3 Na+ will be actively transported out of the cell. (1 m)
• T he axon membrane is more permeable to K+ than Na+ due to the presence of more K+
non- gated, voltage dependent channels than Na+ non-gated channels. More K+ ca n
diffu se ('leak') out of the cell faster than Na+ can diffuse back in. (I m)
• The nett result is : the outside of the membrane is positive compared to th e inside of the
axon. The .cell membrane of the neurone is said to be polarised. (I m)

Formation of action potential

• When a stimulus ( electric current) reaches a resting neurone:
1. so me sodinm voltage gated channels in the stimulated region of the axon membran e open.
( I m)
-> Na+ will move into the axon (via facilitated diffusion) down an electroch emical gradient.
• When the potential difference across the membrane reaches a threshold value (-40 to -50
mY), man y more sodium voltage gated channels open. (example of +ve feedback mech.)
(l m)
• The sodium-potassium pump is inactive (l m)
• The rapid diffnsion of Na+ leads to a sudden increase in the cell's potenti al difference
which becomes positive (+40 mY). (l m)
• This reve rsal in the potential difference is known as depolarisation and an action
potential is generated.
b)
After an actio,; potential for about 5 to 10 ms that portion of axon und ergoes a refractory
period.
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• Purpose o(re(ractorv period: Allows impulses to move only in one direction & limits the
frequency at which successive impulses can pass along an axon.
• During the absolute refractory period (which lasts about 1 ms) (I m)
• the axon membrane is unable to respond to another stimulus, however strong it is. (1 m)
• An action potential cannot be produced due to a conformational change in voltage-gated
sodium channels which are still in a closed, inactive state. This also prevents the action
potential from moving backwards. (1 m)
• Following the absolute refractory period, there is a relative refractory period (which lasts
around 5 ms). (1 m)
• During this period, the resting potential is gradually restored by the Na+f K+ pump and
the relative permeability of membrane to facilitated diffnsion of ions is also restored f A
new action potential can then be produced if the stimnlus is greater than the usual one.
O~ .
• The refractory period is also a limiting factor in the speed of conduction of the nerve
impulse. (lm)
• Under the All or nothing law, an action potential can only be generated after the
threshold value is exceeded. (1m)
• After the threshold is reached, the size of the action potential produced remain s constant
and is independent of the intensity of the stimulus. This is the all or nothing response. All
action potentials are of the same amplitude. (1 m)
(any 7)

9.a)
i) Biotic Potential:
• Maximum rate of increase per individual under ideal (optimal) conditions, that is when
population density is low & resources are plentiful. 0 m)
• The actual capacity of a natural population will only reach biotic potential if all the
individuals in tbe population survive and reproduce at the maximum rate. (l m)
• The biotic potential is opposed by environmental resistance
o OR
In nature, bioJic potential is reached if the environmental resistance is absent. (1 m)

ii) Environmental resistance

• refers to the biotic and abiotic factors that oppose tbe achievement of biotic potential by
a population.
• Can be in the form of: Availahility of food & space, competition, predation and
parasitism
• Limits the size of a popnlation

iii) Carrying capacity

• the maximum stable population size a particular environment can support. (I m)
• The area occupied by a population has limited resources and this limits the population
growth by maintaining an equilibrium between the natality rate and the mortality rate.
• Population size increases until it reaches saturation within the carrying capacity of its
ecosyste m.
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• Carrying capacity is a dynamic value (not constant) which changes in response to

environm~ ntal changes (any 2)

b) Named animal must be appropriate. (reject sessile animals, ego garden snails, caterpillar
etc or those not restricted geographically) (I m)
for Caplllre-mark-release-recaptlire method: (I m)
• Individuals are trapped in an area and captured, marked with a tag,
recorded, and then released. (I m)
• After a period of time has elapsed, traps are set again, and individuals are
captured and identified. (I m)

The.population size is estimated using the following expression :

\
Population size = Number marked x Number caught during second trapping
Number of marked individuals recaptured

" (1m)
•• This estimate of population relies on the assumptions that:
• it is only applicable to a population whose movement is restricted geographically.
• organisms mix randomly within the population.
• marking does not hinder the movement of the organisms or make them conspicuous to
predators.
• sufficient time must elapse between capture and recapture to allow random mixing.
• changes in population size as a result of immigration, emigration, births and death are
negligible.

(any I)

10.
• In natural,5election:
1. Stab ilising selection favours intermediate phenotypic forms.
2. Directional selection favours one extreme phenotype of the population.
3. Disruptive selection favours th e selection of the two extreme form s & the gradual
elimination of the intermediate forms. (name all three correctly: 1 m )
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Stabilisin g selectio n
•
•
Intermediate forms are favored and
extremes are elimin ated
These ind h-idu aIs have greater surviva l
~I
·,6
'Eiii
-,,"-
- .., W'M'W
I M ,
& reproductive success. IWW W I
.11" .8.
• Extreme forms are less adaptive and
are elimi nated.
5;;;
z£ WWWWW
•
R:lIn g l o f nlul C tlr th. hl h t1 m. I
Eg. Newborn Birthweight:
1. < 2.27 kg (5 pounds)& > 4.54 kg (10
'btl
,pounds)
MI
(4m) WW'W
\
W'M'W
R4r1g. or ",. Iu l c tlr th, h i tat t me 2

M
M
MI
WMW
, R:lng e o ' .... ILI.' tlr tl1 ' hl h t t ml '
(1m)
Directional selection
•• Allele frequencies shift in one direction.
As environmental conditions change,
v.
~ 6
I~
" .-
.
'5 fti
in dividua ls of a population with one of n_
:;:8. 'M''M'W
the ex treme phenotypes is at an 0 •
advantage & is selected. j .s
;;; IM'M' W
• Directional selection pressure increases
the chances of the advantageous alleles
WMMWW
Ri nge o f 'I.IUI I for til' trait at li me I

to be passed on to the next generation.

• Selection pressure decreases the
i
chances of disadvantageous alleles being I'M W
transm itted. M'M'VV
• Eg. Pep pered moth s in industrial
melan ism
M'M'VV
Range Of "V. lul . tor til' nit at 11mIi 2

(4m)
-,
VV
WW
'M'VW
'M'WV
,i
Range Of 'Ialue . fOr trlt n it tim, 3 (I m)
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,-~~---.---~-.------------------,------------------------------- -
Disruptive selection
• Forms at both ends of the range of
variation are favored
• Intermediate forms are selected against
• After many generations, disruptive
selection may cause the formation of
two separate gene pools and the
~no & ot walut 1. tlr the hi tat 1m. I
fo r mation of new species.
• Eg:
I. The soils in mines are often
' contaminated with high [ I of toxic
metals such as lead, copper or zinc.
2. Certain modified polygenes in the
grasses confer variation in phenotype
such as tolerance to toxic metals.
3. These grasses can grow from
surrounding uncontaminated soil but
th eir ability to grow on uncontaminated
soil decreases. Rong 0 of value 1. br tilt hli ht 1m. a
( I m)
4. Toxic metals in the soil act as a natural
selection agent and confer selective
advantage on 'lnetal-tolerant grasses
growing on contaminated soil

5. After several generations, more toxic

metal-tolerant grasses are found growing
on contaminated soil, and more non-
tolerant grasses growing on
uncontaminated soil (3m)