COLOR SCIENCE

Concepts and Methods, Quantitative Data and Formulae,

2nd Edition

GNTER WYSZECKI
National Research Council, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada

W. S. STILES
Richmond, Surrey, England

t^-

1982
A Wiley-Interscience Publication

John Wiley & Sons

New York Chichester Brisbane Toronto Singapore

CONTENTS

CHAPTER 1 PHYSICAL DATA 1.1 1.2 Basic Radiometrie Quantities and Units Sources of Radiant Energy 1.2.1 1.2.2 1.2.3 1.2.4 1.2.5 1.2.6 1.2.7 1.2.8 The Sun and Daylight Thermal Radiators Electric Discharge Lamps Electroluminescent Sources Light-Emitting Diodes Lasers Sources of Ultraviolet Radiant Energy Some Photometrie and Colorimetric Characteristics of Sources of Radiant Energy 1 1 4 11 19 23 25 25 27 27 30 30 34 35 35 35 40 40 46 48 49 51 51 55 55 58 60 60 60

1.3

Optical Filters 1.3.1 1.3.2 1.3.3 1.3.4 1.3.5 1.3.6 1.3.7 1.3.8 1.3.9 1.3.10 1.3.11 Absorption Filters Glass Filters Gelatin Filters Liquid Filters Absorption Filters for Special Applications Miscellaneous Absorption Filters Interference Filters Interference-Filter Wedges Beamsplitters Sheet Polarizers Miscellaneous Optical Filters

1.4

Reflecting Materials 1.4.1 1.4.2 1.4.3 1.4.4 1.4.5 1.4.6 Front-Surface Mirrors White Reflectance Standards Colored Reflectance Standards Black Surfaces Building Materials Natural Objects

ix

CONTENTS 1.5 Monochromators 1.5.1 1.5.2 1.5.3 1.5.4 1.5.5 1.5.6 1.6 Basic Designs of Monochromators Resolving Power and Transmitted Radiant Flux Slit-Width Correction Polarization Wavelength Calibration Stray Light 63 63 66 69 70 71 72 72 73 76

Physical Detectors of Radiant Energy 1.6.1 1.6.2 Thermal Detectors Photon Detectors

CHAPTER 2 THE EYE 2.1 2.2 Preamble The Structure of the Human Eye 2.2.1 2.2.2 2.2.3 2.2.4 2.2.5 2.2.6 2.2.7 2.3 Cornea Lens Aqueous Humor and Vitreous Body The Fine-Structure of the Retina Main Topographical Features of the Retina The Fovea The Photoreceptors 83 83 84 84 84 85 .88 90 90 93 93 93 95 95 98 100 101 102 105 107 116

Specification of the External Stimulus 2.3.1 2.3.2 2.3.3 Position in External Field Radiometrie Specification Photometrie Specification

2.4

Factors in the Eye That Control the Internal Stimulus 2.4.1 2.4.2 2.4.3 2.4.4 2.4.5 2.4.6 2.4.7 Image Formation by the Theoretical Eye Eye Axes and Eye Angles Chromatic Aberration of the Eye The Troland Values of Retinal Illuminance Pupil Size Light Losses in the Eye Fluorescent Light in the Eye

CHAPTER 3 3.1 3.2 Preamble

COLORIMETRY 117 117 117 119 121 127 129

Basic Colorimetric Concepts 3.2.1 3.2.2 3.2.3 3.2.4 3.2.5 Trichromatic Generalization Tristimulus Space Basic Colorimetric Equations Imaginary Color Stimuli Colorimetric Transformations

Contents 3.3 The CIE Colorimetric System 3.3.1 3.3.2 3.3.3 3.3.4 3.3.5 3.3.6 3.3.7 3.3.8 3.3.9 3.3.10 3.3.11 3.4 3.5 3.6 The CIE 1931 Standard Colorimetric Observer The CIE 1964 Supplementary Standard Colorimetric Observer . Development of the Two CIE Standard Observers CIE Standard Illuminants CIE Standard Sources Standard of Reflectance Factor Standard Illuminating and Viewing Conditions Calculation of CIE Tristimulus Values and Chromaticity Coordinates CIE Uniform Color Spaces and Color-Difference Formulae . . . CIE Metamerism Index for Change in Illuminant CIE Color-Rendering Index 130 131 132 133 143 146 155 155 156 164 169 173 175 176

xi

Dominant Wavelength, Excitation Purity, and Colorimetric Purity . . . . Complementary Color Stimuli Maximum Attainable Luminous Efficiency of Color Stimuli of Different Chromaticity

177 179 183 184 185 194 196 200 212 221 222

3.7 3.8

Optimal Object-Color Stimuli Metameric Color Stimuli 3.8.1 Definition of Metamerism 3.8.2 Methods of Generating Metamers 3.8.3 Intersections of Spectral Reflectance Curves of Metamers . . . . 3.8.4 Counting Metamers 3.8.5 Boundaries of Mismatches of Metamers 3.8.6 Application of Linear Programming to Miscellaneous Colorimetric Problems Colorant Formulation Specification of Color Tolerances Distribution Temperature, Color Temperature, and Correlated Color Temperature Colorimetric Instrumentation 3.12.1 3.12.2 3.12.3 3.12.4 3.12.5 Spectroradiometers Spectrophotometers Spectrophotometry of Fluorescent Materials Propagation of Random Spectrophotometric Errors Tristimulus-Filter Colorimeters PHOTOMETRY

3.9 3.10 3.11 3.12

224 228 229 232 235 240 243

CHAPTER 4 4.1 4.2

Basic Photometrie Quantities and Units The Photometrie Principle

249 249

CONTENTS 4.3 The Standard Photometrie System 4.3.1 4.3.2 4.3.3 4.3.4 4.3.5 4.3.6 4.4 Historical Note Standard Photometrie Observers Photometrie Methods Measurement of Total Luminous Flux Measurement of Luminous Intensity and Illuminance Measurement of Luminance 253 253 256 259 263 265 270

Calculation of Illuminance Produced by Lambert Sources of Different Shapes

277

CHAPTER 5 VISUAL EQUIVALENCE AND VISUAL MATCHING 5.1 5.2 Preamble Classification of Matching Procedures 5.2.1 5.2.2 5.2.3 5.2.4 5.2.5 5.3 Visual Equivalence and Visual Match by Strict Substitution . . . Asymmetrie Comparison and Matching; Quasi-symmetric Matching Limited Groups of Asymmetrie Matching Procedures Matching Criteria Some Particular Matching or Equivalence Procedures 278 278 279 281 283 285 288 293 293 294 298 300 302 304 306 306 313 319 320 323 328 330 330 330 333 333 343 346

Maxwell's Method of Color Matching 5.3.1 5.3.2 5.3.3 5.3.4 5.3.5 5.3.6 Historical Note Basis of Maxwellian Trichromacy Maxwell Trichromacy and Fll Trichromacy in Quasi-Symmetrie Matching Maxwell's Method in Nontrichromatic Matching Maxwellian Matching as Correlation of Stimulus Spaces Maxwellian Matching in the Weaker Sense

5.4

Precision of Color Matching for Normal Trichromats 5.4.1 5.4.2 5.4.3 5.4.4 5.4.5 5.4.6 MacAdam Ellipses Brown-MacAdam Ellipsoids Wyszecki-Fielder Ellipsoids Repeatability of Color-Matching Ellipsoids for the Same Observer Intercomparison of Color-Matching Ellipses for Different Observers Propagation of Random Errors in Colorimetric Transformations

5.5

Color-Matching Functions of Normal Trichromats 5.5.1 5.5.2 5.5.3 5.5.4 5.5.5 5.5.6 Two-Degree Data of Guild and Wright Judd Modification Stiles Two-Degree Pilot Data Stiles-Burch Ten-Degree Data ETL Ten-Degree Data Variations of Color-Matching Functions of Different Normal Trichromats

Contents 5.6 Factors Modifying Color Matching 5.6.1 5.6.2 5.6.3 5.6.4 5.6.5 5.6.6 5.7 Filter Pigments in the Eye Rod Participation Location of Visual Field ' Size of Visual Field Ffigh Luminance Level Maxwell Method versus Maximum-Saturation Method 347 347 354 372 373 374 379 392 392 394 410 411 413 420 424 424 429 429 432 449 451 458 459 463 471 472 478 483 484

xiii

Luminous Efficiency Functions of Normal Trichromats 5.7.1 5.7.2 Matching or Equivalence Criteria and Experimental Procedures Experimental Data

5.8

Heterochromatic Brightness Matching of Complex Stimuli 5.8.1 5.8.2 Luminance of Equally Bright Color Stimuli Additivity Failures

5.9 5.10 5.11 5.12

Abney and Bezold-Brcke Effects Hue Reversais: Brindley Isochromes Stiles-Crawford Effect Chromatic Adaptation 5.12.1 Asymmetrie MatchingBasic Concepts 5.12.2 Experimental Procedures and Data 5.12.3 A Comparison of Chromatic-Adaptation Transforms Chromatic-Response Functions Color-Matching Properties of Color-Defective Observers 5.14.1 Normal and Anomalous Trichromats 5.14.2 Dichromats 5.14.3 Monochromats

5.13 5.14

5.15

Instrumentation for Color-Vision Research 5.15.1 Maxwellian View 5.15.2 Measurement of Directional Sensitivity and Increment Thresholds 5.15.3 The Staircase Methods

CHAPTER 6 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 6.5 Preamble

UNIFORM COLOR SCALES 486 488 493 500 503

Types of Scales and Scaling Methods Brightness and Lightness Scales Color Scales of Constant Lightness Three-Dimensional Color Scales

CONTENTS 6.5.1 6.5.2 6.5.3 6.6 Principles of Construction Color-Difference Formulae White. Whiteness Formulae 503 504 506 506 507 509 511 512

Color-Order Systems 6.6.1 6.6.2 6.6.3 6.6.4 Munsell Color System DIN Color System Swedish Natural Color System OSA Color System ,

CHAPTER 7 7.1 7.2 Preamble

VISUAL THRESHOLDS 514 514 514 516 519 519 521 521 521 525

General Concepts 7.2.1 7.2.2 Basic Terms and Definitions Quantum Fluctuations and Visual Stimuli

7.3

Dark Adaptation and Absolute Thresholds 7.3.1 7.3.2 7.3.3 7.3.4 Recovery of Threshold Sensitivity; Dark-Adaptation Curves . . Threshold Variation Over the Visual Field Threshold Sensitivity of Fully Dark-Adapted Eye Absolute Threshold Values for Different Conditions of Measurement

7.4

Chromatic Adaptation and Increment Thresholds 7.4.1 7.4.2 7.4.3 7.4.4

Two-Color Threshold Method 525 Basic Formulae 528 Stiles' Mean Data 531 Specific Aspects of -n Mechanisms and Later Developments . . . 537 544 547 549 552 553 554 555 556 557 567 567 570 571

7.5 7.6 7.7 7.8

Rod Saturation Cone Saturation Rod and Cone Interactions Uniform Equivalent Fields 7.8.1 Basic Formulae

7.9

Spatial and Temporal Factors 7.9.1 7.9.2 7.9.3 Distinctness of Border Mach Bands Flicker _...!...'

7.10

Discrimination Thresholds 7.10.1 7.10.2 7.10.3 Luminance Differences Wavelength Differences Purity Differences

Contents 7.10.4 7.10.5 7.10.6 Color-Temperature Differences Chromaticity Differences Color-Difference Matches 574 575 576

CHAPTER 8 THEORIES AND MODELS OF COLOR VISION 8.1 8.2 Preamble Visual Response Functions and the Spectral Properties of Visual Pigments 8.2.1 8.2.2 8.2.3 8.2.4 8.2.5 8.2.6 8.3 Principle of Univariance The Visual-Pigment Layer Dartnall's Standard Shape of Visual Pigment-Absorption Coefficient Color-Matching Data and the Spectral Absorption Curves of Visual Pigments Dichromatism and the Fundamental Spectral Sensitivities . . . . Color-Matching Data and the Pigment-Bleaching Model 582

586 586 588 591 591 604 619 633 634 639 642 646 652 654 654 658 659 660 672 673 677 690 885 925 935

Neural Models 8.3.1 8.3.2 8.3.3 8.3.4 8.3.5 Mller and Judd Adams Hurvich and Jameson Guth Ingling

8.4

Line Elements of Color Space 8.4.1 8.4.2 8.4.3 8.4.4 8.4.5 8.4.6 8.4.7 Basic Concepts Helmholtz Schrdinger Stiles Trabka Vos and Walraven General Construction of Inductive Line Elements

APPENDIX OF EXTENDED TABLES AND ILLUSTRATIONS REFERENCES AUTHOR INDEX SUBJECT INDEX