The Basics Of

WEHOLITE
Pipe System

WEHOLITE PIPE SYSTEM

1. Introduction

olyethylene is recognised by clients and engineering consultants alike as the ideal pipe material for many pressure and non-pressure applications from water distribution to gravity sewers, rehabilitation projects, manholes, as well as marine pipeline applications. Recognising clients needs for large diameter lightweight lowpressure pipes and ttings, KWH Pipe Ltd. developed WEHOLITE, a pipe constructed using a patented structured wall process, making it possible to manufacture diameters up to 3000 mm. WEHOLITE is today manufactured at our main factory in Finland as well as in Sweden, Poland and Portugal. We also have production facilities in the USA, Canada, Malaysia and Thailand. KWH Pipe Ltd. has granted several manufacturing licenses around the world.

Contents
1. Introduction................................................2 2. Dimensions .................................................5 3. Design guide .............................................10 4. Installation ................................................18 5. Transportation, handling, and storage .......21 6. Quality aspects ..........................................22 7. Site testing ................................................23

WEHOLITE PIPE SYSTEM

1.1 Applications
WEHOLITE provides all the technical advantages of equivalent polyethylene solid wall pipes but with substantial savings in weight combining greater ease of installation with increased cost effectiveness. WEHOLITE pipe represents the latest advances in both material and manufacturing technology. Its unique structure can offer a range of pipe sizes and ring stiffnesses, depending on customer requirements. Raw material properties and product technology have been combined to provide a lightweight engineered pipe for various applications in municipal, industrial, road construction, rehabilitation and marine pipeline applications.

Municipal engineering

Industrial

Pori, Finland; Relining a corroded 800 mm concrete pipe with NS 635 mm Weholite pipe.

Wolfen, Germany; A parallel, 2 x NS 1400 mm industrial wastewater pipe line. Total length 2050 m.

Road construction

Rehabilitation

Kaskinen, Finland; Culvert under railway. Open cut renovation nished in 3 hours. Dimensions NS 1200 - 1600 mm.

Swiecie, Poland; Relining of 650 m, 1800 mm corroded concrete pipe with NS 1500 mm Weholite pipe.

WEHOLITE PIPE SYSTEM

Outfalls and intakes

Stenungsund, Sweden; A 200 m, NS 1400 mm cooling water discharge line.

Manholes

Special applications

Kaukop, Finland; Inspection chambers made from NS 2000 Weholite pipes for a cellulose plant.

Lohja, Finland; Special structure NS 2400 mm for intake of cooling water for a paper plant.

Oulu, Finland; Special structure for efuent of cooling water for a chemical plant.

WEHOLITE PIPE SYSTEM

2. Dimensions
2.1 Pipes
Weholite pipes are manufactured in accordance with standards SFS 3453 and prEN 13476. Weholite pipe has national approvals in Finland, United Kingdom, Poland and in Sweden.

Weholite pipes with socket

NS=Di mm 360 400 500 600 700 800 1000 1200 1400 1500 1600 1800 2000 2200 2400 2500 2600 2800 3000 De mm 400 450 560 675 788 900 1125 1350 1575 1680 1792 2016 2240 2464 *) *) *) *) *) Do mm 452 502 613 723 839 955 M mm 185 175 200 219 240 251 l mm 50 50 65 77 85 90 100 120 130 150 150 150 Available for dimensions NS 360 - NS 800

Weholite pipes with threaded joint

*) Nominal outside diameter (de) will be designed individually NS De Do M L l = Di = nominal size = inside diameter = nominal outside diameter = max outside diameter of socket = penetration depth = standard (effective) length 6 and 12 m = length of threaded joint

Available for sizes above NS 360

NOTE! Dimensions are calculated values for SN = 4 kN/m2 and may vary from the nished product. Tolerances for pipe lengths L are 50 mm (+23 C). Other dimensions, stiffnesses and special lengths can be supplied on request.

WEHOLITE PIPE SYSTEM

2.2 Bends
Bends 1 - 30 Bends 31 - 60 Bends 61 - 90

R= NS = di mm 360 400 500 600 700 800 1000 1200 1400 1500 1600 1800 2000 2200 de mm 400 450 560 675 788 900 1125 1350 1575 1680 1792 2016 2240 2464 1.0 x NS mm 360 400 500 600 700 800 1000 1200 1400 1500 1600 1800 2000 2200

30 Z mm 322 329 391 450 510 559 651 781 911 975 1040 1170 1300 1430 Ze mm 137 154 191 231 270 308

45 Z mm 386 400 480 556 633 700 827 993 1158 1240 1323 1488 1653 1819 Ze mm 201 225 280 337 393 449

60 Z mm 433 453 546 636 727 807 960 1152 1344 1439 1535 1727 1919 2111 Ze mm 248 278 346 417 487 556

90 Z mm 586 622 757 889 1022 1145 1383 1659 1936 2073 2211 2488 2764 3041 Ze mm 401 447 557 670 782 894

NOTE! Dimensions are calculated values and may vary from the nished product. Tolerances for pipe lengths Z and Ze are 50 mm (+ 23 C). Normally tolerances for angles of bends are 2.5. Other angles and radii of bends can be supplied on request. Dimensions above NS 2200 will be designed individually to meet customer requirements, transport possibilities etc.

WEHOLITE PIPE SYSTEM

2.3 Equal tees

NS=di mm 360 400 500 600 700 800 1000 1200 1400 1500 1600 1800 2000 2200

de1 mm 400 450 560 675 788 900 1125 1350 1575 1680 1792 2016 2240 2464

NS 2 mm 360 400 500 600 700 800 1000 1200 1400 1500 1600 1800 2000 2200

de2 mm 400 450 560 675 788 900 1125 1350 1575 1680 1792 2016 2240 2464

Z1 mm 448 469 566 660 754 839 1000 1200 1400 1500 1600 1800 2000 2200

Z2 mm 448 469 566 660 754 839 1000 1200 1400 1500 1600 1800 2000 2200

Z2e mm 263 294 366 441 514 588

Z3 mm 448 469 566 660 754 839 1000 1200 1400 1500 1600 1800 2000 2200

Z3e mm 263 294 366 441 514 588

NOTE! For branches (with NS 2 < NS 1) lengths Z3 and Z3e are equal to above. Dimensions are calculated values and may vary from the nished product. Tolerances for pipe lengths Z and Ze are 50 mm ( + 23 C). Dimensions above NS 2200 will be designed individually to meet customer requirements, transport possibilities etc.

WEHOLITE PIPE SYSTEM

2.4 Double sockets

NS = di mm 360 400 500 600 700 800 de mm 400 450 560 675 788 900 L mm 370 350 400 430 480 500 Do mm 452 502 613 723 839 955

NOTE! Dimensions are calculated values and may vary from the nished product. Tolerances for pipe lengths L 50 mm ( + 23C).

2.5 Flange joints

JOINT DN mm 350 400 500 600 700 800 1000 1200 1400 1600

WEHOLITE WEHOLITE NS = di mm 360 400 500 600 700 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 de mm 400 450 560 675 788 900 1125 1350 1575 1792 De

PE PIPE L mm 377 385 379 390 400 415 438 460 480 491 D mm 505 565 670 780 895 1015 1230 1455 1675 1915

FLANGE b mm 30 34 38 40 45 53 62 68 80 100 k mm 460 515 620 725 840 950 1160 1380 1590 1820

BOLTS pcs x size 16 x M20 16 x M24 20 x M24 20 x M27 24 x M27 24 x M30 28 x M33 32 x M36 36 x M39 40 x M45

BOLT TORQUE Nm 45 60 70 80 90 100 130 180 h

STUBEND d4 mm 430 482 585 685 805 900 1110 1330 1535 1760

mm 355 400 500 630 710 800 1000 1200 1400 1600

mm 40 44 47 56 60 77 96 100 105 110

NOTE! Dimensions are calculated values and may vary from the nished product. Flange drillings are dimensioned according to DIN 2501, PN 10.

WEHOLITE PIPE SYSTEM

2.6 Wall passings

Alternative 1. Solid structure with rubber sleeve

Installation can be done by using a special piece of pipe which will be fastened in the solid structure. Note! To prevent shear stresses it is recommended to install a rubber sleeve between the pipe and the solid structure. The backll compaction should also be done carefully.

Alternative 2. by rounding

2.7 Manholes
The Weholite manhole system provides answers for all sewerage systems. Manholes are normally prefabricated. Pipe connections will be manufactured to suit any standard sewer pipe. The inclinations and angles of the connections can be set as required. Standard telescopic parts allow the adjustment of the required nal height. Manhole cover will be selected according to application or trafc loads. When required, ladders can be tted inside the manhole.

Typical types of manholes

MANHOLE FOR STORM WATER
Cover Cover frame Cover frame

SADDLE MANHOLE FOR INSPECTION

Cover

Adjustment pipe

INSPECTION CHAMBER FOR SEWAGE

Cover Cover frame

Adjustment pipe Telescopic part

Telescopic part Eccentric upper part

Adjustment pipe Connectors Telescopic part

Connectors

Bottom pipe Bottom pipe

Bottom pipe Pipeline

Welded bottom

Connectors

Welded bottom

WEHOLITE PIPE SYSTEM

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3. Design guide
3.1 Material properties
Typical physical properties for Weholite pipe and resin
Property Unit Value Standard

Density E-modulus Linear expansion coefcient Thermal conductivity Tensile stress at yield Tensile strength at break

kg/m3 MPa mm/mC W/mC MPa %

950 ~ 800 0,20 ~ 0,3-0,4 > 15 > 350

ISO 1183 ISO 527

ISO 6259 ISO 6259

Abrasion
Asbestos cement pipe 3,0 Fibre glass reinforced pipe

2,5

Abrasion (mm)

2,0

1,5 Concrete pipe 1,0 Clay Pipe PVC 0,5 HDPE

In the so-called Darmstadt abrasion test (DIN v. 19534, part 2), samples of commonly used pipe materials were lled with a mixture of sand and water, and then subjected to a specied number of rocking cycles. The amount of abraded material was measured at regular intervals. The result indicates a very high abrasion resistance for polyethylene pipe materials. E.g. 400,000 load cycles indicate 0.3 mm abrasion for PE pipes when bre glass reinforced pipe abrasion is 6 - 8 times higher.

200 000

400 000 Load cycles N

600 000

Chemical resistance
For all practical purposes, PE is chemically inert within normal use. More information on the chemical behaviour of PE is given in ISO 10358.

Temperature range
The maximum allowable temperature of the pipe medium - for short-term is +80 C - for long-term is +45 C

WEHOLITE PIPE SYSTEM

3.2 Hydraulic design

Colebrook-White formula

11

u = -2 2gdl . log

k 3,7d

2,51 d 2gdl

u = velocity (m/s) I = hydraulic gradient () k = roughness coefcient (m), Weholite pipe 0.03 u = kinematic viscocity (m2/s) d = internal diameter (m) g = acceleration due to gravity (9.81 m/s2)

Partially water-lled pipes

Filling level % 100 Flow Volume Area Velocity Hydraulic Radius Q A u R

80

Diagram giving the change of water ow volume, lled area, ow velocity and hydraulic radius as a function of the lling level in the pipe. (The 10 Q curve illustrates an enlargement of the Q curve between 0 and 12 % on the horizontal axis.)

60 Q A 40 u R

20

10 Q

20

40

60

80

100

120

Change of property %

Example for the change of ow volume and velocity

Gradient Filling level 1 100 % 50 % 25 % NS=400 u m/s 0.60 0.51 0.33 Q l/s 75 34 10 NS=800 u m/s 0.93 0.79 0.51 Q l/s 465 209 61 NS=1200 u m/s 1.19 1.01 0.66 Q l/s 1348 607 175

100 % 50 % 25 %

1.36 1.15 0.75

170 77 27

2.09 1.78 1.15

1052 473 168

2.69 2.29 1.48

3041 1369 487

10

100 % 50 % 25 %

1.92 1.64 1.06

242 109 31

2.97 2.52 1.63

1492 671 194

3.81 3.24 2.10

4310 1940 560

WEHOLITE PIPE SYSTEM

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Discharge (l/s) for pipes owing full.

- roughness coefcient for Weholite pipe 0.03 - roughness coefcient value of 0.25 mm for the pipe system (diagram) - kinematic viscocity of water at + 10 C

Gradient

Flow l/s

Flow l/s

Gradient

WEHOLITE PIPE SYSTEM

3.3 Structural design

3.3.1 Flexibility in buried pipelines
A exible pipe like Weholite is by denition a pipe which will deect when subjected to external loads (trafc, ground water changes, frost actions, soil settlement etc.) - as opposed to a rigid pipe, which carries all external loads by itself. The degree of deection of a exible pipe will depend on the pipe stiffness, support from the surrounding soil, and on external loads.

13

There are several methods for calculating the deection in buried exible pipelines. Most of them are based on the so-called

Spangler formula:
deection (%) = vertical load on the pipe pipe stiffness + soil stiffness

with trafc

without trafc

Settlement deection

After installation, further compaction of the surrounding soil develops with time due to external loading and soil settlement. Experience shows that the maximum deection will be achieved within 1 - 3 years after installation, depending on backll material, quality of backll compaction work and on external loads. The maximum allowable deection is 8 - 10 %.

Pipe deection %

Installation deection

Installation time

Time after installation

Field experience and investigations show that installation varies along the pipeline. This variation reects differences in support and external loading on the pipe. The installation variability results in variations in deection for exible pipes and in variation in bending moments for rigid pipes.

A exible pipe absorbs external loads and deforms to a certain extent. A rigid pipe, on the other hand, by denition cannot deform. When external loads increase sufciently, the rigid pipe will nally crack.
Flexible pipe Rigid pipe

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3.3.2 Buckling resistance

The main type of failure which could occur in a thermoplastic pipe is a collapse (buckling) due to overloading. This design criterion should therefore be checked even though it is quite seldom this will determine the choice of pipe ring stiffness. For a rmly buried pipe, the buckling pressure Pbs can be determined as: where:
Pbs SN Et n = Buckling pressure (MPa) = Ring stiffness (MPa) = Tangent modulus of the soil (MPa) = Safety factor (normally 2)

Pbs = 5.63SN.Et
The value is theoretical limit. Under normal circumstances, the safety factor against radial buckling should never be less than 2.

Pperm=

Pbs n
Tangent modulus for friction soils

Et (MPa)

Ground water table at the ground level

4,0
tor oc . pr d mo

3,0

% 90

Filling height

Calculation example
- Groundwater table below pipe - Filling height = 2 m - Degree of compaction = 90 % mod. proctor - Ring stiffness of a pipe = 4 kN/m2= 0.004 MPa

2,0

85 %

1,0

80 % 75 %

from a table Et = 2.5 MPa

7 H (m)

Et (MPa)

Ground water table below pipe

Pbs = 5.63 ( 0.004 * 2.5) = 0.563 MPa Pperm = 0.563/2 = 0.28 MPa
Filling height

8,0

6,0

4,0

90

tor roc p . od %m

2,0

85 % 80 %
75 %

7 H (m)

WEHOLITE PIPE SYSTEM

3.3.3 Design graph for pipe selection

Based on the study (Teppfa;1999; Design Of Buried Thermoplastics Pipes) several design approaches can be proposed. Thermoplastics pipes utilising huge strainability, design can be kept simple. It has also showed that more effort should be put in the installation of the pipe. Important observation is also that exible pipes follow the soil settlement, and behaviour is managed by this. Load is therefore not an issue for exible pipes. Therefore, based on results of this work, the design approach using simple graphs is strongly recommended. In the design, graphs-areas are given for each installation group. The lower boundary of each group represents the average deection expected and upper boundary the maximum. The design graph contains three installation groups.The add factors are fully linked to the type of installation. The add factors or consolidation factors have to be added to the value for the initial deection which can be obtained from the graph. Note: - lling height 0,8 - 6 m - pipes fullll standards - heavy trafc load - allowed deection for PE pipes is 8 - 10 %

15

Installation types
Well Moderate None

Cf = 1.0
Primary backfill: granular type Layer: 30 cm + compaction Final backfill: soil of any type + compaction Compaction: > 94 % mod. Proctor

Cf = 2.0
Primary backfill: granular type Layers: 50 cm + compaction Final backfill: soil of any type + compaction Compaction: 87- 94 % mod. Proctor

Cfgranular = 3.0 Cfcohesive = 4.0

Backfill granular -/cohesive type Layers: without compaction Compaction: < 87% mod. Proctor

12
final = inst.

10 Allowed 9 8
inst.

Time Pipe deflection after installation % 6

None + Cf 3 / Cf 4
4

Moderate + Cf 2

Well + Cf 1

-2 SN 2 SN 4 SN 8 Ring stiffness (kN/m2) SN 16

Source: TEPPFA (1999), Design Of Buried Thermoplastics Pipes

WEHOLITE PIPE SYSTEM

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3.4 Bedding instructions

Please refer to national codes of practice for installation of plastic pipes wherever applicable.

Final backfill

Primary backfill

Pipe bedding Trench bottom

Pipe bedding
The bedding soil shall be free from stones within the breadth of the pipe trench. On the trench bottom, a 10-15 cm thick bedding layer is prepared and well compacted. The bedding shall be at least 20 cm wider than the pipe outside diameter. For installations in soft/wet soil, a geotextile is placed under the bedding.

Primary backll
The primary backll material shall be a friction soil or macadam. Backlling shall be made over the whole width of the trench. Compaction of the backll material shall be made in layers of 15-30 cm. The nal layer of the primary backll shall extend 30 cm above the pipe crown. Note! No compaction is to be done directly above the pipe until the backll has reached 30 cm above the pipe crown.

Final backll
The nal backll is done with regard to the native soil and external loads (trafc). When deemed necessary, the compaction is carried out in several layers. The nal backll material shall be compactable as dug materials. The material must, however, be free from stones.

WEHOLITE PIPE SYSTEM

3.5 Bending
Small misalignments of the pipeline can be accomodated in the pipe itself by bending. The minimum permissible bending radius for Weholite pipes under normal installation conditions R = 50 x de (outside diameter). The bending may not be at the socket. An acceptable bending radius can be maintained by lateral supports against the side of the trench. Special care should be taken when bending pipes at low temperatures.

17

3.6 Support spacing 3.7 Buoyancy

With installations in above ground applications, the maximum support spacing can be determined according to the gure below. When installing pipes under the ground water level, the buoyancy of the pipe shall be taken into consideration. When needed, the natural uplift of the pipe should be counteracted. This can be designed case by case. Please do not hesitate to contact our nearest ofce for adequate technical information.

Support spacing
- sag 10 mm/10 years - liquid density 1000 kg/m3

Buoyancy of Weholite pipes

6 5 + 20 O C

NS = di mm

de mm

Pipe empty

Pipe full

Pipe full

Prole empty Prole empty Prole full kN/m kN/m 0.30 0.34 0.51 0.71 1.07 1.36 2.11 3.04 4.27 4.57 5.42 6.54 8.12 9.86 N/m 10 10 10 10 20 20 30 40 50 70 80 100 120 150

360 4 Support spacing, m 3 2 1 + 40 O C + 60 O C 400 500 600 700 800 1000 1200 1400 0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1500 1600 1800 2000 2200

400 450 560 675 790 900 1125 1350 1575 1680 1792 2016 2240 2464

1.26 1.60 2.47 3.54 4.92 6.38 9.97 14.35 19.66 22.24 25.53 31.99 39.53 47.87

Pipe ID, mm

The density of concrete is 2400 kg/m3. The weight in air can be calculated by multiplying the table value by 1.72.

WEHOLITE PIPE SYSTEM

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4. Installation
4.1 Jointing techniques
Socket joint
The integral socket joint can be delivered as sand-tight (as such) or watertight (with rubber sealing). The rubber seal conforms to EN 681-1 and is resistant to normal sewage waters. Resistant sealings for oil contaminated water are available on special request.

1. Align the pipes vertically and horizontally.

2. Make sure that spigot end, socket and sealing ring are clean from sand, moisture, dust etc.

3. Install the rubber sealing into the groove.

4. Apply lubricant evenly onto the spigot end and the rubber sealing.

5. Gently push the spigot into the socket using adequate force until the stop-mark is at the socket opening. Use a plate or plank to avoid damage to the spigot or socket. Larger dimensions can be installed by using an excavator. Protect the socket opening with a sheet or plank. Observe that the sealing ring stays in position.

WEHOLITE PIPE SYSTEM

19

Threaded joint

1. Align the pipes vertically and horizontally.

2. Make sure that the threads are clean from sand, moisture, dust etc.

3. Thread the male end into the female end.

4. The pipe can be rotated using a lever or rope-sling. If needed, an excavator can be used to help rotate the pipes. To facilitate the rotation, the pipes can be laid on planks or roller supports.

5. The joint as such is sand-tight. If water-tightness is required, the joint can be extrusion welded from the inside (NS > 800 mm), from the outside, or both. The joint can also be waterproofed using an external shrink sleeve or rubber sleeve.

WEHOLITE PIPE SYSTEM

20

Heat shrink sleeves

Sleeves can be used for plain pipe ends with threaded joints to tighten the outside joint and connections to other materials. Special sleeves can be ordered on request.

Extrusion welding
Extrusion welding is mostly used for low pressure applications for large diameter pipes in general. Welding will be done with special equipment developed by KWH Pipe, either from inside or from outside.

Extrusion welding for large dimensions up to NS 3000 mm.

Hand extrusion welding

Hand extrusion welding is another alternative especially for tightening threaded joints. All welding must be carried out by skilled personnel.

Welding provides a leak-free joint as strong as the pipe itself.

Flex-Seal
Flex-Seal couplings are designed for jointing pipes in sewarage and other non-pressure applications in the construction, repair or maintenance of pipelines. These include: - As a joint for plain ended pipes - Repair of existing pipelines - As an adaptor between pipes of different sizes or materials

WEHOLITE PIPE SYSTEM

5. Transportation, handling and storage

General
Handling should be done carefully and dragging of pipes and ttings must be avoided. Weholite pipes and ttings become slippery in wet or in cold weather. It is not recommended to handle pipes and ttings temperatures below -20 C. Pipes and ttings should be transported and stored in their packaging. The protective packaging should be kept intact until material is required for use.

21

Loading
Never drop the pipes. Lifting points should always be well spread and evenly spaced. Chains or end hooks should not be used. Delivery vehicles should be provided with a clean, at bed, free from sharp objects. Care must be taken to prevent slippage or excessive bowing of the pipes. Tie the load well to prevent rubbing. Use nylon straps, not chains or ropes. Pipes or ttings must not rest on the socket. Avoid contamination from medias such as diesel oil.

Off-loading on site may be made easier by using skid timber and strap slings.

Storage
All materials should be carefully inspected at the time of delivery and any defects should be notied and reported immediately. All pipe stacks should be made on rm, at ground to support the weight of the pipes and lifting equipment. For safety and convenience of handling, the stacking height for pipes should be limited to ve units, not more than 3 meters, and adequately wedged to prevent movement. Pipes must be stored from timber to timber. Pipes with integral socket should be stacked with the sockets at alternate ends. Pipes and ttings should be stored away from heat sources. When Weholite pipes are exposed to sunlight for prolonged time, pipes should be covered. Protect all materials and equipment from theft, vandalism, accidental damage or contamination.

WEHOLITE PIPE SYSTEM

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6. Quality aspects
KWH Pipe maintains a complete quality control from raw material to nished pipe product by establishing strict manufacturing specications. The Weholite production in Finland is ISO 9002 certied. The characteristics of Weholite pipes are determined by SFS 3453 and prEN 13476.

Weholite quality requirements consist of:

1. Raw-material performance 2. Geometry and tolerances 3. Product performance Weholite pipe has national approvals in Finland, Sweden, United Kingdom and Poland.

Ring stiffness test

Marking
Weholite pipes are marked in a clear and durable way, so that legibility is maintained for the life of the pipe under normal storage, weather conditions, and use.

Environmental aspects
KWH Pipe appreciates environmental, health and safety interests as an important and inseparable part of its business. KWH Pipe strives towards prevention of waste and recycles wherever waste cannot be avoided. KWH Pipe does not use materials which have been proven to be unacceptable for the environment, health and safety. Open minded and good relations to customers and to authorities are one of the important parts of our daily business. KWH Pipe is involved in the Responsible Care -program, which as a part helps us maintain our production at a high level and to evaluate environment, health and safety issues caused by production processes, materials and products.

Manufacture or product name Dimension OD/ID Short term stiffness class Material (PE, PP , other) Production code Approval mark if pipe has national or International approval.

KWH PIPE WEHOLITE SN4 PE 900/800 0101

WEHOLITE PIPE SYSTEM

7. Site testing
Testing leaks in pipelines shall be conducted either with air or water.

23

Hydrostatic pressure testing on non-pressure pipes on-site. Principle

(Summary of the Finnish standard SFS 3113) A delimited section of pipe is lled with water and subjected to a certain overpressure. The tightness is controlled at the nal stage of the test by determining the quantity of additional water needed to maintain the pressure. The necessary overpressure in the pipe is dependent upon the level of the ground water, in relation to the level of the piping to be tested. The difference between these two levels is marked with a. The overpressure is derived from the following table:

Method
I. Fill a pipe section with water to over pressure Pe1. Check that all seals are watertight and hold the pressure for 10 minutes. II. The overpressure is maintained at the level Pe1, during half an hour by adding water when necessary. Measure the volume of water added during three 6 minute intervals. III. When the test is completed, the average volume of the added water is calculated. This volume is converted into functions of pipe length and time ( ) l/mh, where l = litre of added water m = length of the piping in meter h = hour. The value thus obtained and the inside diameter of the pipe is inserted in the diagram below. All readings below the line are acceptable. For further information see Standard SFS 3113.
l/m h 2,6 2,4 2,2 2,0 1,8 1,6 1,4 1,2 1,0 0,8 0,6 0,4 0,2 0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 Inside diameter mm
The accuracy or applicability of all information contained herein is intended as a guide and is not guaranteed. Hence, KWH Pipe assumes no obligation or liability for this information. All tables and statements may be considered as recommendations but not as warranty. Users of our products should make their own tests to determine the suitability of each such product for their particular purposes. KWH Pipes liability for defective products is limited to the replacement, without charge, of any product found to be defective. Under no circumstances shall it be responsible for any damages beyond the price of the products, and in no event shall it be liable for consequential damages. Difference of the subsoil water and the pipe (m) a<0 0<a<5 0,5 < a < 1,0 1,0 < a < 1,5 1,5 < a < 2,0 2,0 < a < 2,5 2,5 < a < 3,0 3,5 < a < 4,0 4,0 < a < 4,5 4,5 < a < 5,0 kPa 10,0 15,5 21,0 26,5 32,0 37,5 48,5 54,0 59,5 65,0 bar 0,1 0,155 0,21 0,265 0,32 0,375 0,485 0,540 0,60 0,65 Test overpressure Pe1

Volume of the added water per length unit and the duration of the test

FINLAND: KWH Pipe Ltd P .O.Box 21, FIN-65101 Vaasa, Finland Tel. +358 6 326 5511 Telefax +358 6 316 7115 Ulvila Factory FIN-28400 Ulvila, Finland Tel. +358 2 677 6611 Telefax +358 2 538 8222 SWEDEN: KWH Pipe Sverige AB Dckvgen 12 S-506 49 Bors, Sweden Tel. +46 33 233 620 Telefax +46 33 121 100

DENMARK: KWH Pipe (Danmark) A/S Rye DK-4060 Kirke Sby, Denmark Tel. +45 46 405 311 Telefax +45 46 405 351 UNITED KINGDOM:

RUSSIA: ZAO KWH Pipe Polevaya-Sabirovskaja str. 46 197183 St. Petersburg Russia Tel. +7 812 326 95 31, 326 95 32 Telefax +7 812 326 95 33 ESTONIA:

THAILAND: Wiik & Hoeglund Public Co., Ltd WH Pipe (Thailand) Ltd. (project sales) 444 MBK Tower, 10th Floor Phayathai Road, Pathumwan Bangkok 10330, Thailand Tel. +66 2 217 9656-9, 217 9878 Telefax +66 2 217 9660 MALAYSIA: Keppo, Wiik & Hoeglund (Malaysia) Sdn.Bhd. Suite 2. 11, 2nd floor Wisma Mirama, Jalan Wisma Putra 50460 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia Tel. +60 3 2148 1313 Telefax +60 3 2142 7920

KWH Pipe (UK) Ltd Brunleys, Kiln Farm Milton Keynes MK11 3EW, United Kingdom Tel. +44 1908 262 426 Telefax +44 1908 265 144 POLAND: KWH Pipe Poland Ltd ul. Nocznickiego 33 01-918 Warsaw, Poland Tel. +48 22 864 52 25 Telefax +48 22 835 00 59

KWH Pipe Eesti A.S. Ringtee 26 51013 Tartu, Eesti Tel. +372 7 362 039 Telefax +372 7 362 542 CANADA: KWH Pipe (Canada) Ltd. 6507 Mississauga Road Mississauga Ontario L5N 1A6, Canada Tel. +1 905 858 0206 Telefax +1 905 858 0208

www.kwhpipe.com

Performer 6.2004